Recomendaciones para el tratamiento nutrometabólico especializado del paciente crítico: paciente politraumatizado y paciente quemado crítico. Grupo de Trabajo de Metabolismo y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC) / Recommendations for specialized nutritional-metabolic management of the critical patient: Special situations, polytraumatisms and critical burn patients. Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC)

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Descenso de la estancia media en la Unidad de Lesionados Medulares. Implicaciones éticas sobre la asistencia / Decrease in the mean stay in the spinal cord injury unit. Ethical implications on the care

La estancia media (EM) es un factor importante para determinar la actividad asistencial y un indicador para el pago en determinados sistemas de salud. Se ha demostrado que ha descendido drásticamente, durante los últimos años, en los pacientes ingresados en los Servicios de Rehabilitación. Hemos analizado la evolución de la EM y el grado de complejidad del proceso asistencial, en el período comprendido entre los años 1997 y 2009, determinando la tendencia que sigue y como se ha visto influida por los cambios en el modelo asistencial, para conocer las modificaciones que se han producido en la gestión del proceso lesión medular y las implicaciones éticas que puede tener sobre el modelo asistencial. El número de pacientes en el período 1997-2009, ha sido de 907 con una media anual de 69,7 pacientes/año. La edad media es de 44,8 años (DE: 18,2), con un rango que varía entre 15 y 84 años y una mediana de 41 años. La edad media se ha incrementado de forma significativa (p<0,001) cuando se comparan los períodos 1997-2002 y 2003-2009. La EM en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, en los pacientes que lo precisaron, antes del ingreso en la Unidad de Lesionados Medulares (ULM), ha sido de 12,3 días (DE: 18,2) para las tetraplejías y de 15 días (DE: 19,6) para los paraplejías. El promedio de EM en la ULM ha sido de 66,4 días, con un rango que varía de 85,2 en 1997 a 55,4 en 2003. Se observa una reducción significativa de la EM, ostensible a partir de 2001, con descensos progresivos hasta 2003, estabilizándose a partir de ese año, existiendo diferencias significativas (p<0,0001) entre el período 1997-2002 y el 2003-2009. El grado de complejidad del proceso leucemia mieloide agudase ha incrementado de forma notable a partir de 2004, teniendo una media los grupos relacionados por el diagnóstico (GRD)en el período estudiado, de 5,37, con un rango que varía entre 3,79 en 1997 y 9,4 en 2009. Más de un 40% de los pacientes tienen GRD elevados, superiores a 5 puntos y un 10% tienen valores excesivos, superiores a 20 puntos. Se ha objetivado correlación entre EM más altas y mayor número de lesiones asociadas y mayor gravedad de la lesión, con una correlación significativa (p<0,01; r=78) entre EM más alta y GRD más alto. En conclusión, los cambios detectados a través de este estudio en cuanto a la incidencia EM y morbilidad añadida a la lesión medular aguda, evaluada a través de los GRD, indica que es necesario trabajar con el gobierno y los compradores de la salud en las CC.AA., para demostrar que la reducción de la EM, tienen un límite situado en el equilibrio entre la atención eficiente y la tolerable éticamente y que no siempre representan una gestión más rentable, por lo que será preciso tener en cuenta el grado de discapacidad de los pacientes y el análisis continuo de los procesos (AU)

Mean stay (MS) is an important factor to determine the care activity and is an indicator for payment in some health care systems. It has been shown that it has dramatically decreased in patients admitted in rehabilitation services during the last years. We have analyzed the evolution of EM and the degree of complexity of the health care process from 1997 to 2009. We have determined the tendency it has been following and how it has been influenced by the changes in the care model in order to discover the modifications that have been made in the management of the spinal cord injury process and the ethical implications it may have on the care model. The number of patients in the period 1997-2009 was 907 with an annual average of 69.7 patients/year. Average age was 44.8 years (SD: 18.2), with a range that varied from 15 to 84 years and a median of 41 years. Mean age increased significantly (P<0.001) when the periods 1997-2002 and 2003-2009 are compared. Mean stay (MS) in the ICU was 12.3 days (SD: 18.2) for tetraplegia and 15 days (SD: 19.6) for paraplegia. Mean stay in the spinal cord injured unit (SCI) was 66.4 days, with a range varying from 85.2 in 1997 to 55.4 in 2003. We observed a significant reduction of MS, ostensibly from 2001, with a steady decline until 2003, it stabilizing after this year, and with significant differences (P<0.0001) between the period 1997-2002 and 2003-2009. The complexity degree of SCI has increased significantly since 2004, with an average 5.37 diagnostic related groups (DRG), during the period study, and a range that varied from 3.79 in 1997 to 9.4 in 2009. More than 40 percent of the patients have elevated GRDs, greater than 5 points, and 10 per cent of patients have excessive values, which are considered to be more than 20 points. Correlations have been observed between higher MS and increased number of associated lesions, and greater severity of the injury, with a significant correlation (P<0.01; r=78) between higher MS and higher DRG. In conclusion, the changes detected by this study in regards to incidence, MS and morbidity added to the acute spinal cord injury, evaluated through the GRD, indicate the need to work with the Government and health care purchasers in the Autonomous Communities to demonstrate that the reduction of MS has a limit. This limit is found within the balance between efficient and ethically tolerable care, which does not always mean a more profitable process. Thus, it will be necessary to take into account the degree of disability of patients and the continuous analysis of processes (AU)

Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: Multiple trauma patient / Recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado del paciente crítico. Actualización. Consenso SEMICYUC-SENPE: Paciente politraumatizado

Patients with polytrauma can be viewed as paradigmatic of the critically-ill patient. These previously healthy patients undergo a life-threatening aggression leading to an organic response that is no different from that in other types of patients. The profile of trauma patients has changed and currently corresponds to patients who are somewhat older, with a higher body mass index and greater comorbidity. Severe injuries lead to intense metabolic stress, posing a risk of malnutrition. Therefore, early nutritional support, preferentially through the enteral route, with appropriate protein intake and glutamine supplementation, provides advantages over other routes and types of nutritional formula. To avoid over nutrition, reduced daily calorie intake can be considered in obese patients and in those with medullary lesions. However, little information on this topic is available in patients with medullary lesions (AU)

El paciente traumatizado puede considerarse el paradigma del paciente crítico que, previamente sano, sufre una agresión que pone su vida en riesgo y que determina una respuesta orgánica en nada diferente a la presente en otro tipo de pacientes. El perfil del paciente traumático ha cambiado, siendo en la actualidad algo más mayores, con índices de masa corporal más elevados y con una mayor comorbilidad. Cuando la agresión es grave, su respuesta metabólica es intensa y condiciona un riesgo nutricional. por ello, el soporte nutricional precoz, de preferencia enteral, con aporte proporcionado de proteínas y suplementado con glutamina, condiciona ventajas competitivas con otras vías y tipos de fórmulas nutricionales. La presencia de obesidad y/o lesión medular debe hacernos considerar una disminución proporcionada dela porte calórico diario, evitando la sobre nutrición, aunque en los pacientes con lesión medular es escasa la información disponible (AU)

Recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado del paciente crítico. Actualización. Consenso SEMICYUC-SENPE: Paciente politraumatizado / Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units-Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SEMICYUC-SENPE): Patient with polytrauma

El paciente traumatizado puede considerarse el paradigma del paciente crítico que, previamente sano, sufre una agresión que pone su vida en riesgo y que determina una respuesta orgánica en nada diferente a la presente en otro tipo de pacientes. El peril del paciente traumático ha cambiado, siendo en la actualidad algo más mayores, con índices de masa corporal más elevados y con una mayor comorbilidad. Cuando la agresión es grave, su respuesta metabólica es intensa y condiciona un riesgo nutricional. Por ello, el soporte nutricional precoz, de preferencia enteral, con aporte proporcionado de proteínas y suplementado con glutamina, condiciona ventajas competitivas con otras vías y tipos de fórmulas nutricionales. La presencia de obesidad y/ o lesión medular debe hacernos considerar una disminución proporcionada del aporte calórico diario, evitando la sobrenutrición, aunque en los pacientes con lesión medular es escasa la información disponible (AU)

Patients with polytrauma can be viewed as paradigmatic of the critically-ill patient. These previously healthy patients undergo a life-threatening aggression leading to an organic response that is no different from that in other types of patients. The profile of trauma patients has changed and currently corresponds to patients who are somewhat older, with a higher body mass index and greater comorbidity. Severe injuries lead to intense metabolic stress, posing a risk of malnutrition. Therefore, early nutritional support, preferentially through the enteral route, with appropriate protein intake and glutamine supplementation, provides advantages over other routes and types of nutritional formula. To avoid over nutrition, reduced daily calorie intake can be considered in obese patients and in those with medullary lesions. However, little information on this topic is available in patients with medullary lesions (AU)

[Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units-Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SEMICYUC-SENPE): patient with polytrauma]. / Recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado del paciente crítico. Actualización. Consenso SEMICYUC-SENPE: paciente politraumatizado.

Patients with polytrauma can be viewed as paradigmatic of the critically-ill patient. These previously healthy patients undergo a life-threatening aggression leading to an organic response that is no different from that in other types of patients. The profile of trauma patients has changed and currently corresponds to patients who are somewhat older, with a higher body mass index and greater comorbidity. Severe injuries lead to intense metabolic stress, posing a risk of malnutrition. Therefore, early nutritional support, preferentially through the enteral route, with appropriate protein intake and glutamine supplementation, provides advantages over other routes and types of nutritional formula. To avoid overnutrition, reduced daily calorie intake can be considered in obese patients and in those with medullary lesions. However, little information on this topic is available in patients with medullary lesions.

Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient: update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: multiple trauma patient.

Patients with polytrauma can be viewed as paradigmatic of the critically-ill patient. These previously healthy patients undergo a life-threatening aggression leading to an organic response that is no different from that in other types of patients. The profile of trauma patients has changed and currently corresponds to patients who are somewhat older, with a higher body mass index and greater comorbidity. Severe injuries lead to intense metabolic stress, posing a risk of malnutrition. Therefore, early nutritional support, preferentially through the enteral route, with appropriate protein intake and glutamine supplementation, provides advantages over other routes and types of nutritional formula. To avoid overnutrition, reduced daily calorie intake can be considered in obese patients and in those with medullary lesions. However, little information on this topic is available in patients with medullary lesions.

Pérdidas de nitrógeno y balance nitrogenado en pacientes con infarto maligno de la arteria cerebral media y sometidos a hipotermia moderada (32-33 ºC) / Nitrogen losses and nitrogen balance in patients with malignant infarction of the median cerebral artery submitted to moderate hypothermia (32-33 ºC)

Objetivos: La inducción de hipotermia moderada en pacientes con infarto de la arteria cerebral media (ACM) puede ocasionar alteraciones metabólicas y nutricionales. En la actualidad se desconoce cuál es el mejor método para realizar la valoración nutricional en este grupo de población. El objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar la utilidad del balance nitrogenado en el seguimiento de pacientes con infarto de la ACM y sometidos a hipotermia moderada (32-33 ºC) mediante enfriamiento intravascular, en la Unidad de Cuidados Neurocríticos de un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron pacientes con infarto de la ACM de los que se recogieron variables biodemográficas, clínicas, de hipotermia y nutricionales. Del mismo modo se realizó el seguimiento prospectivo de un paciente con infarto de la ACM e hipotermia inducida, recogiendo las mismas variables en distintos tiempos de su evolución clínica. Resultados: En la serie retrospectiva se incluyeron 6 pacientes con infarto de ACM sometidos a hipotermia moderada durante un periodo promedio de 12 días (intervalo 9-15). Se constataron pérdidas de nitrógeno (media 9,9 g) inferiores a las que cabría esperar en pacientes críticos durante la fase aguda. En el seguimiento prospectivo del paciente con infarto maligno de la ACM desde día 1 hasta día 22 tras la aplicación de la hipotermia se observaron, al igual que en la serie de pacientes anteriormente descrita, valores bajos de nitrógeno eliminado durante la fase de hipotermia inducida que se elevaron posteriormente cuando el paciente recuperó la normotermia. El nitrógeno eliminado promedio durante el periodo de hipotermia fue de 10,7 g y presentó una elevación hasta 27,3 g durante el periodo normotérmico (día 17). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la supresión metabólica inducida por la hipotermia moderada es clínicamente relevante y que, por lo tanto, la determinación del balance nitrogenado no parece ser una herramienta útil en el seguimiento nutricional de este tipo de pacientes (AU)

Objectives: Induction of moderate hypothermia in patients with median cerebral artery (MCA) infarction may produce metabolic and nutritional impairments. Currently, we do not know which is the best method to carry out nutritional assessment in this population group. The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of nitrogen balance in the follow-up of patients with MCA submitted to moderate hypothermia (32-33 ºC) by means of intravascular cooling at the Neurocritical Patients Unit at a tertiary hospital. Material and methods: We designed a retrospective study including patients with MCA infarction of whom we gathered bio-demographical, clinical, hypothermia, and nutritional variables. Similarly, we carried out a prospective follow-up of a patient with MCA infarction and induced hypothermia, gathering the same variables at different time points of his clinical course. Results: Six patients with MCA infarction submitted to moderate hypothermia for a mean duration of 12 days (interval 9-15) were included in the retrospective series. We observed that nitrogen losses (mean 9.9 g) were lower than those previously thought for critical patients during the acute phase. During the prospective follow-up of the patient with malignant infarction of the MCA from day 1 to day 22 after the application of hypothermia, low levels of nitrogen losses were similarly observed during the phase of induced hypothermia, which increased later on when the patient recovered normothermia. The mean nitrogen expenditure during the period of hypothermia was 10.7 g and increased up to 27.3 g during the normothermia period (day 17). Conclusions: These results suggest that moderate hypothermia-induced metabolic suppression is clinically relevant and thus the determination of nitrogen balance does not seem to be a useful tool in the nutritional followup of this type of patients (AU)

[Nitrogen losses and nitrogen balance in patients with malignant infarction of the median cerebral artery submitted to moderate hypothermia (32-33 degrees C)]. / Pérdidas de nitrógeno y balance nitrogenado en pacientes con infarto maligno de la arteria cerebral media y sometidos a hipotermia moderada (32-33 degrees C).

OBJECTIVES: Induction of moderate hypothermia in patients with median cerebral artery (MCA) infarction may produce metabolic and nutritional impairments. Currently, we do not know which is the best method to carry out nutritional assessment in this population group. The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of nitrogen balance in the follow-up of patients with MCA submitted to moderate hypothermia (32-33 degrees C) by means of intravascular cooling at the Neurocritical Patients Unit at a tertiary hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We designed a retrospective study including patients with MCA infarction of whom we gathered bio-demographical, clinical, hypothermia, and nutritional variables. Similarly, we carried out a prospective follow-up of a patient with MCA infarction and induced hypothermia, gathering the same variables at different time points of his clinical course. RESULTS: Six patients with MCA infarction submitted to moderate hypothermia for a mean duration of 12 days (interval 9-15) were included in the retrospective series. We observed that nitrogen losses (mean 9.9 g) were lower than those previously thought for critical patients during the acute phase. During the prospective follow-up of the patient with malignant infarction of the MCA from day 1 to day 22 after the application of hypothermia, low levels of nitrogen losses were similarly observed during the phase of induced hypothermia, which increased later on when the patient recovered normothermia. The mean nitrogen expenditure during the period of hypothermia was 10.7 g and increased up to 27.3 g during the normothermia period (day 17). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that moderate hypothermia-induced metabolic suppression is clinically relevant and thus the determination of nitrogen balance does not seem to be a useful tool in the nutritional followup of this type of patients.

[The contamination of enteral nutrition in critical patients]. / Contaminación de nutriciones enterales en pacientes críticos.

Some previous studies have shown that administration of contaminated enteral diets may produce nosocomial infections in critical patients. There is a series of factors in these patients which may enhance the risk of clinical complications deriving from the administration of enteral nutrition (EN) contaminated by microorganisms (alteration of the immunological state, increased stomach pH, reduced intestinal motility, reduced mucosa production, etc.). This study examines EN contamination in critical patients admitted to the ICU of the Hospital Universitario de Traumatología y Rehabilitación de las C. S. Vall d'Hebron, suffering from cranial-encephalic traumatism and/or multiple traumatism. The data made it possible to create a working design which takes account of factors which may increase the risk of EN contamination. The work was done in three phases, involving different handling procedures (Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3). The results of the three studies made it possible to describe a working method in which the following points are outstanding: handwashing with antiseptic soap prior to handling the EN, avoidance of reuse of containers (if necessary) for more than 24 hours, not to exceed 8 hours' perfusion of EN previously handled, and not to wash the container prior to adding new quantities of EN.