ABSTRACT
Four, mature, client-owned goats were presented to referral hospitals for recurrent diarrhea despite treatment for intestinal parasitism. Common clinical findings included diarrhea, poor condition, neutrophilia, and hypoalbuminemia. Testing for common infectious causes of diarrhea in goats was negative. Ultrasonography and computed tomography in 2 cases was suggestive of enteritis, including thickened intestinal walls and fluid filled, dilated small intestines, respectively. Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic enteritis (LEE) was ultimately diagnosed on intestinal biopsy histopathology based on the presence of small intestinal villous blunting and increased numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils predominantly within the lamina propria. Numerous globule leukocytes were also noted on histopathology in 3 cases. All goats responded favorably to corticosteroid treatment with weight gain and resolution of diarrhea and clinicopathologic abnormalities. Relapses occurred, and complete cure was difficult to achieve. Reported in other species, this series describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of LEE in adult goats.
Subject(s)
Enteritis , Goat Diseases , Animals , Enteritis/diagnosis , Enteritis/drug therapy , Enteritis/veterinary , Eosinophilia , Gastritis , Goat Diseases/diagnosis , Goat Diseases/drug therapy , Goats , Hyperplasia/veterinary , LeukocytesABSTRACT
In summary, culture-based therapy and severity levels are key to management of clinical mastitis. Antibiotic therapy should be strongly considered for gram-positive clinical mastitis. Antibiotic therapy is not necessary for mild-to-moderate gram-negative clinical mastitis. Antibiotic therapy is warranted for practically all severe clinical mastitis as well as fluids and anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical mastitis cases due to yeast and fungal pathogens or no growth isolates do not warrant antibiotic therapy.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary , Mastitis, Bovine/drug therapy , Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Cattle , Cell Count/veterinary , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Female , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , Milk/cytology , Milk/microbiology , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 3-day-old 9.5-kg (21-lb) female alpaca cria was examined because of lethargy and anorexia. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Physical examination revealed hyperthermia, muscle fasciculations, and tremors of the head. Seizures were also observed, which indicated CNS dysfunction. Hyperosmolar syndrome (HOS) was diagnosed on the basis of hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, azotemia, high plasma osmolarity, and metabolic acidosis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: A constant rate infusion of regular insulin was administered with hypo-osmolar fluids to treat HOS, and blood glucose and sodium concentrations were successfully lowered. Neurologic deficits resolved with treatment, and the cria was discharged 11 days after admission. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of insulin as a bolus in addition to hypo-osmolar fluids has been advocated in the management of neonatal camelids with HOS. Administration of regular insulin via a constant rate IV infusion was used to successfully manage a neonatal camelid with HOS. This form of insulin administration may allow more control of glucose kinetics in these patients.
Subject(s)
Camelids, New World , Hyperglycemia/veterinary , Hypernatremia/veterinary , Insulin/therapeutic use , Animals , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Hypernatremia/drug therapy , Osmolar Concentration , SyndromeABSTRACT
Each farm has a unique mix of mastitis pathogens and management procedures that have evolved over time. The herd veterinarian should work with the manager/owner to systematically develop treatment protocols that meet the needs and management of the farm. To establish a mastitis treatment protocol, it is necessary to develop a system to routinely identify clinical mastitis cases, develop a herd-specific severity level assessment system, manage the clinical mastitis cases based on severity level and culture result (when available), avoid antibiotic residues, and monitor the success of the system and alter the protocol as necessary.
Subject(s)
Mastitis, Bovine/therapy , Animals , Cattle , Drug Residues , Female , Mastitis, Bovine/diagnosis , Milk/chemistry , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of frequent milkout (FMO) on the outcome of experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in cows. DESIGN: Randomized complete block study. ANIMALS: 16 Holstein dairy cows. PROCEDURE: Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups and were either not infected and not treated (NI-NT), experimentally infected with E coli and not treated (EC-NT), not infected and FMO (NI-FMO), or experimentally infected with E coli and FMO (EC-FMO). The infected quarter in cows in FMO groups was milked out every 4 hours from 16 to 36 hours and every 6 hours from 36 to 84 hours after challenge, with the aid of oxytocin administration. Somatic cell counts (SCC); times to bacterial, clinical, and systemic cures; and serum concentrations of a-lactalbumin were determined. RESULTS: Use of FMO did not appear to affect SCC. For EC-NT and EC-FMO groups, mean bacterial cure times were 203 and 159 hours, clinical cure times were 276 and 360 hours, and systemic cure times were 144 and 159 hours, respectively; these times were not significantly different. Concentrations of a-lactalbumin were significantly increased in the EC-NT group at 12 hours and in the NI-FMO group at 36 and 60 hours after challenge, compared with values of cows in other treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with results in control cows, FMO does not appear to be an efficacious treatment for experimentally induced moderate to severe E coli mastitis.
