Callus Type, Growth Regulators, and Phytagel on Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee (Coffea arabica L. var. Colombia).

Coffee is a crop of global relevance. Indirect somatic embryogenesis has allowed plants of different coffee genotypes to be massively regenerated. The culture medium composition can affect the calli characteristics that are generated and their ability to form somatic embryos. This research aimed to determine the influence of the type of callus, growth regulators, and phytagel concentration on the embryogenic capacity of the Colombia variety. Leaf explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0.5-1.0 mg L-1), benzylaminopurine (BAP, 1.0 mg L-1), and phytagel (2.3-5.0 g L-1). The explants generated two types of calli: friable (beige, soft, watery, easy disintegration, polyhedral parenchyma cells) and compact (white, hard, low water content, difficult disintegration, elongated parenchyma cells). About 68% of the total callus generated was compact; this type of callus produced a greater number of embryos (71.3) than the friable one (29.2). The number of differentiated embryos was significantly affected by the concentration of phytagel; higher concentrations (5.0 g L-1) resulted in larger quantities (73.7). The highest number of embryos (127.47) was obtained by combining 1.0 mg L-1 2,4-D, 1.0 mg L-1 BAP, 5.0 g L-1 phytagel, and compact callus.

Main barriers to services linked to voluntary pregnancy termination on three grounds in Chile.

Introduction: After decades of absolute criminalization, on September 14, 2017, Chile decriminalized voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP) when there is a life risk to the pregnant woman, lethal incompatibility of the embryo or fetus of genetic or chromosomal nature, and pregnancy due to rape. The implementation of the law reveals multiple barriers hindering access to the services provided by the law. Objectives: To identify and analyze, using the Tanahashi Model, the main barriers to the implementation of law 21,030 in public health institutions. This article contributes to the follow-up of this public policy, making visible the obstacles that violate women's rights of women to have dignified access to abortion and that affect the quality of health care in Chile. Material and method: Qualitative design, following the postpositivist paradigm. The sample consisted of relevant actors directly related to pregnancy termination. Snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews were used. Grounded theory was used through inductive coding, originating categories regrouped into meta-categories following Tanahashi's model. The rigor criteria of transferability, dependability, credibility, authenticity, and epistemological theoretical adequacy were used. The identity of the participants and the confidentiality of the information were protected. Results: From January 2021 to October 2022, 62 interviews were conducted with 20 members of the psychosocial support team; 18 managers; 17 members of the biomedical health team; 4 participants from of civil society, and three women users. The main obstacles correspond to availability barriers, accessibility barriers, acceptability barriers, contact barriers, and effectiveness barriers. Conclusions: Barriers to access abortion under three grounds violate the exercise of women's sexual and reproductive rights. It is urgent to carry out actions of control and follow-up of this public policy to the corresponding entities.

In Vitro Mass Propagation of Coffee Plants (Coffea arabica L. var. Colombia) through Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis.

Coffea arabica is one of the two most consumed coffee species in the world. Micropropagation through somatic embryogenesis has allowed the large-scale propagation of different coffee varieties. However, the regeneration of plants using this technique depends on the genotype. This study aimed to develop a protocol for the regeneration of C. arabica L. var. Colombia by somatic embryogenesis for its mass propagation. Foliar explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and phytagel for inducing somatic embryogenesis. In total, 90% of the explants formed embryogenic calli with a culture medium containing 2 mg L-1 of 2,4-D, 0.2 mg L-1 BAP, and 2.3 g L-1 phytagel. The highest number of embryos per gram of callus (118.74) was obtained in a culture medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 2,4-D, 1.1 mg L-1 BAP, and 5.0 g L-1 phytagel. In total, 51% of the globular embryos reached the cotyledonary stage when they were cultured on the growth medium. This medium contained 0.25 mg L-1 BAP, 0.25 mg L-1 indoleacetic acid (IAA), and 5.0 g L-1 of phytagel. The mixture of vermiculite:perlite (3:1) allowed 21% of embryos to become plants.

Conscientious objection as structural violence in the voluntary termination of pregnancy in Chile.

Introduction: After three decades of the absolute prohibition of abortion, Chile enacted Law 21,030, which decriminalizes voluntary pregnancy termination when the person is at vital risk, when the embryo or fetus suffers from a congenital or genetic lethal pathology, and in pregnancy due to rape. The law incorporates conscientious objection as a broad right at the individual and institutional levels. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore the exercise of conscientious objection in public health institutions, describing and analyzing its consequences and proposals to prevent it from operating as structural violence. Materials and methods: This study uses a qualitative, post-positivist design. At the national level, according to the chain technique, people who were identified as key actors due to their direct participation in implementing the law were included. Grounded theory was used to analyze the information obtained through a semi-structured interview. The methodological rigor criteria of transferability or applicability, dependability, credibility, auditability, and theoretical-methodological adequacy were met. Results: Data from 17 physicians, 5 midwives, 6 psychologists, 8 social workers, 2 nursing technicians, and 1 lawyer are included. From an inductive process through open coding, conscientious objection as structural violence and strategies to minimize the impact of objection emerge as meta-categories. The first meta-category emerges from the barriers linked to the implementation of the law, the infringement of the rights of the pregnant person, and pseudo conscientious objection, affecting timely and effective access to pregnancy termination. The second meta-category emerges as a response from the participants, proposing strategies to prevent conscientious objection from operating as structural violence. Conclusion: Conscientious objection acts as structural violence by infringing the exercise of sexual and reproductive rights. The State must fulfill its role as guarantor in implementing public policies, preventing conscientious objection from becoming hegemonic and institutionalized violence.

Haploid Induction in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) via Gynogenesis.

The generation of new hybrid varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most widely used breeding method for this species and requires at least seven self-fertilization cycles to generate stable parent lines. The development of doubled haploids aims at obtaining completely homozygous lines in a single generation, although, to date, routine commercial application has not been possible in this species. In contrast, obtaining doubled haploid lines via gynogenesis has been successfully implemented in recalcitrant crops such as melon, cucumber, pumpkin, loquat and walnut. This review provides an overview of the requirements and advantages of gynogenesis as an inducer of haploidy in different agricultural crops, with the purpose of assessing the potential for its application in tomato breeding. Successful cases of gynogenesis variants involving in vitro culture of unfertilized ovules, use of 60Co-irradiated pollen, in vivo haploid inducers and wide hybridization are presented, suggesting that these methodologies could be implemented in tomato breeding programs to obtain doubled haploids.

Prevalencia y características de objetores de conciencia a la Ley 21. 030 en instituciones públicas / Prevalence and characteristics of conscientious objectors to Law 21. 030 in public institutions

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Ley 21.030 permite la objeción de conciencia al personal de salud al interior del pabellón y a las instituciones privadas. Ha sido considerada conflicto de intereses no monetario, al anteponer los valores personales, afectando el cumplimiento del deber profesional. OBJETIVOS: Establecer la prevalencia de funcionarios/as objetores/as en los hospitales de la red pública del país y caracterizarles según edad, género y nacionalidad. MÉTODO: Estudio cuantitativo, analítico y transversal. Se utilizaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Para medir la asociación entre variables sociodemográficas, profesión y causal objetada, se utilizaron las pruebas de χ2, exacta de Fisher y de Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: En 57 hospitales, se observa una mayor frecuencia de objetores en causal 3. En 443 objetores, la mediana de edad fue de 43 años, el 64,8% mujeres y el 87,4% de nacionalidad chilena. En las zonas centro y sur del país se concentra la mayor proporción de hospitales con más del 50% de objetores. CONCLUSIONES: La dificultad para obtener información impide conocer cabalmente la magnitud de la objeción de conciencia. Resulta preocupante la alta prevalencia de objetores, específicamente en la causal violación. La objeción no puede operar como barrera que vulnere los derechos y la dignidad de las mujeres.

INTRODUCTION: Law 21.030 incorporates conscientious objection for health personnel inside the surgical ward and allows its invocation by private institutions. It has been considered a conflict of interest, not monetary, by putting personal values first, affecting the fulfillment of professional duty. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of objectors in the countrys public network hospitals and characterize them according to age, gender, and nationality. METHOD: Quantitative, analytical, and cross-sectional study. Central and dispersion trend measures were used. For measuring the association between sociodemographic variables, profession and causal objected, test χ2, Fisher exact and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. RESULTS: In 57 hospitals, a higher frequency of objectors were observed in the third causal. In 443 objectors, the median age was 43 years, 64.8% are women, and 87.4% are Chilean. The central and southern areas of the country have the highest proportion of hospitals, with more than 50% objectors. CONCLUSIONS: The difficulty for obtaining the information prevents fully knowing the magnitude of conscientious objection in Chile. The high prevalence of objectors, specifically in the causal violation is worrying. The conscientious objection cannot operate as a barrier that violates the rights and dignity of women.

Respuesta de Fragaria mexicana y comunidades microbianas rizosféricas al aumento de temperature / Response of Fragaria Mexicana and rhizophere microbial communitites to temperature increase

Resumen Para los próximos 100 años se pronostica un incremento en la temperatura del planeta de casi 4 °C, lo cual pondrá en riesgo las especies que no logren adaptarse. En esta investigación se determinaron las respuestas morfofisiológicas de F. mexicana y los cambios en la población de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno atmosférico (BFN) asociadas a sus raíces, debido a dos condiciones ambientales con diferencias medias de temperatura de 5.1 oC: invernadero (temperatura alta, TA) y campo abierto (temperatura baja, TB); y con cuatro tratamientos: sin inocular (T), inoculadas con la cepa ocho (CP8), cepa cuatro (CP4) y con ambas cepas (CP8 + 4). Las BFN fueron aisladas de la rizosfera de F. mexicana y transformadas genéticamente con reporteros, para cuantificar la población al final del experimento. Se midió el peso seco de la parte aérea y la raíz, la tasa de asimilación de CO2 (A), el inicio de la floración, el número de flores y frutos; y la persistencia de las bacterias fijadoras de N atmosférico (BFN). Además, se evaluó la concentración de NO3, NH4, P y materia orgánica (MO) en el sustrato, al inicio y final del experimento. Las plantas sometidas a alta temperatura presentaron mayor peso seco de la parte aérea y fotosíntesis; con una disminución en el peso seco de la raíz, y en el número de flores y frutos. La MO en el sustrato disminuyó, mientras que la disponibilidad de NO3, NH4 y P aumentó. El incremento de temperatura y la mayor presencia de N en el substrato provocaron reducción en la población de BFN. Estos resultados sugieren que temperaturas altas estimulan el crecimiento de F. mexicana y tienen un impacto negativo sobre su reproducción y en las BFN asociadas a sus raíces.(AU)

Abstract The earth could experience a warming of 4 °C in the next one hundred years. This would put at risk the plants that can´t adapt. Fragaria mexicana is an endemic plant of temperate forest of Mexico. The response of this wild strawberry to temperature increasing has not been studied and could play an important role for event of global warming. This study determinate the morphological and physiological responses of F. mexicana and changes in the N2-fixing bacteria (BFN) population on its roots, due to two environmental conditions with differences of temperature 5.1 °C: greenhouse (high temperature, TA) and open land (low temperature, TB); and with four free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria (BFN) treatments: non-inoculated (T), inoculated with strain eight (CP8), strain four (CP4), and strains eight and four mixed (CP8 + 4). BFN were isolated from the rhizosphere of F. mexicana and were genetically transformed with reporters to quantify the population at the end of the experiment. NO3, NH4 and P and organic matter (MO) in the substrate were determined at beginning and finish of the experiment. Shoot and root dry weight, photosynthetic rate, flowering and fructification starting, flowers and fruits number, were measured. Shoot dry weight and photosynthetic rate were lower in TB than TA, decreasing 3.1 g and 0.94 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. Root dry weight was 3.0 g less in TA compared with TB. Number flowers decrease in 40.89 % and number fruits in 38.11 % on TA than TB. F. mexicana plants start flowering 14 days previously in TB than TA. MO in the substrate decrease in TA, while the concentration of NO3, NH4 and P, increased. Population of BFN was lower in TA. Results obtained indicated that higher temperature promotes the growth of F. mexicana and reduce its reproduction and BNF population associated with its roots.(AU)

Objeción de conciencia: entre libertades y derechos / Conscientious objection: between freedom and rights

La Ley 21.030 de Chile despenalizó la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en tres causales (riesgo de vida de la mujer, malformación de carácter letal del feto y embarazo producto de violación), e introdujo por primera vez en la legislación del país, el derecho a la objeción de conciencia de los equipos clínicos que participan directamente de los procedimientos de vaciamiento uterino de las gestaciones en que concurre alguna de las tres situaciones consideradas en la Ley. Esta Ley tuvo un amplio debate social y legislativo, y a un año de su implementación podemos observar con preocupación, que la objeción de conciencia de los equipos clínicos se alza como la principal barrera de acceso a las prestaciones de salud a las cuales tienen derechos las mujeres en estas situaciones en Chile.1,2 El presente artículo espera aportar al debate nacional sobre el rol de los profesionales de salud ante el nuevo escenario jurídico-sanitario, donde el equilibrio entre las libertades personales de los profesionales y el legítimo derecho de las mujeres a poder acceder a los servicios definidos en la Ley 21.030 estén en el centro de la discusión, y se expresan como una oportunidad o definitivamente una amenaza al estado de derecho, es decir a nuestra democracia

Chile's Law 21.030 decriminalized the voluntary interruption of pregnancy in three situations (when the woman's life is at risk, where the fetus has a lethal malformation, and in pregnancies resulting from rape), and also, for the first time in national legislative history, introduced the right to conscientious objection for clinical teams that participate directly in abortion procedures for the three situations considered in the Law. This Law spurred a broad social and legislative debate, and one year after its implementation, it is concerning to observe that the clinical teams' conscientious objections have been principle barrier impeding women's access to these health benefits, despite their legal right. This article seeks to contribute to the national debate on the role of health professionals in this new legal-sanitary scenario, where the balance between the personal freedoms of professionals and the legitimate right of women to access the services defined in Law 21.030 are at the center of the discussion. These are expressed either as an opportunity or as a definitive threat to the rule of law, which is to say, to our democracy.

A reliable method for spectrophotometric determination of glycine betaine in cell suspension and other systems.

Glycine betaine is a quaternary ammonium compound that accumulates in a large variety of species in response to different types of stress. Glycine betaine counteracts adverse effects caused by abiotic factors, preventing the denaturation and inactivation of proteins. Thus, its determination is important, particularly for scientists focused on relating structural, biochemical, physiological, and/or molecular responses to plant water status. In the current work, we optimized the periodide technique for the determination of glycine betaine levels. This modification permitted large numbers of samples taken from a chlorophyllic cell line of the grass Bouteloua gracilis to be analyzed. Growth kinetics were assessed using the chlorophyllic suspension to determine glycine betaine levels in control (no stress) cells and cells osmotically stressed with 14 or 21% polyethylene glycol 8000. After glycine extraction, different wavelengths and reading times were evaluated in a spectrophotometer to determine the optimal quantification conditions for this osmolyte. Optimal results were obtained when readings were taken at a wavelength of 290 nm at 48 h after dissolving glycine betaine crystals in dichloroethane. We expect this modification to provide a simple, rapid, reliable, and cheap method for glycine betaine determination in plant samples and cell suspension cultures.

Prevalencia de Chlamydia trachomatis y Neisseria gonorrhoeae en adolescentes chilenas / Rates of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Chilean adolescents

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common sexually transmitted diseases among young women and little has been doing to study them in Chilean adolescents. Aim: Determine the rates of C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae in Chilean young women. Material and methods: Urine samples were obtained from 203 sexually active females under 25 year-old, who attended hospitals from either high or low-income areas in Chile's capital, Santiago. C trachomatis and Ngonorrhoeae were detected by nucleic acid amplification testing. Results: Seven percent of samples were positive for C trachomatis. AU samples were negative for N gonorrhoeae. Among pregnant women, 19 percent of samples were positive for C trachomatis, while non-pregnant women were positive on 5.5 percent (p =0.04). Systematic use of barrier contraception was referring by 12 percent of women. AU of the latter was free of C trachomatis. No association was observing between age, number of sexual partners, age of first sexual intercourse, and presence of uro-gynecological symptoms, socioeconomic status and the rate of C trachomatis. Conclusions: Seven percent of this group of Chilean young women was infected with C trachomatis. The figure rises to 19 percent if pregnant. Surveillance and screening programs should been implemented to prevent sequels on this vulnerable population.

[Rates of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Chilean adolescents]. / Prevalencia de Chlamydia trachomatis y Neisseria gonorrhoeae en adolescentes chilenas.

BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common sexually transmitted diseases among young women and little has been doing to study them in Chilean adolescents. AIM: Determine the rates of C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae in Chilean young women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Urine samples were obtained from 203 sexually active females under 25 year-old, who attended hospitals from either high or low-income areas in Chile's capital, Santiago. C trachomatis and Ngonorrhoeae were detected by nucleic acid amplification testing. RESULTS: Seven percent of samples were positive for C trachomatis. AU samples were negative for N gonorrhoeae. Among pregnant women, 19% of samples were positive for C trachomatis, while non-pregnant women were positive on 5.5% (p =0.04). Systematic use of barrier contraception was referring by 12% of women. AU of the latter was free of C trachomatis. No association was observing between age, number of sexual partners, age of first sexual intercourse, and presence of uro-gynecological symptoms, socioeconomic status and the rate of C trachomatis. CONCLUSIONS: Seven percent of this group of Chilean young women was infected with C trachomatis. The figure rises to 19% if pregnant. Surveillance and screening programs should been implemented to prevent sequels on this vulnerable population.

Callus and suspension culture induction, maintenance, and characterization.

Callus and cell suspension can be used for long-term cell cultures maintenance. This chapter describes procedures for the induction of somatic embryos of garlic, keeping a regeneration capacity for more than 5 yr, as well as the maintenance of a tobacco suspension culture (NT-1 cells), for more than 10 yr. Methods for plant regeneration and growth kinetics of garlic cultures are described, as well as for cell viability of NT-1 cells stained with 2,3,5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The packed cell volume determination as a parameter of growth is detailed.

Versiones externas en la maternidad del Hospital "Dr. Juan Noe Crevani" Arica, Chile / External cephalic versions in Dr. Juan Noe Crevani's Maternity Hospital, Arica, Chile

Se reporta la experiencia y el resultado de la realizacion de 417 versiones externas (VE) entre los anos 1981-1986 en el Hospital "Dr. Juan Noe Crevani" de Arica, Chile. La VE se la efectuo en primiparas y multiparas ambulatorias, sin antecedentes de operacion cesarea, placenta previa, malformaciones uterinas, rotura prematura de membrana e hipertension arterial. Las embarazadas fueron de mas de 31 semanas de gestacion y previo a la maniobra, se realizo un examen ecografico. La VE la realizo un solo medico y solo en 3% se utilizo una ayudante. El procedimiento se realizo 2 o 3 veces en algunas oportunidades y fue interrumpido cuando se requirieron mas de 2 intentos para poner al feto en posicion normal. 74.3% (n=310) del total de las VE realizadas fueron exitosas y el 25.7% (n=107) fueron fallidas. En 28 oportunidades se repitio la maniobra y en 20 de ellas se obtuvo exito; en 5 casos se practico un tecer intento, obteniendo 100% de exito. La mayor cantidad de VE favorables correspondieron a las multiparas (66.7%), siedo esta diferencia significativa. De las pacientes en que se logro la VE, 235 terminaron en parto, 30 en cesarea, lo que da un indice quirurgico de 17.54%, cifra mucho menor que la que se presenta cuando se relizan cesareas por presentacion podalica sin maniobra de VE