Improving pre-emptive access to the kidney transplant waiting list between 2017 and 2021: assessment of a regional program in Aquitaine / Amélioration de l'accès préemptif à la liste d'attente de transplantation rénale entre 2017 et 2021 : bilan d'un programme régional en Aquitaine.

Introduction: Pre-emptive access to the kidney transplant (KT) waiting list remains limited in France, with only 3.9% of patients on pre-emptive KT and 5.6% of patients registered at the time of initiation of dialysis. A similar trend was observed in Aquitaine. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a regional program in terms of access to the waiting list for patients initiating a kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Methods: We included all patients assessed for registration on the list between 2017 and 2020, 2017 being the reference year and 2018 the beginning of the program. Using the CRISTAL and REIN registries, we assessed changes in the number of patients on the list at the time of initiation of dialysis or transplantation. Results: The number of new assessed candidates increased gradually each year from 255 in 2017 to 352 in 2020 (+38%). The number of patients on the list sharply increased in 2018 from 229 in 2017 to 319 in 2018 (+39.3%) and then remained stable. At the initiation of KRT, the proportion of patients registered on the waiting list increased gradually from 7.1% in 2017 to 18.2% in 2020. The proportion of pre-emptive KT remained stable between 2017 and 2021 (around 7%) with a decrease in 2020 (4.6%). Approximately 60% of patients had a contraindication to transplantation throughout the study. Conclusion: This study showed that a regional program aimed at providing better information to healthcare professionals and patients and encouraging rapid assessment of transplant candidates could increase the rate of pre-emptive registration on the KT waiting list for eligible patients over 4 years.

Introduction: L'accès préemptif à la liste d'attente de transplantation rénale (TR) reste limité en France, avec seulement 3,9 % de TR préemptives et 5,6 % de patients inscrits lors de l'initiation de la dialyse. Une tendance similaire était observée en Aquitaine. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer l'impact d'un programme régional en termes d'accès à la liste d'attente chez les patients débutant un traitement de suppléance. Méthodes: Nous avons inclus l'ensemble des patients évalués pour une inscription sur liste entre 2017 et 2020, 2017 étant l'année de référence et 2018 l'année de début du programme régional. Nous avons évalué de façon annuelle, grâce aux registres CRISTAL et REIN, l'évolution du nombre de patients inscrits sur liste lors de l'initiation du traitement de suppléance par dialyse ou transplantation. Résultats: Le nombre de nouveaux candidats évalués a augmenté graduellement chaque année, passant de 255 en 2017 à 352 en 2020 (+ 38 %). Le nombre de patients inscrits sur la liste a fortement augmenté en 2018 passant de 229 en 2017 à 319 en 2018 (+39,3 %), puis est resté stable. À l'initiation du traitement de suppléance, la proportion de patients inscrits a augmenté graduellement passant de 7,1 % en 2017 à 18,2 % en 2020. La proportion de TR préemptive est restée stable entre 2017 et 2021 (environ 7 %) avec une baisse en 2020 (4,6 %). Environ 60 % des patients présentaient une contre-­indication à la transplantation tout au long de cette étude. Conclusion: Cette étude a montré qu'un programme régional visant à mieux informer les professionnels de santé et les patients et favorisant l'évaluation rapide des candidats à la greffe permet d'augmenter en 4 ans le taux d'inscription préemptive sur liste d'attente de TR chez les patients éligibles.

How Immunotherapy Has Redefined the Treatment Paradigm of Metastatic or Locally Advanced Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma.

In the past decade, the therapeutic arsenal for metastatic bladder cancer has expanded considerably, with the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), antibody-drug conjugates such as enfortumab vedotin, and anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor agents. Clinical trials evaluating ICIs as neoadjuvants, adjuvants, or first- or second-line treatments have produced conflicting results. However, first-line therapeutic strategies have been redefined by the recent publication of results from two clinical trials: CheckMate-901, which demonstrated the superiority of combined treatment with nivolumab and chemotherapy in extending overall survival, and EV-302, which demonstrated that combined treatment with pembrolizumab and enfortumab vedotin reduced the risk of death by 53%. In this review, we discuss the role of ICIs, alone or in combination, in bladder cancer management in the metastatic and adjuvant settings in 2024, considering the latest published trials. The potential role of ICIs as neoadjuvants is also discussed.

Is there a best timing for benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery?

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has shifted over the last decades, with medical therapy becoming the primary treatment modality while surgery is being reserved mostly to patients who are not responding to medical treatment or presenting with complications from BPH. Here, we aim to to discuss the optimal timing of surgical management of LUTS/BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted on Pub-Med/MEDLINE database to identify reports published from January 1990 until January 2022 by combining the following MeSH terms: "Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms"; "Prostatic Hyperplasia"; "Prostatic Hyperplasia/therapy"; "Prostatic Hyperplasia/complications"; "Treatment Outcome"; "Time-to-Treatment". Evidence supporting or not early surgical treatment of BPH was examined and reported in a pros and cons form. RESULTS: The "pro early surgery" highlighted the superior efficacy and cost-effectiveness of surgery over medical treatment for BPH, as well as the possibility of worse postoperative outcomes for delayed surgical treatment. The "con early surgery" considered that medical therapy is efficient in well-selected patients and can avoid the serious risks inherent to surgical treatment of BPH including important sexual side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical trials comparing the outcomes for prolonged medical therapy versus early surgical treatment could determine which approach is more beneficial in the long-term in context of the aging population. Until then, both approaches have their advantages and patients should be involved in the treatment decision.

What happens to orgasmic function after surgical benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) treatments?

INTRODUCTION: The increasing number of subjects with benign prostate obstruction (BPO) has become a worldwide concern. The sexual problem after benign prostate enlargement (BPE) surgery that has received the most attention in the literature is ejaculation disorder. However, there appears to be a change in orgasmic sensation independent of ejaculation retention. The objective of our study is to explore the influence of BPE surgery on orgasmic function. METHODS: We evaluated the prospective, multicenter clinical data of 104 patients undergoing BPE surgery who reported maintaining sexual activity from January 2016 to November 2020. The endpoint of this study was to decipher the percentage of patients with an orgasm disorder as assessed by the difference between pre-and-postoperative question 10 of the IIEF 15 questionnaire. RESULTS: Orgasm function was stable, improved, and degraded in 34% (n=35), 30% (n=31), and 36% (n=38) respectively. A deterioration in orgasm was statistically significant in men who maintained quality ejaculation with retained force preoperatively and a high IIEF15 scale values preoperative of orgasmic function, overall and intercourse patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: To enable the patient to maintain a satisfying and healthy sex life after any BPE surgery, urologist physicians should know the prevalence of orgasmic side effects after surgical treatment to provide appropriate counseling to patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Grade 4.

Clinical and Biological Differences between Upper Tract Carcinoma and Bladder Urothelial Cancer, Including Implications for Clinical Practice.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare disease included, along with the much more frequent urothelial bladder cancer (BUC), in the family of urothelial carcinomas (UCs). However, while UTUCs and BUCs share several features, their epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and biological differences must be considered to establish an optimal therapeutic strategy. This review examines the clinical differences between UTUC and BUC, as well as the main results obtained by molecular screening of the two diseases. The findings of clinical trials, performed in peri-operative and metastatic settings and assessing systemic treatments in UC, are summarised. A comparison of the data obtained for UTUC and BUC suggests improved therapeutic approaches, both in regards to routine practice and future drug development.

Standardized technique for ejaculation preservation during prostatic endoscopic ablative surgery.

PURPOSE: Ejaculatory dysfunction is the most common side effect of benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery. Modified techniques have emerged with the aim of preserving antegrade ejaculation without compromising obstruction relief. None are standardized or validated. The PARTURP study is a randomized study investigating partial versus complete prostate resection. We conducted an investigator consensus meeting to define the ideal surgical technique to achieve both correct obstruction relief with ejaculation preservation. METHODS: An expert consensus meeting involving all investigators of the PARTURP study took place to define a common technique using the nominal group methodology. The objectives were to define the areas to be resected and the areas to be preserved; to define the criteria for proper obstruction relief; to define the criteria for proper ejaculation preservation. RESULTS: All investigators (n = 15) attended the consensus meeting, and agreement between all the participants was obtained. The anatomical landmarks to be preserved are located around the verumontanum and along the posterior part of the prostatic urethra. These structures must be preserved up to 2 cm from the verumontanum. The participants agreed on the need to preserve the urethral mucosa in all the areas to be preserved and to reach the enucleation plane in the areas of resection. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical landmarks for ejaculation-sparing surgery have been defined by the investigators of the PARTURP randomized study. These landmarks will be used during the study, and the clinical outcomes of this ejaculation-sparing technique will be compared with complete resection with up to 3 years follow-up.

Prognostic value of programmed death ligand-1 and programmed death-1 expression in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective multicentre study was conducted in 283 patients with UTUC treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) between 2000 and 2015 at 10 French hospitals. Immunohistochemistry analyses were performed using 2 mm-core tissue microarrays with NAT105® and 28.8® antibodies at a 5% cut-off for positivity on tumour cells and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes to evaluate PD-L1 and PD-1 expression, respectively. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to determine the independent predictors of recurrence-free (RFS), cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Overall, 63 (22.3%) and 220 (77.7%) patients with UTUC had PD-L1-positive and -negative disease, respectively, while 91 (32.2%) and 192 (67.8%) had PD-1-positive and -negative disease, respectively. Patients who expressed PD-L1 or PD-1 were more likely to have pathological tumour stage ≥pT2 (68.3% vs 49.5%, P = 0.009; and 69.2% vs 46.4%, P < 0.001, respectively) and high-grade (90.5% vs 70.0%, P = 0.001; and 91.2% vs 66.7%, P < 0.001, respectively) disease with lymphovascular invasion (52.4% vs 17.3%, P < 0.001; and 39.6% vs 18.2%, P < 0.001, respectively) as compared to those who did not. In multivariable Cox regression analysis adjusting for each other, PD-L1 and PD-1 expression were significantly associated with decreased RFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-3.08, P = 0.023; and HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.01-2.54, P = 0.049; respectively), CSS (HR 2.73, 95% CI 1.48-5.04, P = 0.001; and HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.12-3.45, P = 0.019; respectively) and OS (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.23-3.53, P = 0.006; and HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.05-2.78, P = 0.031; respectively). In addition, multivariable Cox regression analyses evaluating the four-tier combination of PD-L1 and PD-1 expression showed that only PD-L1/PD-1-positive patients (n = 38 [13.4%]) had significantly decreased RFS (HR 3.07, 95% CI 1.70-5.52; P < 0.001), CSS (HR 5.23, 95% CI 2.62-10.43; P < 0.001) and OS (HR 3.82, 95% CI 2.13-6.85; P < 0.001) as compared to those with PD-L1/PD-1-negative disease (n = 167 [59.0%]). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that PD-L1 and PD-1 expression were both associated with adverse pathological features that translated into an independent and cumulative adverse prognostic value in UTUC patients treated with RNU.

Prostatic artery embolisation versus medical treatment in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (PARTEM): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3, superiority trial.

Background: Prostatic artery embolisation (PAE) is a minimally invasive treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Our aim was to compare patient's symptoms improvement after PAE and medical treatment. Methods: A randomised, open-label, superiority trial was set in 10 French hospitals. Patients with bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) defined by International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) > 11 and quality of life (QoL) > 3, and BPH ≥50 ml resistant to alpha-blocker monotherapy were randomly assigned (1:1) to PAE or Combined Therapy ([CT], oral dutasteride 0.5 mg/tamsulosin hydrochloride 0.4 mg per day). Randomisation was stratified by centre, IPSS and prostate volume with a minimisation procedure. The primary outcome was the 9-month IPSS change. Primary and safety analysis were done according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle among patients with an evaluable primary outcome. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02869971. Findings: Ninety patients were randomised from September 2016 to February 2020, and 44 and 43 patients assessed for primary endpoint in PAE and CT groups, respectively. The 9-month change of IPSS was -10.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -11.8 to -8.3) and -5.7 (95% CI: -7.5 to -3.8) in the PAE and CT groups, respectively. This reduction was significantly greater in the PAE group than in the CT group (-4.4 [95% CI: -6.9 to -1.9], p = 0.0008). The IIEF-15 score change was 8.2 (95% CI: 2.9-13.5) and -2.8 (95% CI: -8.4 to 2.8) in the PAE and CT groups, respectively. No treatment-related AE or hospitalisation was noticed. After 9 months, 5 and 18 patients had invasive prostate re-treatment in the PAE and CT group, respectively. Interpretation: In patients with BPH ≥50 ml and bothersome LUTS resistant to alpha-blocker monotherapy, PAE provides more urinary and sexual symptoms benefit than CT up to 24 months. Funding: French Ministry of Health and a complementary grant from Merit Medical.

Post-chemotherapy robot-assisted retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic germ cell tumors: safety and perioperative outcomes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and early oncologic outcomes after post-chemotherapy robot-assisted retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RARPLND) for metastatic germ cell tumors (mGCT). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients from four tertiary centers who underwent PC-RARPLND for mGCT, from 2011 to 2021. Previous treatment of mGCT, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and early oncologic outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 66 patients were included. The majority of patients had non-seminoma mTGCT (89%). Median size of retroperitoneal lymph node (RLN) before surgery was 26 mm. Templates of PC-RARPLND were left modified, right modified, and full bilateral in 56%, 27%, and 14%, respectively. Median estimated blood loss and length of stay were 50 mL [50-150] and 2 [1-3] days. Four patients (6.1%) had a vascular injury, only one with significant blood loss and conversion to open surgery (OS). Two other patients had a conversion to OS for difficulty of dissection. No patient had transfusion, most frequent complications were ileus (10.6%) and symptomatic lymphorrea (7.6%) and no complications grade IIIb or more occurred. With a median follow-up of 16 months, two patients had a relapse, all outside of the surgical template (one in the retrocrural space with reascending markers, one in lungs). CONCLUSION: PC-RARPLND is a challenging surgery. In expert centers and for selected patients, it seemed safe and feasible, with a low morbidity. Further prospective evaluation of this procedure and long-term oncologic results are needed.

Pharmacologic and Surgical Retreatment After Office-based Treatments for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Office-based treatments are increasingly offered as an optional step to replace medical treatment or delay surgery for male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Nevertheless, little is known regarding the risks of retreatment. OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the current evidence regarding retreatment rates after water vapor thermal therapy (WVTT), prostatic urethral lift (PUL), and temporarily implanted nitinol device (iTIND) procedures. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search was conducted up to June 2022 using the PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed to identify eligible studies. The primary outcomes were the rates of pharmacologic and surgical retreatment during follow-up. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 36 studies including 6380 patients met our inclusion criteria. Surgical and minimally invasive retreatment rates were generally well reported in the studies included and reached up to 5% after 3 yr of follow-up for iTIND, and up to 4% for WVTT and 13% for PUL after 5 yr of follow-up. The types and rates of pharmacologic retreatment are poorly reported in the literature, with the latter reaching up to 7% after 3 yr of follow-up for iTIND, and up to 11% after 5 yr of follow-up for WVTT and PUL. The main limitations of our review are the unclear to high risk of bias in most of the studies included and the lack of long-term (>5 yr) data on retreatment risks. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the low retreatment rates at mid-term follow-up after office-based treatments for LUTS, supporting the development of these strategies as an intermediate step between BPH medication and conventional surgery. Pending more robust data with longer follow-up, these results should be used to improve patient information and facilitate shared decision-making. PATIENT SUMMARY: Our review highlights the low risk of mid-term retreatment after office-based treatments for benign enlargement of the prostate that is affecting urinary function. For well-selected patients, these results support the increasing use of office-based treatment as an intermediate option before conventional surgery.

Nurse-led coordinated surgical care pathways for cost optimization of robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy: medico-economic analysis of the UroCCR-25 AMBU-REIN study.

PURPOSE: Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) reduces morbidity, enabling development of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) and day-case protocols. Additional financial costs limit its integration into clinical practice. We evaluated the medico-economic impact of RAPN using a nurse-led coordinated pathway of care (NLC-RAPN). METHODS: All tumor RAPNs performed in 2017 were prospectively included in nurse-led protocols: NP-RAAC (ERAS) or Ambu-Rein (day case). Clinico-biological and pathological data were prospectively collected within the French Research Network for Kidney Cancer database (NCT03293563). Estimated costs were compared to "average" patients at the national level operated by open partial nephrectomy (OPN) or RAPN, using data from the 2017 French hospital discharge database and the national cost scale. RESULTS: The NLC-RAPN cohort (n = 151) included 27 (18%) outpatients and the average hospital length of stay (LOS) was 2.4 days. In the national control cohorts for OPN (n = 2475) and RAPN (n = 3529), the average LOS were 8.0 and 5.2 days, respectively. The mean incomes per group were €7607 for NLC-RAPN, €9813 for OPN, and €8215 for RAPN. The mean daily cost of stay was €659 for NLC-RAPN, €838 for OPN, and €725 for RAPN. The overall cost for NLC-RAPN was €6594, €8733 for OPN, and €8763 for RAPN. The best operational margin was obtained for day-case NLC-RAPN (€1967). CONCLUSION: Combining RAPN with nurse-led coordinated pathways of care led to a shorter hospital stay and reduced costs versus OPN. This may facilitate the economic sustainability of robotic assistance for hospitals where the extra cost is not covered by the healthcare system.

3D-Image guided robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy: a multi-institutional propensity score-matched analysis (UroCCR study 51).

PURPOSE: Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) is a difficult procedure with risk of significant perioperative complications. The objective was to evaluate the impact of preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance with 3D model reconstructions on perioperative outcomes of RAPN. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent RAPN for kidney tumor by three high-volume expert surgeons from academic centers. Clinical data were collected prospectively after written consent into the French kidney cancer network database UroCCR (CNIL-DR 2013-206; NCT03293563). Our cohort was divided into two groups: 3D-Image guided RAPN group (3D-IGRAPN) and control group. A propensity score according to age, pre-operative renal function and RENAL tumor complexity score was used. Both surgical techniques were compared in terms of perioperative outcomes. RESULTS: The initial study cohort included 230 3D-IGRAPN and 415 control RAPN. Before propensity-score matching, patients in the 3D-IGRAPN group had a larger tumor (4.3 cm vs. 3.5 cm, P < 0.001) and higher RENAL complexity score (9 vs. 8, P < 0.001). Following propensity-score matching, there were 157 patients in both groups. The rate of major complications was lower for patients in the 3D-IGRAPN group (3.8% vs. 9.5%, P = 0.04). The median percentage of eGFR variation recorded at first follow-up was lower in the 3D-IGRAPN group (- 5.6% vs. - 10.5%, P = 0.002). The trifecta achievement rate was higher in the 3D-IGRAPN group (55.7% vs. 45.1%; P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional kidney reconstructions use for pre-operative planning and intraoperative surgical guidance lowers the risk of complications and improve perioperative clinical outcomes of RAPN.

Comparison of 68Ga-PSMA-617 PET/CT and 68Ga-RM2 PET/CT in Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer Who Are Candidates for Radical Prostatectomy: A Prospective, Single-Arm, Single-Center, Phase II Study.

Considering the wide range of therapeutic options for localized prostate cancer (e.g., active surveillance, radiation-beam therapy, focal therapy, and radical prostatectomy), accurate assessment of the aggressiveness and localization of primary prostate cancer lesions is essential for treatment decision making. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recognize prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT for use in initial staging of high-risk primary prostate cancer. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) is a neuropeptide receptor overexpressed by low-risk prostate cancer cells. We aimed to perform the first (to our knowledge) prospective head-to-head comparison of PSMA- and GRP-R-targeted imaging at initial staging to understand how PSMA PET and GRP-R PET can be used or combined in clinical practice. Methods: This was a prospective, single-center, diagnostic cross-sectional imaging study using anonymized, masked, and independent interpretations of paired PET/CT studies in 22 patients with 68Ga-PSMA-617 (a radiolabeled PSMA inhibitor) and 68Ga-RM2 (68Ga-DOTA-4-amino-1-carboxymethylpiperidine-d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2, a radiolabeled GRP-R antagonist). We enrolled patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy-proven prostate cancer. None had received neoadjuvant hormone therapy or chemotherapy, and all underwent extended pelvic lymph node dissection. Histologic findings served as a reference. Results: On a lesion-based analysis (including lesions < 0.1 cm3), 68Ga-PSMA-617 PET/CT detected 74.3% (26/35) of all tumor lesions and 68Ga-RM2 PET/CT detected 78.1% (25/32; 1 patient could not be offered 68Ga-RM2 PET/CT). Paired examinations showed positive uptake of the 2 tracers in 21 of 32 lesions (65.6%), negative uptake in 5 of 32 lesions (15.6%), and discordant uptake in 6 of 32 lesions (18.8%). Uptake of 68Ga-PSMA-617 was higher when the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) score was at least 4 versus at least 1 (P < 0.0001) or 2 (P = 0.0002). There were no significant differences in uptake between ISUP scores for 68Ga-RM2. Median 68Ga-RM2 SUVmax was significantly higher than median 68Ga-PSMA-617 SUVmax in the ISUP-2 subgroup (P = 0.01). Conclusion: 68Ga-PSMA-617 PET/CT is useful to depict higher, more clinically significant ISUP score lesions, and 68Ga-RM2 PET/CT has a higher detection rate for low-ISUP tumors. Combining PSMA PET and GRP-R PET allows for better classification of intraprostatic lesions.

Consequences of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on urological surgery in France: a nationwide analysis of the healthcare system database.

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak overwhelmed the healthcare systems worldwide. Saturation of hospitals and the risk of contagion led to a reduction in the care of other diseases. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on urological surgery in France during the year 2020. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: An observational descriptive study was conducted on anonymised data collected from the national healthcare database established each year as part of the Program for the Medicalization of Information Systems in Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Odontology. INTERVENTION: None. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: We gathered the number of urology surgical procedures carried out between 2010 and 2019, and we observed the difference between the forecast and actual number of urological surgeries performed in 2020. RESULTS: Urological surgeries decreased by 11.4%, non-oncological surgeries being more affected (-13.1%) than oncological ones (-4.1%). Among the most relevant surgeries, female urinary incontinence (-44.7%) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (-20.8%) were the most impacted ones, followed by kidney cancer (-9%), urolithiasis (-8.7%), radical cystectomy for bladder cancer (-6.1%), prostate cancer (-3.6%) and transurethral resection of bladder tumour (-2%). Public hospitals had a more reduced activity (-17.7%) than private ones (-9.1%). Finally, the distribution of the reduction in urological activities by region did not correspond to the regional burden of SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS: Urological care was severely affected during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Even if oncological surgeries were prioritised, the longer it takes to receive appropriate care, the greater the risk on survival impact. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The data collection and analysis was authorised by the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) under the number1 861 282v2.

Can Pre-Operative Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Help Predict Non-Metastatic Renal Carcinoma Recurrence after Nephrectomy? (UroCCR-61 Study).

Recent studies suggested that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) could play a key role in tumor initiation, progression and response to treatments. The main objective was to assess the prognostic value of the pre-operative NLR on recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with non-hereditary localized renal cell carcinoma. From the UroCCR database (NCT03293563), factors influencing the disease recurrence of consecutive patients who underwent nephrectomy for cT1-T4 N0M0 were analyzed using multi-variate cox regression and log-rank methods. We included 786 patients, among which 135 (17.2%) experienced a recurrence at a median time of 23.7 [8.5-48.6] months. RFS for patients with a pre-operative NLR of <2.7 was 94% and 88% at 3 and 5 years, respectively, versus 76% and 63% for patients with a NLR of ≥2.7 (p < 0.001, log-rank test). To predict the risk of post-operative recurrence, the NLR was combined with the UCLA integrated staging system (UISS), and we defined four groups of the UroCCR-61 predictive model. The RFS rates at 3 and 5 years were 100% and 97% in the very-low-risk group, 93% and 86% in the low-risk group, 78% and 68% in the intermediate-risk group and 63% and 46% in the high-risk group (p < 0.0001). The pre-operative NLR seems to be an inexpensive and easily accessible prognostic bio-marker for non-metastatic RCCs.

Influence of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate on erectile function: results of a multicentric analysis of 235 patients.

PURPOSE: Preserved sexual function is one of the endpoints of the surgical management of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Our aim was to investigate the evolution of erectile function (EF) at 3 and 12 months after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). METHODS: A multicentric retrospective study was performed including 235 sexually active patients who underwent HoLEP between January 2016 and June 2017. Evaluation of EF was carried out with the five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) completed before surgery and at 3 and 12 months after surgery. A change of more than five points in either direction in the IIEF-5 score compared to baseline was considered as an improvement or impairment of EF. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between median pre-operative IIEF-5 and median scores at 3 and 12 months (p = 0.15 and p = 0.45). At 3 and 12 post-operative months, respectively, 10% and 13% of patients reported an improvement, whereas 15% and 16% reported an impairment. The reduction in IIEF-5 score was only statistically significant within the sub-group of patients with normal pre-operative EF (p < 0.001). In this sub-group, 15% of patients reported a decrease of more than five points in total IIEF-5 score. CONCLUSION: This multicentric evaluation confirmed that median IIEF-5 score was not significantly impaired after HoLEP. However, for patients with normal pre-operative EF, a significant decrease in EF after HoLEP was observed. These results may be taken into account when counselling patients before HoLEP.

Active Surveillance for Men Younger than 60 Years or with Intermediate-risk Localized Prostate Cancer. Descriptive Analyses of Clinical Practice in the Movember GAP3 Initiative.

Background: Active surveillance (AS) is a management option for men diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer. Opinions differ on whether it is safe to include young men (≤60 yr) or men with intermediate-risk disease. Objective: To assess whether reasons for discontinuation, treatment choice after AS, and adverse pathology at radical prostatectomy (RP; N1, or ≥GG3, or ≥pT3) differ for men ≤60 yr or those with European Association of Urology (EAU) intermediate-risk disease from those for men >60 yr or those with EAU low-risk disease. Design setting and participants: We analyzed data from 5411 men ≤60 yr and 14 959 men >60 yr, 14 064 men with low-risk cancer, and 2441 men with intermediate-risk cancer, originating from the GAP3 database (21 169 patients/27 cohorts worldwide). Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Cumulative incidence curves were used to estimate the rates of AS discontinuation and treatment choice. Results and limitations: The probability of discontinuation of AS due to disease progression at 5 yr was similar for men aged ≤60 yr (22%) and those >60 yr (25%), as well as those of any age with low-risk disease (24%) versus those with intermediate-risk disease (24%). Men with intermediate-risk disease are more prone to discontinue AS without evidence of progression than men with low-risk disease (at 1/5 yr: 5.9%/14.2% vs 2.0%/8.8%). Adverse pathology at RP was observed in 32% of men ≤60 yr compared with 36% of men >60 yr (p = 0.029), and in 34% with low-risk disease compared with 40% with intermediate-risk disease (p = 0.048). Conclusions: Our descriptive analysis of AS practices worldwide showed that the risk of progression during AS is similar across the age and risk groups studied. The proportion of adverse pathology was higher among men >60 yr than among men ≤60 yr. These results suggest that men ≤60 yr and those with EAU intermediate-risk disease should not be excluded from opting for AS as initial management. Patient summary: Data from 27 international centers reflecting daily clinical practice suggest that younger men or men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer do not hold greater risk for disease progression during active surveillance.

Deep morphological recognition of kidney stones using intra-operative endoscopic digital videos.

Objective.To assess the performance and added value of processing complete digital endoscopic video sequences for the automatic recognition of stone morphological features during a standard-of-care intra-operative session.Approach.A computer-aided video classifier was developed to predictin-situthe morphology of stone using an intra-operative digital endoscopic video acquired in a clinical setting. Using dedicated artificial intelligence (AI) networks, the proposed pipeline selects adequate frames in steady sequences of the video, ensures the presence of (potentially fragmented) stones and predicts the stone morphologies on a frame-by-frame basis. The automatic endoscopic stone recognition (A-ESR) is subsequently carried out by mixing all collected morphological observations.Main results.The proposed technique was evaluated on pure (i.e. include one morphology) and mixed (i.e. include at least two morphologies) stones involving 'Ia/Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate' (COM), 'IIb/Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate' (COD) and 'IIIb/Uric Acid' (UA) morphologies. The gold standard ESR was provided by a trained endo-urologist and confirmed by microscopy and infra-red spectroscopy. For the AI-training, 585 static images were collected (349 and 236 observations of stone surface and section, respectively) and used. Using the proposed video classifier, 71 digital endoscopic videos were analyzed: 50 exhibited only one morphological type and 21 displayed two. Taken together, both pure and mixed stone types yielded a mean diagnostic performances as follows: balanced accuracy = [88 ± 6] (min = 81)%, sensitivity = [80 ± 13] (min = 69)%, specificity = [95 ± 2] (min = 92)%, precision = [78 ± 12] (min = 62)% and F1-score = [78 ± 7] (min = 69)%.Significance.These results demonstrate that AI applied on digital endoscopic video sequences is a promising tool for collecting morphological information during the time-course of the stone fragmentation process without resorting to any human intervention for stone delineation or the selection of adequate steady frames.

Incidental prostate cancer after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: incidence and predictive factors for clinical progression.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidental prostate cancer (iPCa) rate and identify predictive factors for PCa progression after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). METHODS: A retrospective review of all iPCa cases diagnosed after HoLEP procedures between April 2012 and May 2020 was conducted. iPCa was defined as a symptom-free cancer diagnosed after HoLEP in patients without any diagnosis or suspicion of PCa before surgical treatment. PCa progression was suspected by rise in PSA from baseline after HoLEP and confirmed by progressive disease detected on transrectal needle biopsy or by the appearance of metastatic disease. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictive factors for cancer progression. RESULTS: The iPCa rate in our cohort was 10.7% (n = 134). Among patients with iPCa, 25 (18.6%) progressed with a mean follow-up of 32 months. Regarding predictive factors, post-operative PSA (OR 2.35, p < 0.001) was significantly associated with PCa progression in multivariate analysis. The cutoff value for post-operative PSA was determined at 2 ng/mL. Among iPCa cases, 14 patients (10.4%) had both T1b stage disease and PSA ≥ 2 ng/mL, while 68 (50.7%) had neither of these factors. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with both factors had the highest risk of progression (OR 49.4; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this study, post-operative PSA above 2 ng/mL was the only independent risk factor for iPCa progression after HoLEP. Patients with post-operative PSA ≥ 2 ng/mL must be considered to be at risk of progression and may require early curative treatment or closer follow-up in the post-operative period, especially when this is associated with T1b stage disease.