Efectos del entrenamiento cluster sobre la hipertrofia muscular: una revisión sistemática / Effects of cluster training on muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review / Efeitos do treinamento em cluster na hipertrofia muscular: uma revisão sistemática

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática fue determinar los efectos del entrenamiento cluster sobre la hipertrofia muscular. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos electrónicas Pubmed, Scopus y Web of Science, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: 'cluster training', 'rest Interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' y 'cross sectional area'. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos que utilizaron el entrenamiento cluster como intervención en personas mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos. Resultados: La revisión sistemática obtenida durante la búsqueda de las bases de datos consultadas arrojó un total de 23 artículos, potencialmente elegibles, de los cuales se tomó una muestra de 9, con los que se podían obtener resultados que respondían al objetivo de esta revisión. La cantidad de participantes de los 9 artículos elegibles fue de 172 sujetos. Los entrenamientos cluster permiten aumentar el volumen de entrenamiento y la intensidad sin provocar elevados niveles de fatiga, favoreciendo así el desarrollo de la hipertrofia muscular. Conclusiones: Los resultados de esta revisión sistemática sugieren que los entrenamientos cluster pueden ser una herramienta eficaz para el desarrollo de la hipertrofia muscular.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effects of cluster training on muscle hypertrophy. Methodology: A literature search was performed in the electronic databases Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, using the following keywords: 'cluster training', 'rest interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' and 'cross sectional area'. We included clinical trials that used cluster training as an intervention in people over 18 years of age of both sexes. Results: The systematic review obtained during the search of the databases consulted yielded a total of 23 potentially eligible articles, of which a sample of 9 was taken from which results could be obtained that responded to the objective of this review. The number of participants from the 9 eligible articles was 172 subjects. Cluster workouts allow for increased training volume and intensity without causing high levels of fatigue, thus favoring the development of muscle hypertrophy. Conclusions: The results of this systematic review suggest that cluster training can be an effective tool for the development of muscle hypertrophy.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi determinar os efeitos do treinamento em cluster na hipertrofia muscular. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma busca na literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed, Scopus e Web of Science, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: 'cluster training', 'rest interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' e 'cross sectional area'. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que utilizaram o treinamento em cluster como intervenção em pessoas com mais de 18 anos de ambos os sexos. Resultados: A revisão sistemática realizada durante a busca nas bases de dados consultadas resultou em um total de 23 artigos potencialmente elegíveis, dos quais uma amostra de 9 foi selecionada para obter resultados que respondessem ao objetivo desta revisão. O número de participantes nos 9 artigos elegíveis foi de 172 indivíduos. Os treinos em cluster permitem um aumento no volume e na intensidade do treinamento sem causar altos níveis de fadiga, favorecendo assim o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia muscular. Conclusões: Os resultados desta revisão sistemática sugerem que o treinamento em cluster pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz para o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia muscular.

Serum Biomarkers and Their Association with Myocardial Function and Exercise Capacity in Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis) is a frequent etiology of heart failure. Inflammation and mineral metabolism are associated with myocardial dysfunction and clinical performance. Cardiac global longitudinal strain (GLS) allows function assessment and is associated with prognosis. Our aim was to describe possible correlations between GLS, biomarker levels and clinical performance in ATTR amyloidosis. METHODS: Thirteen patients with ATTR amyloidosis were included. Clinical characteristics; echocardiographic features, including strain assessment and 6 min walk test (6MWT); and baseline inflammatory, mineral metabolism and cardiovascular biomarker levels were assessed. RESULTS: Of the 13 patients, 46.2% were women, and the mean age was 79 years. TAPSE correlated with NT-ProBNP (r -0.65, p < 0.05) and galectin-3 (r 0.76, p < 0.05); E/E' ratio correlated with hsCRP (r 0.58, p < 0.05). Left ventricular GLS was associated with NT-ProBNP (r 0.61, p < 0.05) (patients have a better prognosis if the strain value is more negative) and left atrial GLS with NT-ProBNP (r -0.73, p < 0.05) and MCP1 (r 0.55, p < 0.05). Right ventricular GLS was correlated with hsTnI (r 0.62, p < 0.05) and IL6 (r 0.881, p < 0.05). Klotho levels were correlated with 6MWT (r 0.57, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: While inflammatory biomarkers were correlated with cardiac function, klotho levels were associated with clinical performance in the population with TTR-CA.

Assessing the predictive value of morphological traits on primary lifestyle of birds through the extreme gradient boosting algorithm.

The relationship between morphological traits and ecological performance in birds is an important area of research, as it can help us to understand how birds are able to adapt and how they are affected by changes in their environment. Many studies have investigated the relationship between morphological traits and certain aspects of the performance and ecological niche of these animals. However, the relationship between morphological traits and the primary lifestyle of birds has not previously been explored. This paper aims to evaluate the predictive potential of morphological data to determine the primary lifestyle of birds through a tree-based machine learning algorithm. By doing this, it is also possible to evaluate these artificial categories that we used to split up birds and know whether they are suitable for dividing them in function of shared morphological characteristics or need a redefinition under more discriminant criteria. Supplementary dataset 1 of the AVONET project was used, which comprises the 11 morphological predictors used in this work and the classification according to the primary lifestyle for more than 95% of the existing bird species. For all morphological traits used, statistically significant univariate differences were found between primary lifestyles. The three fitted machine learning models showed high accuracy, in all cases above 78% and superior to the ones achieved through traditional approaches used as contrasts. The results obtained provide evidence that primary lifestyle can be predicted in birds based on morphological traits, as well as more insights about the relevance of functional traits for ecological modeling. This is another step forward in our mechanistic understanding of bird ecology, while exploring how birds have adapted to their environments and how they interact with their surroundings.

Evaluación antropométrica y condición física en población con síndrome de Down: estudio longitudinal en un lapso de 10 años / Anthropometric and physical condition evaluations in a population with Down Syndrome: a longitudinal study over 10 year / Avaliação antropométrica e condição física na população com síndrome de Down: Um estudo longitudinal durante um período de 10 anos

Resumen Introducción: Aunque existe consenso en cuanto a que la condición física de las personas con síndrome de Down es más baja que la de sus homólogas sin discapacidad, se desconoce el comportamiento específico de esta variable durante el ciclo vital. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de las variables de antropometría y condición física en una población con síndrome de Down, en un lapso de 10 años. Métodos: Es un estudio longitudinal comparativo, diseño de panel, realizado con 16 personas (13 hombres y 3 mujeres) con síndrome de Down, entre 10 y 25 años. Las evaluaciones antropométricas y de condición física se realizaron en tres periodos, en los años 2009, 2014 y 2019, mediante masa corporal, talla, perímetro de cintura y cadera y pliegues cutáneos. Además, se calculó el índice de masa corporal, el índice de cintura/cadera y el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Asimismo, se evaluó la fuerza estática de prensión, la prueba de capacidad muscular abdominal, flexibilidad del tronco y capacidad aeróbica. Resultados: La antropometría y la condición física presentaron un desarrollo negativo durante los 10 años de monitoreo, lo cual fue el cambio más significativo; hubo aumento del porcentaje de grasa entre el 2009 y 2019 (p = 0,00) y también se encontró una disminución de la capacidad abdominal entre el 2009 y 2019 (p = 0,00). Conclusiones: Las personas con síndrome de Down presentan una tendencia decreciente respecto a las variables de condición física y antropometría; además, una evolución negativa, desde el punto de la vista de la salud, considerando un periodo de seguimiento de 10 años.

Abstract Introduction: Although there is consensus that the physical condition of people with Down syndrome is lower than their nondisabled counterparts, the specific behavior of this variable during the life cycle is unknown. Objective: To determine the behavior of anthropometry and physical condition variables in a population with Down syndrome over 10 years. Methods: This is a longitudinal comparative study, panel design, conducted with 16 subjects (13 males and 3 females) with Down syndrome between the ages of 10 and 25. Anthropometric and physical condition evaluations were conducted in 2009, 2014, and 2019 over a 10-year period. The variables measured were body mass, height, waist and hip circumference, and skinfolds. Along with body mass index, waist/hip ratio, and body fat percentage, static grip strength, abdominal muscle capacity, trunk flexibility, and aerobic capacity were also calculated. Results: Anthropometry and physical condition presented a negative development during the 10 years of study. The most significant change was the increase in fat percentage between 2009 and 2019 (p=0,00). In addition, a decrease in abdominal capacity was also found between 2009 and 2019 (p=0,00). Conclusion: Subjects with Down syndrome present a decreasing trend regarding the physical condition and anthropometry variables and a negative evolution from the health point of view, considering a follow-up period of 10 years.

Resumo Introdução: Embora haja consenso de que a condição física das pessoas com síndrome de Down é inferior à de suas contrapartes não deficientes, o comportamento específico desta variável durante o ciclo de vida é desconhecido. Objetivo: Determinar o comportamento das variáveis antropométricas e de condição física em uma população com síndrome de Down durante um período de 10 anos. Métodos: Este é um estudo comparativo longitudinal, desenho de painel, realizado com 16 indivíduos (13 homens e 3 mulheres) com síndrome de Down, com idades entre 10 e 25 anos. Avaliações antropométricas e de condição física foram realizadas em três períodos, nos anos de 2009, 2014 e 2019, considerando a massa corporal, altura, circunferência da cintura e quadril e dobras cutâneas. Além disso, foram calculados o índice de massa corporal, a relação cintura/quadril e o percentual de gordura corporal e avaliada a força estática de preensão, teste de capacidade muscular abdominal, flexibilidade do tronco e capacidade aeróbica. Resultados: Antropometria e condição física mostraram um desenvolvimento negativo durante os 10 anos de monitoramento; a mudança mais significativa foi o aumento da porcentagem de gordura entre 2009 e 2019 (p=0,00). Uma diminuição na capacidade abdominal também foi encontrada entre os anos de 2009 e 2019 (p=0,00). Conclusões: Os sujeitos com síndrome de Down apresentam uma tendência decrescente em relação às variáveis de condição física e antropometria, além disso, uma evolução negativa do ponto de vista da saúde, considerando um período de acompanhamento de 10 anos.

Fungal Pathogens Associated with Almond Decline Syndrome, an Emerging Disease Complex in Intensive Almond Crops in Southern Spain.

In 2016, an almond (Prunus dulcis) decline syndrome (ADS) emerged in intensive almond plantations in the Andalusia region (southern Spain), showing branch dieback, gummosis, and general tree decline. The aim of this work was to elucidate the etiology of this disease complex. For this purpose, surveys were conducted across the Andalusia region, and a wide collection of fungi was recovered from wood samples showing gum and internal discoloration. Representative isolates were selected and identified by sequencing ITS, TEF1, TUB, ACT, LSU, and/or RPB2 genes. The following fungal species were identified to be associated with the disease: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia corticola, Di. seriata, Dothiorella iberica, Lasiodiplodia viticola, Macrophomina phaseolina, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, N. parvum, N. vitifusiforme, Diaporthe neotheicola, Dia. rhusicola, Dia. ambigua, Eutypa lata, E. tetragona, Eutypella citricola, Eu. microtheca, Fusarium oxysporum s.l., Pleurostoma richardsiae, Phaeoacremonium iranianum, Pm. krajdenii, Pm. parasiticum, and Cytospora sp. All isolates were tested for pathogenicity by inoculating detached or attached almond shoots. Di. corticola and N. parvum were the most aggressive species, showing the largest lesions and most gummosis in attached shoots. The results suggest that the species belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae play a key role in disease development, while the remaining identified species may act as secondary pathogens or endophytes. However, further research to determine the interaction between all these fungal species and other biotic and abiotic factors in the ADS progress is needed.

UWB-Modulated Microwave Imaging for Human Brain Functional Monitoring.

Morphological microwave imaging has shown interesting results on reconstructing biological objects inside the human body, and these parameters represent their actual biological condition, but not their biological activity. In this paper, we propose a novel microwave technique to locate the low-frequency (f≃1 kHz) -modulated signals produced by a microtag mimicking an action potential and proved it in a cylindrical phantom of the brain region. A set of two combined UWB microwave applicators, operating in the 0.5 to 2.5 GHz frequency band and producing a nsec interrogation pulse, is able to focus its radiated field into a small region of the brain containing the microtag with a modulated photodiode. The illuminating UWB microwave field was first modulated by the low-frequency (f≃1 kHz) electrical signal produced by the photodiode, inducing modulated microwave currents into the microtag that reradiating back towards the focusing applicators. At the receiving end, the low-frequency (f≃1 kHz) -modulated signal was first extracted from the full set of the backscattered signals, then focused into the region of interest and spatially represented in the corresponding region of the brain, resulting in a spatial resolution of the images in the order of 10 mm.

Condición física de futbolistas adultos y jóvenes de un equipo profesional de Nicaragua / Condição física de jogadores de futebol adultos y juniores de uma equipe profissional na Nicaragua / Physical condition of adult and junior soccer players of a professional team in Nicaragua

En la actualidad, el fútbol es un deporte que demanda un alto desempeño físico, por lo que conocer las características de la condición física en las distintas categorías de desarrollo se hace fundamental para conducir un óptimo proceso de entrenamiento, de modo que, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la condición física de futbolistas de un club profesional de Nicaragua, según la categoría de edad en las cuales se desempeñaban. El presente es un estudio de tipo descriptivo, comparativo, de la condición física de 187 futbolistas, de edades entre 13 y 31 años, distribuidos por categoría según año de nacimiento y plantel profesional. El grupo PRO presenta mayor rendimiento en comparación a las categorías U13, U15, U17 y U21 (p < 0,001) en tiempo sprint lineal 10 metros (F = 71 y TE = 0,71), 30 metros (F = 85 y TE = 0,70), velocidad de tiro (F = 171 y TE = 0,81), Tiempo en test agilidad de Illinois (F = 77 y TE = 0,72) y metros recorridos en Yo-Yo de recuperación intermitente nivel 1 (F = 121 y TE = 0,73). Se puede concluir que existe un mayor rendimiento de los aspectos físicos por parte de las categorías de mayor edad. Estos resultados pueden servir de referencia o de parámetros de comparación de rendimiento físico de jugadores jóvenes y adultos a nivel nacional de Nicaragua.

Currently, soccer is a sport that demands high physical performance, so knowing the characteristics of the physical condition of players in the different categories of development is essential for conducting an optimal training process. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the physical condition of soccer players from a professional club in Nicaragua, according to the age category in which they played. This is a descriptive and comparative study of the physical condition of 187 soccer players between the ages of 13 and 31, distributed by category, according to year of birth and the professional team they were on. The PRO group presented higher performance in comparison to the U13, U15, U17, and U21 categories (p<0.001) in the 10 meters linear sprint time (F=71 and TE=0.71), 30 meters linear sprint time (F=85 and TE=0.70), shooting speed (F=171 and TE=0.81), time in Illinois agility test (F=77 and TE=0.72), and in meters ran in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (F=121 and TE=0.73). The study shows that there is a higher performance of the older categories in the physical aspects. These results can serve as reference or comparison parameters of the physical performance of young and adult players at a national level in Nicaragua.

Atualmente, o futebol é um esporte que exige um alto desempenho físico, portanto, conhecer as características da condição física nas diferentes categorias de desenvolvimento é essencial para conduzir um processo de treinamento ideal, portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a condição física dos jogadores de futebol de um clube profissional na Nicarágua, de acordo com a categoria etária em que jogaram. Este é um estudo descritivo e comparativo da condição física de 187 jogadores de futebol entre 13 e 31 anos, distribuídos por categoria de acordo com o ano de nascimento e equipe profissional. O grupo PRO apresentou melhor desempenho em comparação com as categorias U13, U15, U17 e U21 (p<0,001) em tempo de sprint linear 10 metros (F=71 e TE=0.71), 30 metros (F=85 e TE=0,70), velocidade de tiro (F=171 e TE=0.81), tempo em teste de agilidade illinois (F=77 e TE=0.72) e metros corridos em Yo-Yo de nível de recuperação intermitente 1 (F=121 e TE=0.73). Pode-se concluir que há um maior desempenho dos aspectos físicos por parte das categorias mais antigas. Estes resultados podem servir como parâmetros de referência ou comparação do desempenho físico de jogadores jovens e adultos a nível nacional na Nicarágua.

Experimental Verification of Dielectric Models with a Capacitive Wheatstone Bridge Biosensor for Living Cells: E. coli.

Detection of bioparticles is of great importance in electrophoresis, identification of biomass sources, food and water safety, and other areas. It requires a proper model to describe bioparticles' electromagnetic characteristics. A numerical study of Escherichia coli bacteria during their functional activity was carried out by using two different geometrical models for the cells that considered the bacteria as layered ellipsoids and layered spheres. It was concluded that during cell duplication, the change in the dielectric permittivity of the cell is high enough to be measured at radio frequencies of the order of 50 kHz. An experimental setup based on the capacitive Wheatstone bridge was designed to measure relative changes in permittivity during cell division. In this way, the theoretical model was validated by measuring the dielectric permittivity changes in a cell culture of Escherichia coli ATTC 8739 from WDCM 00012 Vitroids. The spheroidal model was confirmed to be more accurate.

Multi-Element UWB Probe Optimization for Medical Microwave Imaging.

The need for non-ionizing techniques for medical imaging applications has led to the use of microwave signals. Several systems have been introduced in recent years based on increasing the number of antennas and frequency bandwidth to obtain high resolution and good accuracy in locating objects. A novel microwave imaging system that reduces the number of required antennas for precise target location appropriate for medical applications is presented. The proposed system consists of four UWB extended gap ridge horn (EGRH) antennas covering the frequency band from 0.5 GHz to 1.5 GHz mounted on a cylindrical phantom that mimics the brain in an orthogonal set of two EGRH probes. This configuration has the ability to control both the longitudinal and transversal dimensions of the reconstructed target's image, rather than controlling the spatial resolution, by increasing the frequency band that can be easily affected by medium losses. The system is tested numerically and experimentally by the detection of a cylindrical target within a human brain model.

Comparación de la capacidad de salto en deportistas juveniles / Comparação da capacidade de salto em atletas juvenis / Comparison about the Jump capacity in junior athletes

RESUMEN Dentro de la dinámica del entrenamiento deportivo la evaluación de salto es una herramienta útil para determinar y comparar el rendimiento del atleta. El objetivo del estudio es comparar la capacidad de salto entre dos grupos de deportistas juveniles, que ingresan a la universidad en diferente año. El estudio es de tipo comparativo, se seleccionaron 120 sujetos por conveniencia, los cuales fueron distribuidos en dos grupos, de acuerdo con el año en el que ingresan a la universidad (2015 y 2020). Se midió capacidad de salto con los protocolos de sentadilla de 90°, contra movimiento y libre. Los resultados mostraron una tendencia (p=0,07) en la modalidad de contra movimiento, donde el grupo del año 2020 poseía un mejor rendimiento. En conclusión, el salto en contra movimiento se proyecta como la variable de comparación para poblaciones de similares características.

RESUMO Dentro da dinâmica do treinamento esportivo, a avaliação do salto é uma ferramenta útil para determinar e comparar o desempenho do atleta. O objetivo do estudo é comparar a capacidade de salto entre dois grupos de jovens atletas, que iniciam a universidade em anos diferentes. O estudo é de tipo comparativo, 120 sujeitos foram selecionados por conveniência, os quais se distribuíram em dois grupos, de acordo com o ano em que ingressaram na universidade (2015 e 2020). A capacidade de salto foi medida com os protocolos de 90° de agachamento, contra-movimento e agachamento livre. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência (p=0,07) na modalidade de contra-movimento, onde o grupo de 2020 teve um melhor desempenho. Em conclusão, o salto de contra-movimento é projetado como a variável de comparação para populações com características semelhantes.

ABSTRACT Within the dynamics of sports training the jumping evaluation is a useful tool to determine and compare the athlete's performance. The objective of the study is to compare the jumping ability between two groups of juvenile athletes, entering university in different years. The study is of a comparative type, 120 subjects were selected by convenience, which was distributed in two groups, according to the year in which they enter the university (2015 and 2020). Jumping capacity was measured with the 90° squat, countermovement and free squat protocols. The results showed a trend (p=0.07) in the countermovement modality, where the 2020 year group possessed better performance. In conclusion, the countermovement jump is projected as the comparison variable for populations with similar characteristics.

Relación entre las características antropométricas de masa muscular de extremidad inferior y la potencia de salto de jóvenes deportistas / Relation Between Anthropometric Muscle Mass Characteristics of Lower Limbs and Jump Power in Young Athletes

Resumen La antropometría regional resulta ser un procedimiento importante en la proyección del desempeño de un deportista. El objetivo del presente estudio es relacionar las características antropométricas de extremidad inferior con la potencia de salto en jóvenes deportistas. Se utilizó una metodología correlacional donde se evaluaron a 44 deportistas juveniles (30 hombres y 14 mujeres), a los cuales, se les midió la altura del salto en sentadilla de 90° (SJ), contra movimiento con manos fijas (CMJ-MF) y contra movimiento con manos libres (CMJ-ML). Estas variables derivaron al cálculo de potencia. Junto con esto se determinó características antropométricas de miembro inferior vinculados a pliegues cutáneos y perímetros, obteniendo valores de muslo medio (MMED) y máximo (MMAX), perímetro corregido de pantorrilla (PCP), área de sección muscular de cuádriceps (ASMC), área de sección muscular de isquiotibial (ASMI) y área de sección muscular total de muslo (ASMM). Los resultados mostraron una correlación significativa entre el perímetro corregido de pantorrilla y la potencia de salto en SJ (r=0,73; p=0,00), CMJ-MF (r=0,72; p=0,00) y CMJ-ML (r=0,7; p=0,00). En conclusión, el perímetro de pantorrilla presentó componentes relacionados a la potencia de salto de los deportistas juveniles.

Abstract Regional anthropometry turns out to be an important procedure in the projection of the athlete's performance. The objective of the present study is to relate the anthropometric characteristics of the lower limbs of the body with the jumping power of young athletes. A correlational methodology was used to evaluate 44 youth athletes (30 men and 14 women). They were measured for jump height in 90° squat (SJ), countermovement with fixed hands (CMJ-MF), and countermovement with free hands (CMJ-ML). These variables derived into the power calculation. With this, we established the anthropometric characteristic of lower body parts linked to skinfolds and perimeters, obtaining values of mid (MMED) and maximum thigh (MMAX), corrected calf perimeter (PCP), quadriceps muscle section area (ASMC), hamstring muscular section area (ASMI), and total section of the muscular thigh area (ASMM). The results showed a significant correlation between the corrected calf perimeter and the jump power in SJ (r=0.73; p=0.00), CMJ-MF (r=0.72; p=0.00) and CMJ-ML(r=0.7; p=0.00). In conclusion, the calf perimeter presented related components to the young athletes' jumping power.

Resumo A antropometria regional acaba sendo um procedimento importante na projeção do desempenho de um atleta. O objetivo do presente estudo é relacionar as características antropométricas do membro inferior com a força de salto em jovens atletas. Foi utilizada uma metodologia correlacional onde foram avaliados 44 atletas jovens (30 homens e 14 mulheres), para os quais foi medida a altura do salto no agachamento a 90 ° (SJ), contra movimento com mãos fixas (CMJ-MF) e movimento contrário livre (CMJ-ML). Essas variáveis levaram ao cálculo da potência. Paralelamente, foram determinadas as características antropométricas do membro inferior relacionadas às dobras cutâneas e perímetros, obtendo-se os valores da coxa média (MMED) e máxima (MMAX), perímetro corrigido da panturrilha (PCP), área de seção muscular do quadríceps (ASMC), área da seção do músculo isquiotibial (ASMI) e área total da seção do músculo da coxa (ASMM). Os resultados mostraram uma correlação significativa entre a circunferência da panturrilha corrigida e a força de salto em SJ (r= 0,73; p = 0,00), CMJ-MF (r= 0,72; p = 0,00) e CMJ-ML (r= 0,7; p = 0,00) Em conclusão, a circunferência da panturrilha apresentou componentes relacionados à força de salto dos jovens atletas.

Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Olive Anthracnose Worldwide.

Olive anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species causes dramatic losses of fruit yield and oil quality worldwide. A total of 185 Colletotrichum isolates obtained from olives and other hosts showing anthracnose symptoms in Spain and other olive-growing countries over the world were characterized. Colony and conidial morphology, benomyl-sensitive, and casein-hydrolysis activity were recorded. Multilocus alignments of ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS3, and/or GAPDH were conducted for their molecular identification. The pathogenicity of the most representative Colletotrichum species was tested to olive fruits and to other hosts, such as almonds, apples, oleander, sweet oranges, and strawberries. In general, the phenotypic characters recorded were not useful to identify all species, although they allowed the separation of some species or species complexes. ITS and TUB2 were enough to infer Colletotrichum species within C. acutatum and C. boninense complexes, whereas ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS-3, and GADPH regions were necessary to discriminate within the C. gloesporioides complex. Twelve Colletotrichum species belonging to C. acutatum, C. boninense, and C. gloeosporioides complexes were identified, with C. godetiae being dominant in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Tunisia, C. nymphaeae in Portugal, and C. fioriniae in California. The highest diversity with eight Colletotrichum spp. was found in Australia. Significant differences in virulence to olives were observed between isolates depending on the Colletotrichum species and host origin. When other hosts were inoculated, most of the Colletotrichum isolates tested were pathogenic in all the hosts evaluated, except for C. siamense to apple and sweet orange fruits, and C. godetiae to oleander leaves.

On the Wireless Microwave Sensing of Bacterial Membrane Potential in Microfluidic-Actuated Platforms.

The investigation of the electromagnetic properties of biological particles in microfluidic platforms may enable microwave wireless monitoring and interaction with the functional activity of microorganisms. Of high relevance are the action and membrane potentials as they are some of the most important parameters of living cells. In particular, the complex mechanisms of a cell's action potential are comparable to the dynamics of bacterial membranes, and consequently focusing on the latter provides a simplified framework for advancing the current techniques and knowledge of general bacterial dynamics. In this work, we provide a theoretical analysis and experimental results on the microwave detection of microorganisms within a microfluidic-based platform for sensing the membrane potential of bacteria. The results further advance the state of microwave bacteria sensing and microfluidic control and their implications for measuring and interacting with cells and their membrane potentials, which is of great importance for developing new biotechnologically engineered systems and solutions.

Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems.

Nonlinear effects in the radio front-end can degrade communication quality and system performance. In this paper we present a new design technique for reconfigurable antennas that minimizes the nonlinear distortion and maximizes power efficiency through the minimization of the coupling between the internal switching ports and the external feeding ports. As a nonlinear design and validation instance, we present the nonlinear characterization up to 50 GHz of a PIN diode commonly used as a switch for reconfigurable devices in the microwave band. Nonlinear models are extracted through X-parameter measurements supported by accurate calibration and de-embedding procedures. Nonlinear switch models are validated by S-parameter measurements in the low power signal regime and by harmonic measurements in the large-signal regime and are further used to predict the measured nonlinearities of a reconfigurable antenna. These models have the desired particularity of being integrated straightforwardly in the internal multi-port method formulation, which is used and extended to account for the power induced on the switching elements. A new figure of merit for the design of reconfigurable antennas is introduced-the power margin, that is, the power difference between the fed port and the switching elements, which combined with the nonlinear load models directly translates into nonlinearities and power-efficiency-related metrics. Therefore, beyond traditional antenna aspects such as port match, gain, and beam orientation, switch power criteria are included in the design methodology. Guidelines for the design of reconfigurable antennas and parasitic layers of minimum nonlinearity are provided as well as the inherent trade-offs. A particular antenna design suitable for 5G communications in the 3.5 GHz band is presented according to these guidelines, in which the specific switching states for a set of target performance metrics are obtained via a balancing of the available figures of merit with multi-objective separation criteria, which enables good control of the various design trade-offs. Average Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) and power efficiency improvement of 12 and 6 dB, respectively, are obtained with the application of this design approach. In summary, this paper introduces a new framework for the nonlinear modeling and design of reconfigurable antennas and provides a set of general-purpose tools applicable in cases beyond those used as examples and validation in this work. Additionally, the use of these models and guidelines is presented, demonstrating one of the most appealing advantages of the reconfigurable parasitic layer approach, their low nonlinearity.

Statin use is associated with reduced mortality after respiratory viral infection.

BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest that statins, besides reducing cardiovascular disease, have anti-inflammatory properties which might provide a benefit in downregulating the immune response after a respiratory viral infection (RVI) and, hence, decreasing subsequent complications. We aim to analyse the effect of statins on mortality after RVI. METHODS: A single-centre, observational and retrospective study was carried out including all adult patients with a RVI confirmed by PCR tests from October 2, 2017 to May 20, 2018. Patients were divided between statin users and non-statin users and followed-up for 1 year, and all causes of death were recorded. In order to analyse the effect of statin treatment on mortality after RVI we planned two different approaches, a multivariate Cox regression model with the overall population and a univariate Cox model with a propensity-score matched population. RESULTS: We included 448 patients, 154 (34.4%) of whom were under statin treatment. Statin users had a worse clinical profile (older population with more comorbidities). During the 1-year follow-up, 67 patients died, 17 (11.0%) in the statin group and 50 (17.1%) in the non-statin group. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that statins were associated with mortality benefit (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.26-0.83; p=0.01). In a matched population (101 statins users and 101 non-statins users) statins also remained associated with mortality benefit (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.14-0.72; p=0.006). Differences were mainly driven by non-cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.13-0.73; p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic statin treatment was associated with reduced 1-year mortality in patients with laboratory-confirmed RVI. Further studies are needed to determine the exact role of statin therapy after RVI.

Variación espacio-temporal de la respuesta espectral en manglares de La Habana, Cuba, evaluada con sensores remotos

Introducción: Los manglares son una de las formaciones vegetales de mayor relevancia global por los servicios ecosistémicos y roles ecológicos que desempeñan, y representan el 5 % de la superficie emergida de Cuba. No existen estudios previos que describan las variaciones en los índices espectrales de vegetación por sensores remotos en los manglares cubanos, pero con este tipo de variable se pueden constituir indicadores del estado de estos ecosistemas y emplearse en evaluaciones a nivel nacional. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo se evalúa la variabilidad espacial y temporal de dos índices espectrales de vegetación en cuatro manglares periurbanos de la ciudad de La Habana y se comparan con un sitio natural como control. Métodos: El estudio se desarrolló en las localidades de Bajo de Santa Ana, Cojímar, Rincón de Guanabo y la laguna El Cobre - Itabo y el control fue tomado en la ciénaga de Zapata. A través de la plataforma Climate Engine se extrajeron, de 2 460 imágenes satelitales LandSat, los valores promedio de los índices espectrales NDVI y EVI en 5 parcelas por cada localidad de estudio, entre 1984 y 2019. Las variables se compararon estadísticamente entre localidades y se describió su tendencia a lo largo del periodo de estudio. Resultados: Se detectaron diferencias geográficas en los índices, que pueden correlacionarse con las propiedades estructurales y grado de conservación de cada localidad. La tendencia global de los índices fue a un aumento, pero difirió entre localidades. Los menores cambios se produjeron en el sitio control y, entre los humedales periurbanos, en el Rincón de Guanabo y en Cojímar. El ordenamiento de las localidades a partir de variables espectrales fue consistente con el de grado de conservación general. Conclusiones: La respuesta espectral permitió caracterizar cada manglar de manera individualizada, mostrando relación aparente con las características ecológicas y de conservación de cada lugar. Es necesario continuar promoviendo estudios con sensores remotos de estas formaciones boscosas y generar indicadores sólidos que sustenten su uso en futuras investigaciones y monitoreos en manglares del Caribe.

Introduction: Mangroves are one of the most important forest types because of their ecosystem services and ecological roles. They represent 5 % of the emerged land of Cuba. No previous studies are describing spectral vegetation indexes variations by remote sensing in Cuban mangroves, but these variables can be used as indicators of the conservation status of the ecosystem and sustain national wide assessments. Objective: In the current paper we describe spatial and temporal variations in two spectral vegetation indexes in four near-city mangroves at Havana, Cuba and compare them to a natural control site. Methods: Study was conducted in localities named: Bajo de Santa Ana, Cojímar, Rincón de Guanabo, and El Cobre - Itabo lagoon and as control site was selected northern Zapata swamp. By using Climate Engineplatform we extract, from 2 460 Landsat satellite images, mean values of spectral indexes NDVI and EVI in 5 parcels per locality, from 1984 to 2019. Variables were statistically compared among localities and the global trend was described. Results: We detect geographic differences in both indexes, which can be related to structural properties and conservation degree of mangroves in each locality. Global trend of indexes was to increase, but differently among localities. Slighter changes appear in the control site and, among near city mangroves, in Rincón de Guanabo and Cojímar. The ordering of localities from spectral variables was consistent with the ranking in general conservation degree. Conclusions: Spectral responses describe uniquely each mangrove forest, in concordance to each ecological and conservation characteristics. There is a need for promoting studies using remote sensors at these forest types and to generate strong and reliable indicators that can sustain future researches and monitoring schemes in Caribbean mangroves.

Effects of Cultivar Susceptibility, Fruit Maturity, Leaf Age, Fungal Isolate, and Temperature on Infection of Almond by Colletotrichum spp.

Almond anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a reemerging disease in Spain. To date, little research has been conducted on the factors affecting this disease development. In this study, the effects of cultivar, fruit wounding and maturity, leaf age, fungal isolate, and temperature on almond infection by Colletrotrichum spp. were evaluated under laboratory-controlled conditions. Inoculations were performed using conidial suspensions of Colletrotrichum acutatum or C. godetiae. Disease severity was higher in wounded than in unwounded fruit. Based on observations of inoculated fruit, Ferraduel and Nonpareil were the most tolerant cultivars, while Tarraco and Penta were the most susceptible cultivars. Four categories of susceptibility (highly susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and resistant) were distinguished by using the cluster analysis statistical approach. Differences in susceptibility between young and old leaves were observed, but Nonpareil was consistently the most tolerant cultivar. Significant differences in virulence between C. acutatum and C. godetiae were observed in inoculated fruit, with C. acutatum being the most virulent. Disease development was more severe when inoculations were performed at the fruitlet stage or when the fruit were incubated at approximately 25°C, with respect to other maturity stages and temperatures evaluated. Natural fruit infections were also assessed. Cultivar susceptibility data were compared between laboratory tests and field observations. A significant positive linear correlation was obtained between the susceptibility of the common cultivars evaluated under the two conditions.

La toma de decisión en el fútbol: una perspectiva desde la integración en el entrenamiento específico del deporte / Decision-making in soccer: a perspective from integration in specific sports training

El fútbol es uno de los deportes que presenta mayor interacción, pues existen múltiples factores que intervienen en el desarrollo de esta disciplina, es por ello que se hace fundamental analizar la toma de decisiones de los futbolistas al momento de verse sometido a situaciones de gran estrés. El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar la literatura a partir de la toma de decisiones en el fútbol estableciendo directrices de entrenamiento que involucren actividades con toma de decisiones. Se obtuvieron artículos a partir de las bases de datos, Scielo, Lilacs, Ebsco y Web of Sciene. Se obtuvo 14 artículos que respondían de mejor forma al objetivo planteado. Finalmente se señala que la toma de decisión debe ser integrada a los modelos de entrenamiento para conseguir el máximo desempeño del futbolista y del equipo.

Soccer is one of the sports that presents the most interactions, since there are multiple factors involved in the development of this discipline, which is why it is essential to analyze the players' decision-making at the moment when they are subjected to high stress situations. The objective of the present review is to analyze the literature based on decision-making in soccer by establishing training guidelines that involve activities with decision-making. Articles were obtained from the following databases; Scielo, Lilacs, Ebsco and Web of Science. The 14 articles that were obtained responded better to the proposed objective. Finally, it is pointed out that decision-making must be integrated into the training models to achieve the maximum performance of the soccer players and the team.