Area radiopaca mandíbulo-ptérigo-turbinal: su importancia en las telerradiografías normal lateral / Radiopaque area mandibulo-pterygo-turbinate: its importance in the teleradiographs lateral rule

La imagenología convencional es una reproducción bidimensional de una realidad anatómica tridimensional. En una radiografía convencionalse superponen imágenes radiopacas y radiolúcidas, para cuya interpretación se debe conocer en detalle la anatomía descriptivay en especial la anatomía topográfica tridimensional. De esta superposición pueden surgir imágenes que no se correspondan conelementos anatómicos ni patológicos, son las llamadas imágenes fantasmas, que pueden inducir a importantes errores de diagnóstico.Por el contrario, como las Tomografías computo asistidas (TC) y las Resonancias magnéticas nucleares (RMN) son cortes tomográficosde espesores variables y regulables, las superposiciones no se producen.En las Telerradiografías norma lateral (TRG -NL) convencionales, debido a las superposiciones se encuentra, en muchas de ellas, un árearadiopaca esferoidal que se investigó a los efectos de saber, si correspondía a un elemento anatómico, a una patología o a una imagenfantasma. Se procedió a estudiar las apófisis pterigoides, las apófisis coronoides y los cornetes inferiores, efectuando mediciones de laaltura, del ancho y del espesor de estos elementos. Sobre ellos y en un hemicráneo seco, se realizó la Técnica con alambre de cobre yen cada etapa se tomaron TRG-NL experimentales. Así mismo, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la anatomía, fisiología y patologíadel cornete inferior, llegándose a la conclusión de que el área radiopaca estudiada corresponde a la superposición bilateral de lasapófisis coronoides, de las apófisis pterigoides junto con la apófisis piramidal del palatino, de la tuberosidad del maxilar, ocasionalmentedel germen del 3er molar y de la cola del cornete inferior. A esta imagen, se le llamó área radiopaca mandíbulo-ptérigo-turbinal. De todos los elementos involucrados en la conformación de esta área se debe jerarquizar el cornete inferior y especialmente su cola...

The conventional imaging is a two-dimensional reproduction of three-dimensional anatomical reality. In a conventional X-ray images are superimposed radiopaque and radiolucent, to whose interpretation must know in detail the descriptive anatomy and especially three dimensional topographical anatomy. This overlap may arise images that do not correspond with anatomical and pathological elements, are called ghost images, which can induce significant diagnostic errors. On the contrary, such as computing assisted CT (CT) and nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR) tomographic slices thicknesses are variable and adjustable, overlaps do not occur. In lateral cephalometric standard (TRG-NL) conventional, due to overlap is found, in many of them, an area radiopaque spheroidal investigate the effects of knowing if corresponded to an anatomical element, to a pathology or a ghost image. We proceeded to study the pterygoid process, the coronoid process and inferior turbinates, taking measurements of the height, width and thickness of these elements.On them and on a dry hemicráneo, was performed technology with copper wire and at each stage were taken experimental TRG-NL.Likewise, a literature review of the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the inferior turbinate, and concluded that the radiopaque area studied corresponds to the superposition of bilateral coronoid process of the pterygoid with the pyramidal process of the palatine , the maxillary tuberosity, occasionally 3rd molar germ and tail of the inferior turbinate. This picture, was called " radiopaque area mandibulo-pterygo-turbinate ". Of all the elements involved in forming this area should prioritize the inferior turbinate and particularly its tail by the variability in shape and density, due to the presence of lymphoid follicles and arteriovenous plexus.

Reproducción facial experimental / Experimental facial reproduction

Este trabajo describe la realización de una reproducción facial experimental en el marco de un curso práctico en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Católica del Uruguay. Dentro de los muchos objetivos se destacan: el objetivo didáctico y académico, el testeo del método empleado y la pericia de los operadores.Para la realización de la misma se cuenta con una cabeza ósea que tenía sus partes blandas momificadas y a la que se le tomaron registrosfotográficos previos para la posterior comparación. Una vez limpio el cráneo se procede a la realización de la reproducción facial empleando una técnica de modelado de las partes blandas, usando topes de goma según medidas obtenidas en las tablas de Stewart y material plástico para el relleno de las mismas. Es de destacar que los operadores no tenían experiencia previa ni conocían el material fotográfico testigo. Una vez finalizada la misma se compara con la fotografía del cadáver y se constata un aceptable parecido entre ambos.Esta reproducción facial experimental pone en manifiesto, una vez más, la utilidad que puede tener esta técnica de acercamiento a una identificación positiva y que la misma puede y debe ser utilizada cuando han fracasado todas las otras técnicas de cetreza conocidas.

This paper describes the realization of experimental facial reproduction within a workshop at the School of Dentistry, Catholic University of Uruguay. Among the many objectives are: the learning objective and academic testing of the method used and the skill of the operators. For the realization of the same will have a bone head was mummified soft parts and it were taken prior photographic records for subsequent comparison. After cleaning the skull comes to performing facial reproduction using a modeling technique of soft tissues, using rubber stoppers as measurements obtained in Stewart tables and plastic to fill them. It is noteworthy that the operators had no previous experience or witness knew the photographic material. Once it is compared with the photograph of the corpse and finds an acceptableresemblance between the two.This experimental facial reproduction starts demonstrated once again the usefulness of this technique can have a positive identification approach and that it can and should be used when they have failed all other known certainly techniques.

Evaluation of a Microbiological Multi-Residue System on the detection of antibacterial substances in ewe milk.

To protect both, public health and the dairy industry, from the presence of antibiotic residues in milk, control programmes have been established, which include the needed screening tests. This work focuses on the application of a Microbiological Multi-Residue System in ewe milk, a method based on the use of six different plates, each seeded with one of the following bacteria: Geobacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis (beta-lactams), Bacillus subtilis at pH 8.0 (aminoglycosides), Kocuria rhizophila (macrolides), Escherichia coli (quinolones), B. cereus (tetracyclines) and B. subtilis at pH 7.0 (sulphonamides), respectively. Twenty-three antimicrobial substances were analysed and a logistic regression was established for each substance assayed to relate the antibiotic concentration and the zone of microbial growth inhibition. Great linearity in the response was observed (regression coefficients of over 0.97). This fact suggests the possibility of establishing a decision level of antibiotic concentrations near to the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL). Zones of inhibition were suggested as proposed action levels for the different antimicrobial groups (diameters of inhibition of 18 mm for the aminoglycoside, beta-lactam and sulphonamide plates; 19 mm for the tetracycline plate, 21 mm for the macrolide plate, and 24 mm for the quinolone plate). Specificity and cross-reactivity were also assayed.