Restrictions on the Importation of Zebrafish into Canada Associated with Spring Viremia of Carp Virus.

The zebrafish model system is helping researchers improve the health and welfare of people and animals and has become indispensable for advancing biomedical research. As genetic engineering is both resource intensive and time-consuming, sharing successfully developed genetically modified zebrafish lines throughout the international community is critical to research efficiency and to maximizing the millions of dollars in research funding. New restrictions on importation of zebrafish into Canada based on putative susceptibility to infection by the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) have been imposed on the scientific community. In this commentary, we review the disease profile of SVCV in fish, discuss the findings of the Canadian government's scientific assessment, how the interpretations of their assessment differ from that of the Canadian research community, and describe the negative impact of these regulations on the Canadian research community and public as it pertains to protecting the health of Canadians.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9-null mice are resistant to TGF-ß-induced anterior subcapsular cataract formation.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with fibrotic diseases in the lens, such as anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) formation. Often mediated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß, EMT in the lens involves the transformation of lens epithelial cells into a multilayering of myofibroblasts, which manifest as plaques beneath the lens capsule. TGF-ß-induced EMT and ASC have been associated with the up-regulation of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs): MMP-2 and MMP-9. The current study used MMP-2 and MMP-9 knockout (KO) mice to further determine their unique roles in TGF-ß-induced ASC formation. Adenoviral injection of active TGF-ß1 into the anterior chamber of all wild-type and MMP-2 KO mice led to the formation of distinct ASC plaques that were positive for α-smooth muscle actin, a marker of EMT. In contrast, only a small proportion of the MMP-9 KO eyes injected with adenovirus-expressing TGF-ß1 exhibited ASC plaques. Isolated lens epithelial explants from wild-type and MMP-2 KO mice that were treated with TGF-ß exhibited features indicative of EMT, whereas those from MMP-9 KO mice did not acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. MMP-9 KO mice were further bred onto a TGF-ß1 transgenic mouse line that exhibits severe ASC formation, but shows a resistance to ASC formation in the absence of MMP-9. These findings suggest that MMP-9 expression is more critical than MMP-2 in mediating TGF-ß-induced ASC formation.

Altered expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 results in elevated intraocular pressure in mice.

PURPOSE: Extracellular matrix remodeling is thought to have profound effects on tissue architecture and associated function. We have shown previously that overexpression of transforming growth factor beta (TGFß), which stimulates matrix accumulation, results in altered morphology, cataract, and ocular hypertension in rodents. We have further shown that TGFß-induced cataracts can be mitigated through inhibition of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-2 and MMP-9. We therefore sought to determine whether loss of MMP expression also altered TGFß-induced changes in intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: To carry out this study, TGFß1 transgenic mice were bred onto a MMP-9 null background. IOP measurements were made at 1- to 2-, 2- to 3-, and 3- to 4-month time points using a TonoLab rebound tonometer. Histological and immunofluorescence findings were obtained at the same time points. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that lens-specific expression of TGFß1 in mice results in altered morphology of the anterior segment and an accompanying significant increase in IOP. TGFß1 transgenic mice bred onto the MMP-9 null background exhibited a further increase in IOP. Interestingly, the MMP-9-deficient animals (without the TGFß transgene), which exhibited normal angle morphology, had increased IOP levels compared to their wild-type littermates. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that TGFß and MMP-9 likely act independently in regulating IOP. Additionally, MMP-9 plays an important role in maintaining IOP, and further investigation into the mechanisms of MMP-9 activity in the anterior angle may give clues to how extracellular matrix remodeling participates in ocular hypertension and glaucoma.

Ocular gene transfer of active TGF-beta induces changes in anterior segment morphology and elevated IOP in rats.

Purpose. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is known to play a crucial role in wound healing and fibrotic tissue remodeling. A large body of evidence suggests a role for this cytokine in the pathogenesis of glaucoma; however, the mechanisms by which it affects anterior segment morphology are not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of TGF-beta overexpression on anterior segment morphology and subsequent effects on intraocular pressure. Methods. Adenoviral gene transfer was used to deliver active TGF-beta1 to the rat eye. Measurements of intraocular pressure were taken with a tonometer on days 0, 14, 21, and 29. Histologic analysis was undertaken to examine anterior segment morphology, and markers of matrix deposition and fibrosis were used. Results. Gene transfer of TGF-beta in the anterior segment resulted in the formation of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS), which consisted of a fibroproliferative region of corneal endothelial cells, matrix accumulation, and decrease in trabecular meshwork expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. These features were accompanied by ocular hypertension. Conclusions. Gene transfer of TGF-beta into the anterior segment induces aberrant PAS associated with the transition of corneal endothelial cells and subsequent matrix deposition. These features are highly reminiscent of human iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome. Gene transfer of TGF-beta can, therefore, be used to induce anatomic changes in the anterior segment in a rodent model that result in ocular hypertension.

Adenoviral gene transfer of bioactive TGFbeta1 to the rodent eye as a novel model for anterior subcapsular cataract.

PURPOSE: To produce a gene-transfer model of rodent anterior subcapsular cataracts (ASC) using a replication-deficient, adenoviral vector containing active TGFbeta1. Establishment of this model will be important for further investigations of TGFbeta-induced signaling cascades in ASC. METHODS: Adenovirus containing the transgene for active TGFbeta1 (AdTGFbeta1), beta-galactosidase (AdLacZ), green fluorescent protein (AdGFP) or no transgene (AdDL) was injected into the anterior chamber of C57Bl/6, Smad3 WT and Smad3 KO mice. Four and 21 days after injection, animals were enucleated and eyes were processed and examined by routine histology. Immunolocalization of markers indicative of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibrosis, proliferation and apoptosis was also carried out. RESULTS: By day 4, treatment with AdLacZ demonstrated transgene expression in multiple structures of the anterior chamber including the lens epithelium. In contrast to AdDL, treatment with AdTGFbeta1 produced alphaSMA-positive subcapsular plaques in all three groups of mice, which shared features reminiscent of human ASC. At day 21, plaques remained alphaSMA-positive and extensive extracellular matrix deposition was observed. The AdTGFbeta1 model was further employed in Smad3 deficient mice and this resulted in the development of small ASC. CONCLUSIONS: Gene transfer of active TGFbeta1 using an adenoviral vector produced cataractous plaques four days postinjection, which were found to develop independent of functional Smad3.