ECP as additional immunomodulation in idiopathic hyperammonemia and recurrent hypercapnic respiratory failure early post lung transplantation.

Extra-corporeal photopheresis (ECP) is known as safe ultimate treatment option for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Here, we report the first case of ECP as "second-line" immunomodulatory therapy early post-transplant in an adult patient undergoing lung transplantation for severe chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, complicated by impaired consciousness due to idiopathic hyperammonemia resulting in recurrent hypercapnic respiratory failure. ECP was initiated twice weekly on post-transplant day 25 and standard triple immunosuppression reduced. Within 2 weeks, the clinical status improved. ECP has been continued every 4 weeks after discharge. At 1 year post-transplant, ECP was stopped as maintenance immunosuppression was reached. We recommend to consider the immunomodulatory effect of ECP as "second line" immunomodulatory therapy in cases where standard immunosuppression causes severe collateral damage. ECP is able to assist prevention of allograft rejection in conjunction with reduced levels of standard immunosuppression, even in the early period following lung transplantation.

Bronchoalveolar lavage cytokines are of minor value to diagnose complications following lung transplantation.

Early diagnosis and treatment of acute cellular rejection (ACR) may improve long-term outcome for lung transplant recipients (LTRs). Cytokines have become valuable diagnostic tools in many medical fields. The role of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytokines is of unknown value to diagnose ACR and distinguish rejection from infection. We hypothesized that distinct cytokine patterns obtained by surveillance bronchoscopies during the first year after transplantation are associated with ACR and microbiologic findings. We retrospectively analyzed data from 319 patients undergoing lung transplantation at University Hospital Zurich from 1998 to 2016. We compared levels of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ and TNF-α in 747 BAL samples with transbronchial biopsies (TBB) and microbiologic results from surveillance bronchoscopies. We aimed to define reference values that would allow distinction between four specific groups "ACR", "infection", "combined ACR and infection" and "no pathologic process". No definitive pattern was identified. Given the overlap between groups, these four cytokines are not suitable diagnostic markers for ACR or infection after lung transplantation.

Evaluation of bone disease in patients with cystic fibrosis and end-stage lung disease.

OBJECTIVE: Bone disease is a common comorbidity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We sought to determine risk factors and identify potential biochemical markers for CF-related bone disease (CFBD) in a unique cohort of CF patients with end-stage lung disease undergoing lung transplantation (LTx) evaluation. METHODS: All of the CF patients who were evaluated for LTx at our center between November of 1992 and December of 2010 were included in the study. Clinical data and biochemical markers of bone turnover, as well as bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, were evaluated. Spearman's rho and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. RESULTS: A total of 102 adult CF patients were evaluated. The mean age was 28.1 years (95% CI: 26.7-29.5), and the mean body mass index was 17.5 kg/m2 (95% CI: 17.2-18.2). Mean T-scores were -2.3 and -1.9 at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively, being lower in males than in females (-2.7 vs. -2.0 at the lumbar spine and -2.2 vs. -1.7 at the femoral neck). Overall, 52% had a T-score of < -2.5 at either skeletal site. The homozygous Phe508del genotype was found in 57% of patients without osteoporosis and in 60% of those with low BMD. Mean T-scores were not particularly low in patients with severe CFTR mutations. Although the BMI correlated with T-scores at the femoral neck and lumbar spine, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels did not. CONCLUSIONS: CFBD is common in CF patients with end-stage lung disease, particularly in males and patients with a low BMI. It appears that CF mutation status does not correlate with CFBD. In addition, it appears that low BMD does not correlate with other risk factors or biochemical parameters. The prevalence of CFBD appears to have recently decreased, most likely reflecting increased efforts at earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Evaluation of bone disease in patients with cystic fibrosis and end-stage lung disease / Avaliação de doença óssea em pacientes com fibrose cística e doença pulmonar terminal

ABSTRACT Objective: Bone disease is a common comorbidity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We sought to determine risk factors and identify potential biochemical markers for CF-related bone disease (CFBD) in a unique cohort of CF patients with end-stage lung disease undergoing lung transplantation (LTx) evaluation. Methods: All of the CF patients who were evaluated for LTx at our center between November of 1992 and December of 2010 were included in the study. Clinical data and biochemical markers of bone turnover, as well as bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, were evaluated. Spearman's rho and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Results: A total of 102 adult CF patients were evaluated. The mean age was 28.1 years (95% CI: 26.7-29.5), and the mean body mass index was 17.5 kg/m2 (95% CI: 17.2-18.2). Mean T-scores were −2.3 and −1.9 at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively, being lower in males than in females (−2.7 vs. −2.0 at the lumbar spine and −2.2 vs. −1.7 at the femoral neck). Overall, 52% had a T-score of < −2.5 at either skeletal site. The homozygous Phe508del genotype was found in 57% of patients without osteoporosis and in 60% of those with low BMD. Mean T-scores were not particularly low in patients with severe CFTR mutations. Although the BMI correlated with T-scores at the femoral neck and lumbar spine, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels did not. Conclusions: CFBD is common in CF patients with end-stage lung disease, particularly in males and patients with a low BMI. It appears that CF mutation status does not correlate with CFBD. In addition, it appears that low BMD does not correlate with other risk factors or biochemical parameters. The prevalence of CFBD appears to have recently decreased, most likely reflecting increased efforts at earlier diagnosis and treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: A doença óssea é uma comorbidade comum em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC). Nosso objetivo foi determinar os fatores de risco e identificar possíveis marcadores bioquímicos de doença óssea relacionada à FC (DOFC) em uma coorte única de pacientes com FC e doença pulmonar terminal submetidos a avaliação para transplante de pulmão (TxP). Métodos: Todos os pacientes com FC avaliados para TxP em nosso centro entre novembro de 1992 e dezembro de 2010 foram incluídos no estudo. Foram avaliados dados clínicos e marcadores bioquímicos de remodelação óssea, bem como a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) na coluna lombar e colo do fêmur. Foram usados rô de Spearman e análise de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Foram avaliados 102 pacientes adultos com FC. A média de idade foi de 28,1 anos (IC95%: 26,7-29,5), e a média do índice de massa corporal foi de 17,5 kg/m2 (IC95%: 17,2-18,2). A média do escore T foi de −2,3 e −1,9 na coluna lombar e colo do fêmur, respectivamente, sendo menor nos homens que nas mulheres (−2,7 vs. −2,0 na coluna lombar e −2,2 vs. −1,7 no colo do fêmur). No geral, 52% apresentaram escore T < −2,5 em um dos dois sítios esqueléticos. O genótipo homozigoto para Phe508del foi encontrado em 57% dos pacientes sem osteoporose e em 60% daqueles com DMO baixa. A média do escore T não foi particularmente baixa em pacientes com mutações graves do gene CFTR. Embora o IMC tenha se correlacionado com o escore T no colo do fêmur e coluna lombar, os níveis séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D e paratormônio não o fizeram. Conclusões: A DOFC é comum em pacientes com FC e doença pulmonar terminal, particularmente em homens e pacientes com IMC baixo. O estado de mutação da FC aparentemente não se correlaciona com a DOFC. Além disso, aparentemente não há correlação entre DMO baixa e outros fatores de risco ou parâmetros bioquímicos. A prevalência de DOFC parece ter diminuído recentemente, o que provavelmente é reflexo do aumento dos esforços para antecipar o diagnóstico e tratamento.

First experience in Switzerland in Phe508del homozygous cystic fibrosis patients with end-stage pulmonary disease enrolled in a lumacaftor-ivacaftor therapy trial - preliminary results.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: Cystic fibrosis is the most common genetic disorder in Caucasians. The combination of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) corrector lumacaftor / potentiator ivacaftor (LUM/IVA) has been shown to increase forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) moderately, but predominantly reduce acute exacerbation rate (AER) in Phe508del homozygous cystic fibrosis patients; however, patients with FEV1 <40% predicted were excluded from studies. We used LUM/IVA on a "compassionate use" basis in cystic fibrosis patients with end-stage pulmonary disease. Our aim was to evaluate if this patient cohort tolerates LUM/IVA treatment and if there is clinical stabilisation. Lung transplantation (LTX) is the ultimate treatment option for these patients despite maximal therapy. If LTX candidates stabilise clinically, conditions for LTX, when it is indicated, improve. This is particularly important in countries such as Switzerland with a low organ donation rate and long waiting times for suitable donor organs. METHODS: We included all patients from the Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre at the University Hospital Zurich with Phe508del homozygous genotype and a predicted FEV1 <40% or being evaluated or already listed for LTX. Clinical outcome data comprised AER, 6-minute walking distance (6-MWD), FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), mid-expiratory flow (MEF 25-75%), sweat chloride, body mass index (BMI) and quality of life. Respiratory-related adverse events (RAEs) were recorded. LUM/IVA treatment was initiated at a low dose and the dose increased stepwise. RESULTS: Twenty patients were on trial with LUM/IVA; at the cut-off date, 6-month follow-up was complete for 10 patients. RAEs were severe and occurred early. The dropout rate due to RAE or lack of clinical success was 20%. Median AER decreased from 2.5 in the 6 months pre-treatment to 1 during the observation period. FEV1 increased from 32 to 34.5% predicted, p = 0.292. The 6-MWD increased by a median 33 m (p = 0.6086). Sweat chloride decreased significantly by a median of 25 mmol/l (p = 0.0003). Median BMI increased from 19 to 19.9 kg/m2 (p = 0.1488). At the cut-off, three previously listed patients were paused on the transplant waiting list. CONCLUSION: Phe508del homozygous cystic fibrosis patients with end-stage pulmonary disease tolerated LUM/IVA, although RAEs occurred early and were severe. This positive finding was probably due to the stepwise dose increases. There was clinical benefit mainly from reduction in AER and stabilisation of lung function. We propose that all suitable Phe508del homozygous cystic fibrosis patients with end-stage pulmonary disease should have a trial of LUM/IVA treatment in experienced centres.

Extracorporeal photopheresis as second-line treatment therapy in life-threatening primary graft dysfunction following lung transplantation.

ECP is an established "second-line" treatment for CLAD/BOS. Recently, ECP was used for the first time in an adolescent CF patient as a "second-line" treatment therapy in life-threatening primary graft dysfunction following lung transplantation who deteriorated despite extensive treatment including ECMO and ATG. Within 10 days after initiation of ECP twice weekly, allograft function and clinical status improved significantly and the patient was weaned from mechanical ventilation support. ECP has been continued every 2 weeks since. Two hundred days after lung transplantation, the patient has an acceptable allograft function (FEV1 67%) and no signs of allograft rejection. We advocate that use of ECP and its immunomodulatory effects should be evaluated in the early period following lung transplantation.

Plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage samples in acute lung allograft rejection: the potential role of cytokines as diagnostic markers.

The role of differential cytology patterns in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples is increasingly investigated as a potential adjunct to diagnose acute and chronic allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation. While these profiles might facilitate the diagnosis of acute cellular rejection, low sensitivity and specificity of these patterns limit direct translation in a clinical setting. In this context, the identification of other biomarkers is needed. This review article gives an overview of cytokine profiles of plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage samples during acute cellular rejection. The value of these cytokines in supporting the diagnosis of acute cellular rejection is discussed. Current findings on the topic are highlighted and experimental settings for future research projects are identified.

Cessation of extracorporeal photopheresis in chronic lung allograft dysfunction: effects on clinical outcome in adults.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been reported to be safe and the ultimate treatment option in lung transplant recipients with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), the main overall cause of mortality in lung transplant recipients. However, ECP is not reimbursed in selected health jurisdictions, and reimbursement by health insurance providers is a major issue. In Switzerland, ECP is not recognised by the health authorities as a therapy option for CLAD; thus by the end of 2014, ECP had to be stopped in the majority of adult lung transplant recipients cared for at the University Hospital Zurich because of lack of continuous funding. OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome of lung transplant recipients after forced cessation of ECP treatment. METHOD: We retrospectively analysed outcome of 12 lung transplant recipients undergoing ECP for different phenotypes of CLAD (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, restrictive allograft syndrome) at our centre followed-up for 12 months after forced cessation of ECP. RESULTS: Within the 12 months after treatment cessation, seven patients (58%) died with a median survival of 207 days (range 6-365 days). Lung function (FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second) declined significantly 6 months after ECP cessation (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Our data support the role of ECP as valuable treatment option in lung transplant recipients with CLAD.