Research for Cytomegalovirus Mutations Associated With Resistance to Antivirals in Kidney Transplant Receptors.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) mutations associated with antiviral resistance have become a major problem related to high mortality in kidney transplant patients. The aim of the study was to investigate mutations in the CMV genes UL97 and UL54 associated with antiviral resistance. A retrospective observational cohort study was carried out at Hospital Ophir Loyola (HOL), a reference in Kidney Transplantation. A total of 81 patients who underwent kidney transplantation were followed up between 2016 and 2018 were monitored for CMV viral load by performing qPCR. Sanger sequencing was performed on 66 patients. All CMV-positive kidney transplant recipients were included. Mutations were observed in 15 samples (22.72%) from patients. Most cases involved UL97 mutations. Mutation in UL54 without mutation in UL97 was detected in only 2 cases. Resistance mutations in UL97 were identified, such as M460V, L595S, H520Q, two co-mutations D465R + Del524 and A594P + D413A and a 3 codon deletion (del598-601). The search for mutations in the CMV genes identified mutations that confer resistance to conventional antivirals, such as ganciclovir and cidofovir, used in the treatment of these patients. Confirmation of the association with increased CMV viral load in transplanted patients, due to mutation in resistance genes, requires phenotypic analysis for confirmation purposes. These were the first findings in patients in northern Brazil that we know of.

Avaliação do perfil de trabalhadores e das condições de trabalho na pesca da Baía do Sol, Belém, PA, Brasil / Evaluation of workers' profile and work conditions in fishing in Baía do Sol, Belém, PA, Brazil / Evaluación del perfil de los trabajadores y condiciones de trabajo en la pesca en Baía do Sol, Belém, PA, Brasil

Considerada uma atividade de risco, a pesca registra um elevado índice de sinistralidades, sendo a maioria não notificada, e pouco treinamento na prevenção de acidentes. Neste sentido, com o objetivo de avaliar o perfil e as condições de trabalho de pescadores da Baía do Sol, Ilha de Mosqueiro, em Belém do Pará, foi efetivado um levantamento por meio de um questionário aplicado em forma de entrevista entre os meses de setembro e novembro de 2017. Com base nos questionários aplicados (n=74), observa-se que a comunidade de pescadores da Baía do Sol não difere de maneira significativa de outras comunidades pesqueiras já estudadas. No entanto, duas características ganharam destaque no perfil dos entrevistados: o nível de escolaridade, bem acima da média para o estado do Pará; e a faixa etária, onde grande parte dos pescadores encontra-se na faixa de idade abaixo dos 40 anos. Por outro lado, devido a condições socioeconômicas, essa comunidade pesqueira e talvez toda a categoria de pescadores artesanais precisa de atenção por parte dos órgãos governamentais, no sentido do desenvolvimento de tecnologias adequadas para EPI's, com distribuição gratuita.(AU)

Fishing is considered one risky activity, with a high accident rate, most of which are not notified, and little training in accident prevention. In order to assess the profile and working conditions of fishermen from Baía do Sol, Mosqueiro Island, in Belém do Pará, a survey was carried out through a questionnaire applied in the form of an interview from September to November 2017. Based on the questionnaires applied (n=74), it is observed that the fishing community of Baía do Sol does not differ significantly from other fishing communities already studied. However, two characteristics gained prominence in the profile of the interviewees: the level of education, well above the average for the state of Pará; and the age group, since most of the fishermen are in the age group below 40 years. On the other hand, due to socioeconomic conditions, this fishing community and perhaps the entire category of artisanal fishermen needs attention from government agencies, in the sense of developing appropriate technologies for PPE's, with free distribution.(AU)

Considerada una actividad de riesgo, la pesca tiene una alta tasa de accidentes, la mayoría de los cuales no se denuncian, y poca formación en prevención de accidentes. En este sentido, con el fin de evaluar el perfil y las condiciones laborales de los pescadores de Baía do Sol, Ilha de Mosqueiro, en Belém do Pará, se realizó una encuesta a través de un cuestionario aplicado en forma de entrevista entre los meses de septiembre. y noviembre de 2017. Con base en los cuestionarios aplicados (n = 74), se observa que la comunidad pesquera de Baía do Sol no difiere significativamente de otras comunidades pesqueras ya estudiadas. Sin embargo, dos características destacaron en el perfil de los entrevistados: el nivel de educación, muy por encima del promedio del estado de Pará; y el grupo de edad, donde la mayoría de los pescadores tienen menos de 40 años. Por otro lado, debido a las condiciones socioeconómicas, esta comunidad pesquera y quizás toda la categoría de pescadores artesanales necesitan la atención de las agencias gubernamentales, en el sentido de desarrollar tecnologías apropiadas para PPE, con distribución gratuita.(AU)

Menadione reduces CDC25B expression and promotes tumor shrinkage in gastric cancer.

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most incident types of cancer worldwide and presents high mortality rates and poor prognosis. MYC oncogene overexpression is a key event in gastric carcinogenesis and it is known that its protein positively regulates CDC25B expression which, in turn, plays an essential role in the cell division cycle progression. Menadione is a synthetic form of vitamin K that acts as a specific inhibitor of the CDC25 family of phosphatases. Methods: To better understand the menadione mechanism of action in gastric cancer, we evaluated its molecular and cellular effects in cell lines and in Sapajus apella, nonhuman primates from the new world which had gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea. We tested CDC25B expression by western blot and RT-qPCR. In-vitro assays include proliferation, migration, invasion and flow cytometry to analyze cell cycle arrest. In in-vivo experiments, in addition to the expression analyses, we followed the preneoplastic lesions and the tumor progression by ultrasonography, endoscopy, biopsies, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Results: Our tests demonstrated menadione reducing CDC25B expression in vivo and in vitro. It was able to reduce migration, invasion and proliferation rates, and induce cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cell lines. Moreover, our in-vivo experiments demonstrated menadione inhibiting tumor development and progression. Conclusions: We suggest this compound may be an important ally of chemotherapeutics in the treatment of gastric cancer. In addition, CDC25B has proven to be an effective target for investigation and development of new therapeutic strategies for this malignancy.

In vitro assessment of cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of antimalarial drugs artemisinin and artemether in human lymphocytes.

Artemisinin is a substance extracted from the Chinese plant Artemisia annua L. widely used in natural medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Artemether is a substance synthesized from artemisinin, and both drugs are commonly administered in the treatment of malaria. Although considered effective antimalarial drugs, very little is known about the genotoxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of these drugs. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the genotoxic, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of artemisinin (12.5, 25 and 50 µg/mL) and artemether (7.46; 14.92 and 29.84 µg/mL) in cultured human lymphocytes using the comet assay, the micronucleus test and the cytotoxicity assay for detection of necrosis and apoptosis by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Our results showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the rate of DNA damage measured by comet assay and in the micronucleus frequency after treatment with both drugs. It was also observed that only artemisinin induced a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in the number of lymphocytes with death by necrosis 48 h after treatment. The results demonstrated that these two drugs induce mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in cultured human lymphocytes. Our data indicate the need for caution in the use of such drugs, since genotoxic/mutagenic effects may increase the risk of carcinogenesis.

Deregulation of the SRC Family Tyrosine Kinases in Gastric Carcinogenesis in Non-human Primates.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The evolution of gastric carcinogenesis remains largely unknown, as the regulatory mechanisms involved in the aggressiveness of gastric cancer are still poorly understood. Kinases are downstream modulators and effectors of various cell signaling cascades and play key roles in the development of neoplastic diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of genes and proteins of the SRC family, including FYN, YES, BLK, FGR, LYN and SRC, in a model of intestinal gastric carcinogenesis generated by treating Cebus apella, a New World non-human primate, with N-methyl nitrosourea (MNU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: mRNA expression of genes was measured by real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and protein expression was measured by western blotting in six Cebus apella treated with N-methyl-nitrosourea (MNU) for about 2.5 years. RESULTS: Elevated mRNA and protein expression mainly of the SRC and LYN kinases was observed. Their expression was gradually increasing as non-atrophic gastritis was evolving to gastric cancer. CONCLUSION: SRC family kinases play a key role in tumor progression and metastasis and may be a promising target for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Mutagenic and histopathological effects of hexavalent chromium in tadpoles of Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) (Anura, Ranidae).

The potential mutagenic and histopathological effects of the hexavalent chromium were investigated in Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. These larvae (GS 25-31) were exposed to three nominal concentrations of potassium dichromate (4, 12, and 36 mg L-1) and 5 mg L-1 of Cyclophosphamide as a positive control (PC), for 24 h. A negative control (NC) was also added to the experiment. Our results showed that, in general, the micronuclei (MN) were less frequent than the erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENA); there was a significant difference in the frequency of MN between the NC and all treated groups (p < 0.05) in a concentration-dependent curve, in addition the PC did not differ from the chromium treatments. Also, only PC and the group treated with potassium dichromate at 36 mg L-1 showed significantly higher frequencies of ENA than NC (p < 0.05). Chromium treatments promoted cell retention in the Sub-G1 phase and a decrease of cells in the S and G2/M phases indicating inhibition of the cell cycle. All treatments with chromium led to liver and kidney histopathological lesions, especially with 36 mg L-1 (greater number of lesions). In conclusion, hexavalent chromium was mutagenic to L. catesbeianus tadpoles and its toxic effects also resulted in anti-mitotic activity, besides inducing histopathological alterations in liver and kidney. Amphibians have been proven to be useful bioindicators, and we suggest that tadpoles of different species can be used to represent the environmental impacts in aquatic ecosystems.

Detection of Anisakidae larvae parasitizing Plagioscion squamosissimus and Pellona castelnaeana in the State of Pará, Brazil / Detecção de larvas de Anisakidae parasitando Plagioscion squamosissimus e Pellonacastelnaeana no Estado do Pará, Brasil

Five specimens of Plagioscion squamosissimus from Xingu River and ten specimens of Pellona castelnaeana from Mosqueiro Island, both in the State of Pará, Brazil, were examined to investigate the presence of anisakid nematodes, due to their zoonotic potential. Their parasitism indices and sites of infection were also determined. This is the first record of Anisakidae parasitizing Pellona castelnaeana. Four-hundred and eighty-four third-stage larvae (L3) of Anisakidae were found, of which 42 were found in P. squamosissimus and 442 in P. castelnaeana. The parasitism indices of the anisakid collected from the P. squamosissimus comprised prevalence (P) of 100%, mean infection intensity (MI) of 8.4, range of infection (RI) of 1-13, mean abundance (MA) of 8.4, and infection site (IS) in the abdominal cavity. P. castelnaeana showed P = 100%, MI = 44.2, RI = 10-114, MA = 44.2, and IS = abdominal cavity, cecum and stomach. The life cycle of these nematodes can be completed in the Amazon basin, since the two hosts fish are part of the cetacean diet of the region, which participate as final hosts. These findings have an important consequence on epidemiology of anisakiasis, so attention should be extended to human protection against this public health risk.(AU)

Cinco espécimes de Plagioscion squamosissimus do rio Xingu e dez espécimes de Pellona castelnaeana da Ilha do Mosqueiro, ambos no Estado do Pará, Brasil, foram examinados para investigar a presença de nematodas Anisakidae, devido ao seu potencial zoonótico. Também foram determinados seus índices de parasitismo e sítios de infestação. Esse é o primeiro registro de Anisakidae parasitando Pellona castelnaeana. Foram encontradas 484 larvas de Anisakidae de terceiro estágio (L3), sendo 42 em P. squamosissimus e 442 em P. castelnaeana. Os índices parasitários de anisaquídeos coletados de P. squamosissimus compreenderam prevalência (P) de 100%, intensidade de infecção média (IM) de 8.4, amplitude de infecção (AI) de 1-13, abundância média (AM) de 8,4 e local de infecção (LI) na cavidade abdominal. P. castelnaeana apresentou P = 100%, IM = 44,2, AI = 10-114, AM = 44,2 e LI = cavidade abdominal, ceco e estômago. O ciclo de vida desses nematodas pode ser completo na bacia Amazônica, já que os dois hospedeiros fazem parte da dieta de cetáceos da região, que atuam como hospedeiros finais. Esses achados têm consequência importante na epidemiologia de anisaquíases, devendo haver mais atenção em relação à proteção humana contra esse problema de saúde pública.(AU)

Detection of Anisakidae larvae parasitizing Plagioscion squamosissimus and Pellona castelnaeana in the State of Pará, Brazil / Detecção de larvas de Anisakidae parasitando Plagioscion squamosissimus e Pellona castelnaeana no Estado do Pará, Brasil

Five specimens of Plagioscion squamosissimus from Xingu River and ten specimens of Pellona castelnaeana from Mosqueiro Island, both in the State of Pará, Brazil, were examined to investigate the presence of anisakid nematodes, due to their zoonotic potential. Their parasitism indices and sites of infection were also determined. This is the first record of Anisakidae parasitizing Pellona castelnaeana. Four-hundred and eighty-four third-stage larvae (L3) of Anisakidae were found, of which 42 were found in P. squamosissimus and 442 in P. castelnaeana. The parasitism indices of the anisakid collected from the P. squamosissimus comprised prevalence (P) of 100%, mean infection intensity (MI) of 8.4, range of infection (RI) of 1- 13, mean abundance (MA) of 8.4, and infection site (IS) in the abdominal cavity. P. castelnaeana showed P = 100%, MI = 44.2, RI = 10-114, MA = 44.2, and IS = abdominal cavity, cecum and stomach. The life cycle of these nematodes can be completed in the Amazon basin, since the two hosts fish are part of the cetacean diet of the region, which participate as final hosts. These findings have an important consequence on epidemiology of anisakiasis, so attention should be extended to human protection against this public health risk.

Cinco espécimes de Plagioscion squamosissimus do rio Xingu e dez espécimes de Pellona castelnaeana da Ilha do Mosqueiro, ambos no Estado do Pará, Brasil, foram examinados para investigar a presença de nematodas Anisakidae, devido ao seu potencial zoonótico. Também foram determinados seus índices de parasitismo e sítios de infestação. Esse é o primeiro registro de Anisakidae parasitando Pellona castelnaeana. Foram encontradas 484 larvas de Anisakidae de terceiro estágio (L3), sendo 42 em P. squamosissimus e 442 em P. castelnaeana. Os índices parasitários de anisaquídeos coletados de P. squamosissimus compreenderam prevalência (P) de 100%, intensidade de infecção média (IM) de 8.4, amplitude de infecção (AI) de 1-13, abundância média (AM) de 8,4 e local de infecção (LI) na cavidade abdominal. P. castelnaeana apresentou P = 100%, IM = 44,2, AI = 10-114, AM = 44,2 e LI = cavidade abdominal, ceco e estômago. O ciclo de vida desses nematodas pode ser completo na bacia Amazônica, já que os dois hospedeiros fazem parte da dieta de cetáceos da região, que atuam como hospedeiros finais. Esses achados têm consequência importante na epidemiologia de anisaquíases, devendo haver mais atenção em relação à proteção humana contra esse problema de saúde pública.

Effect of diterpenoid kaurenoic acid on genotoxicity and cell cycle progression in gastric cancer cell lines.

The goal of our study was to evaluate the effect of kaurenoic acid, obtained from copaiba oil resin, in gastric cancer (GC) and a normal mucosa of stomach (MNP01) cell lines. The compound was tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 30 and 60µg/mL. Comet and micronucleus assays were used to access its potential genotoxicity in vitro. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of kaurenoic acid in cell cycle progression and in the transcription of genes involved in the control of the cell cycle: MYC, CCND1, BCL2, CASP3, ATM, CHK2 and TP53. Kaurenoic acid induced an increase on cell DNA damage or micronucleus frequencies on GC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. The GC and MNP01 cell lines entering DNA synthesis and mitosis decreased significantly with kaurenoic acid treatment, and had an increased growth phase compared with non-treated cells. The treatment induced apoptosis (or necrosis) even at a concentration of 2.5µg/mL in relation to non-treated cells. GC cell lines presented reduced MYC, CCND1, BCL2 and CASP3 transcription while ATM, CHK2 and TP53 increased in transcription in relation to non-treated cells, especially at a concentration above 10µg/mL. The gene transcription in the MNP01 (non-treated non-cancer cell line) was designated as a calibrator for all the GC cell lines. In conclusion, our results showed that kaurenoic acid obtained from Copaifera induces DNA damage and increases the micronuclei frequency in a dose-dependent manner in GC cells, with a significant genotoxicity observed above the concentration of 5µg/mL. Moreover, this compound seems to be able to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in GC cells.

Investigation into the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the Marajó Archipelago waters using Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) as a bioindicator.

Maintaining water quality within tolerable limits is a basic need of the riverside communities in the Amazon. Using endemic aquatic organisms as biological models is useful for monitoring the environment. In this study, potential cytotoxic and genotoxic damages in Plagioscion squamosissimus (commonly known as silver croaker) from the Marajó Archipelago were evaluated using a flow cytometry assay and a survey of micronuclei (MN) frequency as well as other nuclear abnormalities (NA). P. squamosissimus specimens were collected at four locations in the Marajó Archipelago. Blood samples from these fish were used in the flow cytometry assay and piscine micronucleus test, and the resulting data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). We did not observe a difference in the erythrocyte cell cycle distribution among the samples (P=0.9992), which suggests the absence of cytotoxic agent-induced apoptosis. The piscine micronucleus test exhibited differences in the samples from São Sebastião da Boa Vista (SSBV), and those from Anajás produced the highest mutagenicity indices. The MN frequencies were low for all groups, but the groups exhibited significantly different frequencies (P=0.0033). Reniform nuclei, nuclei with extensions, and lobed nuclei were combined and considered NA. The frequency differences for these NA were significant among sampling sites (P <0.0001). This report is the first to use flow cytometry in fish to evaluate cytotoxic agent-induced apoptosis. The micronucleus test results indicate the presence of pollutants that can change the genetic material of the fish studied. We also demonstrate that the Amazonian fish P. squamosissimus is important not only as a comestible species but also as an adequate model for biomonitoring in aquatic environments.

Primer reporte de larvas de Raphidascaris sp. (Nematodo: Anisakidae) em Trachinotus carolinus (Perciformes: Carangidae) en la provincia Pará, Brasil / First report of larvae Raphidascaris sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Trachinotus carolinus (Perciformes: Carangidae) in the Pará State, Brasil / Primeiro relato de larvas de Raphidascaris sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) em Trachinotus carolinus (Perciformes: Carangidae) no estado do Pará, Brasil

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo informar sobre la existencia de parásitos helmintos en el pez Trachinotus carolinus Linnaeus, 1766, procedente del Mercado Municipal de Salinópolis, Pará - Brasil, siendo el primer reporte de helmintos del género Raphidascaris para especímenes de peces Trachinotus carolinus de esta región. Órganos de la cavidad del cuerpo se analizaron en 40 especímenes de T. carolinus, con la longitud total y el peso medio de 30 ± 17,5 cm y 384,8 ± 63,17 g, respectivamente. Se recogieron un total de 1.163 larvas del gusano y la prevalencia de 95% de los peces infectados. Otros índices parasitarias se han abordado, como la intensidad media = 30,60 (DE ± 16,97), la abundancia media = 29,075 y la intensidad de infestación 1-184. No hubo una relación significativa entre la cantidad de parásitos y el tamaño y peso de los peces.

This study aimed to report the occurrence of helminth parasites in specimens of the fish Trachinotus carolinus from Mercado Municipal de Salinópolis, Pará - Brazil, with the first report of helminths of the genus Raphidascaris for fish species Trachinotus carolinos from this region. Visceral cavity was analyzed in 40 specimens of T. carolinus, with average total length and weight of 30 ± 17.5 cm and 384.8 ± 63.17 g, respectively, collected a total of 1,163 larvae of the parasite, having a prevalence of 95% of infected fish. Other parasitic ecological indices were average intensity of 30.60 (SD ± 16.97), average abundance of 29.075, and extent of infestation = 1-184. There was no significant correlation between the number of parasites and the size and weight of fish.

O presente trabalho objetivou relatar a ocorrência de helmintos parasitos em peixes da espécie Trachinotus carolinus Linnaeus, 1766, procedentes do Mercado Municipal de Salinópolis, Pará Brasil, sendo o primeiro relato de helmintos do gênero Raphidascaris para espécimes do peixe Trachinotus carolinus provenientes desta região. Foram analisados órgãos da cavidade geral em 40 espécimes de T. carolinus, com médias de comprimento total e peso de 30 ± 17,5 cm e 384,8 ± 63,17 g, respectivamente. Foi coletado um total de 1.163 larvas do verme, tendo a prevalência de 95% dos peixes parasitados. Outros índices ecológicos parasitários abordados foram a intensidade média de 30,60 (DP ± 16,97), abundância média de 29,075 e amplitude de 1-184. Não houve uma relação significativa entre a quantidade de parasitos e o tamanho e o peso do peixe.

Aspectos ecológicos de la helmintofauna de Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) de la baía do Marajó, Provincia de Pará, Brasil / Ecological aspects of helminth fauna of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from bay of Marajó, Para State, Brazil / Aspectos ecológicos da helmintofauna de Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) da baía do Marajó, estado do Pará, Brasil

Entre noviembre de 2013 y enero de 2014, se realizó la necropsia de 20 especímenes de Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) de la Bahía de Marajó, Provincia de Pará, Brasil. Fueron analizados para estudiar sus infracomunidades de parásitos helmintos. Todos los peces (100%) fueron infectados por al menos una especie de helminto. Se recogieron 3.474 endohelmintos (96 platelmintos adultos y 3.378 larvas de nematodos), clasificadas en cuatro especies de parásitos. Anisakidae fue la especie más abundante y prevalente, que constituía la mayoría de los especímenes. Dos especies de helmintos parásitos mostraron correlación entre la longitud total y la abundancia del parásito: la correlación fue negativa para el cestode Nomimoscolex sp. y positivo para las larvas del nematodo Raphydascaris sp. Por cierto, este es el primer informe de Raphydascaris parasitando B. rousseauxii. También se encontró una sola larva de nematodo clasificado como Cucullanidae. La alta incidencia de larvas de nematodos recogidas indica que, a pesar de que es un pez con preferencia carnívoro, B. rousseauxii deben también ocupan un nivel intermedio en la red trófica del estuario.

During November 2013 and January 2014, 20 specimens of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Bay of Marajó, Pará State, Brazil were necropsied to study their infracommunities of helminth parasites. All fish (100%) were parasitized by at least one species of worm. Were collected 3,474 endohelminth (96 adult flatworms and 3,378 nematodes larvae), classified in four species of parasites. Anisakidae was the most abundant and prevalent species, constituting the majority of specimens. Two helminth parasites showed correlation between total length of hosts and parasite abundance: the correlation was negative for the cestode Nomimoscolex sp. and positive for the larvae of the nematode Raphydascaris sp. By the way, this is the first report of Raphydascaris parasitizing B. rousseauxii. It was also found a single larva of nematode classified as Cucullanidae. The high incidence of nematodes larvae collected indicates that, although it is a preferably carnivorous fish, B. rousseauxii should also occupy an intermediate level in the estuarine trophic web.

Entre novembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014 foram necropsiados 20 espécimes de dourada Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) provenientes da Baía do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil, sendo analisados para estudo das suas infracomunidades de helmintos parasitos. Todos os peixes (100%) estavam parasitados por pelo menos uma espécie de verme. Foram coletados 3.474 endohelmintos (96 platelmintos adultos e 3.378 larvas de nematoides), classificados em quatro espécies de parasitos. Anisakidae foi a espécie mais abundante e prevalente, constituindo a maioria dos espécimes coletados. Duas espécies de helmintos parasitos apresentaram correlação entre o comprimento total e a abundância parasitária: a correlação foi negativa para o cestoide Nomimoscolex sp. e positiva para as larvas do nematoide Raphydascaris sp. Por sinal, este é o primeiro relato do gênero Raphydascaris parasitando B. rousseauxii. Foi ainda encontrada uma única larva de nematoide classificada como Cucullanidae. A grande incidência de larvas de nematoides coletadas indica que, embora seja um peixe com preferência carnívora, B. rousseauxii deve também ocupar um nível intermediário na teia trófica estuarina.

Primer reporte de larvas de Raphidascaris sp. (Nematodo: Anisakidae) em Trachinotus carolinus (Perciformes: Carangidae) en la provincia Pará, Brasil / First report of larvae Raphidascaris sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Trachinotus carolinus (Perciformes: Carangidae) in the Pará State, Brasil / Primeiro relato de larvas de Raphidascaris sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) em Trachinotus carolinus (Perciformes: Carangidae) no estado do Pará, Brasil

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo informar sobre la existencia de parásitos helmintos en el pez Trachinotus carolinus Linnaeus, 1766, procedente del Mercado Municipal de Salinópolis, Pará - Brasil, siendo el primer reporte de helmintos del género Raphidascaris para especímenes de peces Trachinotus carolinus de esta región. Órganos de la cavidad del cuerpo se analizaron en 40 especímenes de T. carolinus, con la longitud total y el peso medio de 30 ± 17,5 cm y 384,8 ± 63,17 g, respectivamente. Se recogieron un total de 1.163 larvas del gusano y la prevalencia de 95% de los peces infectados. Otros índices parasitarias se han abordado, como la intensidad media = 30,60 (DE ± 16,97), la abundancia media = 29,075 y la intensidad de infestación 1-184. No hubo una relación significativa entre la cantidad de parásitos y el tamaño y peso de los peces.(AU)

This study aimed to report the occurrence of helminth parasites in specimens of the fish Trachinotus carolinus from Mercado Municipal de Salinópolis, Pará - Brazil, with the first report of helminths of the genus Raphidascaris for fish species Trachinotus carolinos from this region. Visceral cavity was analyzed in 40 specimens of T. carolinus, with average total length and weight of 30 ± 17.5 cm and 384.8 ± 63.17 g, respectively, collected a total of 1,163 larvae of the parasite, having a prevalence of 95% of infected fish. Other parasitic ecological indices were average intensity of 30.60 (SD ± 16.97), average abundance of 29.075, and extent of infestation = 1-184. There was no significant correlation between the number of parasites and the size and weight of fish.(AU)

O presente trabalho objetivou relatar a ocorrência de helmintos parasitos em peixes da espécie Trachinotus carolinus Linnaeus, 1766, procedentes do Mercado Municipal de Salinópolis, Pará Brasil, sendo o primeiro relato de helmintos do gênero Raphidascaris para espécimes do peixe Trachinotus carolinus provenientes desta região. Foram analisados órgãos da cavidade geral em 40 espécimes de T. carolinus, com médias de comprimento total e peso de 30 ± 17,5 cm e 384,8 ± 63,17 g, respectivamente. Foi coletado um total de 1.163 larvas do verme, tendo a prevalência de 95% dos peixes parasitados. Outros índices ecológicos parasitários abordados foram a intensidade média de 30,60 (DP ± 16,97), abundância média de 29,075 e amplitude de 1-184. Não houve uma relação significativa entre a quantidade de parasitos e o tamanho e o peso do peixe.(AU)

Aspectos ecológicos de la helmintofauna de Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) de la baía do Marajó, Provincia de Pará, Brasil / Ecological aspects of helminth fauna of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from bay of Marajó, Para State, Brazil / Aspectos ecológicos da helmintofauna de Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) da baía do Marajó, estado do Pará, Brasil

Entre noviembre de 2013 y enero de 2014, se realizó la necropsia de 20 especímenes de Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) de la Bahía de Marajó, Provincia de Pará, Brasil. Fueron analizados para estudiar sus infracomunidades de parásitos helmintos. Todos los peces (100%) fueron infectados por al menos una especie de helminto. Se recogieron 3.474 endohelmintos (96 platelmintos adultos y 3.378 larvas de nematodos), clasificadas en cuatro especies de parásitos. Anisakidae fue la especie más abundante y prevalente, que constituía la mayoría de los especímenes. Dos especies de helmintos parásitos mostraron correlación entre la longitud total y la abundancia del parásito: la correlación fue negativa para el cestode Nomimoscolex sp. y positivo para las larvas del nematodo Raphydascaris sp. Por cierto, este es el primer informe de Raphydascaris parasitando B. rousseauxii. También se encontró una sola larva de nematodo clasificado como Cucullanidae. La alta incidencia de larvas de nematodos recogidas indica que, a pesar de que es un pez con preferencia carnívoro, B. rousseauxii deben también ocupan un nivel intermedio en la red trófica del estuario.(AU)

During November 2013 and January 2014, 20 specimens of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Bay of Marajó, Pará State, Brazil were necropsied to study their infracommunities of helminth parasites. All fish (100%) were parasitized by at least one species of worm. Were collected 3,474 endohelminth (96 adult flatworms and 3,378 nematodes larvae), classified in four species of parasites. Anisakidae was the most abundant and prevalent species, constituting the majority of specimens. Two helminth parasites showed correlation between total length of hosts and parasite abundance: the correlation was negative for the cestode Nomimoscolex sp. and positive for the larvae of the nematode Raphydascaris sp. By the way, this is the first report of Raphydascaris parasitizing B. rousseauxii. It was also found a single larva of nematode classified as Cucullanidae. The high incidence of nematodes larvae collected indicates that, although it is a preferably carnivorous fish, B. rousseauxii should also occupy an intermediate level in the estuarine trophic web.(AU)

Entre novembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014 foram necropsiados 20 espécimes de dourada Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) provenientes da Baía do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil, sendo analisados para estudo das suas infracomunidades de helmintos parasitos. Todos os peixes (100%) estavam parasitados por pelo menos uma espécie de verme. Foram coletados 3.474 endohelmintos (96 platelmintos adultos e 3.378 larvas de nematoides), classificados em quatro espécies de parasitos. Anisakidae foi a espécie mais abundante e prevalente, constituindo a maioria dos espécimes coletados. Duas espécies de helmintos parasitos apresentaram correlação entre o comprimento total e a abundância parasitária: a correlação foi negativa para o cestoide Nomimoscolex sp. e positiva para as larvas do nematoide Raphydascaris sp. Por sinal, este é o primeiro relato do gênero Raphydascaris parasitando B. rousseauxii. Foi ainda encontrada uma única larva de nematoide classificada como Cucullanidae. A grande incidência de larvas de nematoides coletadas indica que, embora seja um peixe com preferência carnívora, B. rousseauxii deve também ocupar um nível intermediário na teia trófica estuarina.(AU)

ASPECTOS ECOLÓGICOS DA HELMINTOFAUNA DE Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (SILURIFORMES: PIMELODIDAE) DA BAÍA DO MARAJÓ, ESTADO DO PARÁ, BRASIL

Entre novembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014 foram necropsiados 20 espécimes de douradaBrachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) provenientes daBaía do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil, sendo analisados para estudo das suasinfracomunidades de helmintos parasitos. Todos os peixes (100%) estavam parasitados porpelo menos uma espécie de verme. Foram coletados 3.474 endohelmintos (96 platelmintosadultos e 3.378 larvas de nematoides), classificados em quatro espécies de parasitos.Anisakidae foi a espécie mais abundante e prevalente, constituindo a maioria dos espécimescoletados. Duas espécies de helmintos parasitos apresentaram correlação entre o comprimentototal e a abundância parasitária: a correlação foi negativa para o cestoide Nomimoscolex sp. epositiva para as larvas do nematoide Raphydascaris sp. Por sinal, este é o primeiro relato dogênero Raphydascaris parasitando B. rousseauxii. Foi ainda encontrada uma única larva denematoide classificada como Cucullanidae. A grande incidência de larvas de nematoidescoletadas indica que, embora seja um peixe com preferência carnívora, B. rousseauxii devetambém ocupar um nível intermediário na teia trófica estuarina.

Protective effect of prolactin against methylmercury-induced mutagenicity and cytotoxicity on human lymphocytes.

Mercury exhibits cytotoxic and mutagenic properties as a result of its effect on tubulin. This toxicity mechanism is related to the production of free radicals that can cause DNA damage. Methylmercury (MeHg) is one of the most toxic of the mercury compounds. It accumulates in the aquatic food chain, eventually reaching the human diet. Several studies have demonstrated that prolactin (PRL) may be differently affected by inorganic and organic mercury based on interference with various neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of PRL secretion. This study evaluated the cytoprotective effect of PRL on human lymphocytes exposed to MeHg in vitro, including observation of the kinetics of HL-60 cells (an acute myeloid leukemia lineage) treated with MeHg and PRL at different concentrations, with both treatments with the individual compounds and combined treatments. All treatments with MeHg produced a significant increase in the frequency of chromatid gaps, however, no significant difference was observed in the chromosomal breaks with any treatment. A dose-dependent increase in the mitotic index was observed for treatments with PRL, which also acts as a co-mitogenic factor, regulating proliferation by modulating the expression of genes that are essential for cell cycle progression and cytoskeleton organization. These properties contribute to the protective action of PRL against the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of MeHg.

Description of the karyotype of Geophagus cf. proximus (Perciformes, Cichlidae, Geophaginae) / Descrição do cariótipo de Geophagus cf. proximus (Perciformes, Cichlidae, Geophaginae)

This study described the karyotype of Geophagus cf. proximus. Specimens were collected in ءgua Preta Lake, Parque Ambiental de Belém, Parل State, Brazil. The karyotype were 2n = 48 chromosomes (FN = 60: 12M/SM+36ST/A) and no sexual chromosome differentiation. C-banding showed centromeric staining in all chromosomes. The first chromosome pair, besides centromeric coloration, presented a totally heterochromatic long arm. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were studied by means of AgNO3. NORs were located at the short arm of the second chromosome pair.(AU)

Este estudo descreve o cariَtipo de Geophagus cf. proximus. Espécimes foram coletados no lago ءgua Preta, Parque Ambiental de Belém, Estado do Parل, Brasil. O cariَtipo obtido apresentou 2n = 48 cromossomos (NF = 60: 12M/SM+36ST/A), sem diferenciaçمo de cromossomos sexuais. O bandeamento C mostrou marcaçُes centroméricas em todos os cromossomos. O primeiro par cromossômico, além da coloraçمo centromérica, apresentou o braço longo totalmente heterocromلtico. As regiُes organizadoras do nucléolo (RONs) foram estudadas por meio da coloraçمo de AgNO3. As RONs foram encontradas no braço curto do segundo par de cromossomos.(AU)

Description of the karyotype of Geophagus cf. proximus (Perciformes, Cichlidae, Geophaginae) / Descrição do cariótipo de Geophagus cf. proximus (Perciformes, Cichlidae, Geophaginae)

This study described the karyotype of Geophagus cf. proximus. Specimens were collected in Água Preta Lake, Parque Ambiental de Belém, Pará State, Brazil. The karyotype were 2n = 48 chromosomes (FN = 60: 12M/SM+36ST/A) and no sexual chromosome differentiation. C-banding showed centromeric staining in all chromosomes. The first chromosome pair, besides centromeric coloration, presented a totally heterochromatic long arm. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were studied by means of AgNO3. NORs were located at the short arm of the second chromosome pair.

Este estudo descreve o cariótipo de Geophagus cf. proximus. Espécimes foram coletados no lago Água Preta, Parque Ambiental de Belém, Estado do Pará, Brasil. O cariótipo obtido apresentou 2n = 48 cromossomos (NF = 60: 12M/SM+36ST/A), sem diferenciação de cromossomos sexuais. O bandeamento C mostrou marcações centroméricas em todos os cromossomos. O primeiro par cromossômico, além da coloração centromérica, apresentou o braço longo totalmente heterocromático. As regiões organizadoras do nucléolo (RONs) foram estudadas por meio da coloração de AgNO3. As RONs foram encontradas no braço curto do segundo par de cromossomos.