Diel and seasonal mixing patterns and water quality dynamics in a multipurpose tropical semiarid reservoir.

Eutrophication has become a recurrent concern in reservoirs worldwide. This problem is intensified in tropical semiarid regions, where the reservoirs have high seasonal and annual variability of water level and volume. Therefore, an extensive understanding of the diel variation of water quality key-parameters can help improve management of such reservoirs. This study focuses on Castanhão reservoir with the largest multipurpose dam in the Brazilian semiarid. Its main water uses are irrigation, fish farming, and human supply. The reservoir faced a decline in water quality due to a prolonged drought period. While previous research has predominantly emphasized the seasonal dynamics of thermal and chemical stratification, our investigation provides diel assessments of multiple water quality parameters, including nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton abundance. Our primary objective is to compare seasonal and diel variations in stratification and nutrient distribution within the reservoir. Key findings reveal a diel cycle of thermal stratification, primarily during dry season, driven by higher wind speeds. This is corroborated by a significant negative correlation between wind speed and the relative water column stability index. In contrast, during the rainy season, the reservoir experiences continuous thermal stratification due to inflowing water being warmer than the reservoir's water temperature. Notably, a significant negative correlation between total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a, along with a two-fold increase of this nutrient throughout the day during the rainy season, underscores the influence of the phytoplankton community dynamics on the diel nutrient variation. Chemical stratification of dissolved oxygen occurred during dry and rainy seasons, indicating that even during the dry season, where there is no significant inflow, the internal nutrient loading can also significantly impact the water quality of a reservoir. This study advances the understanding of diel water quality dynamics in tropical semiarid reservoirs, shedding light on both climatic and anthropogenic influences on water resources.

In situ H2O2 treatment of blue-green algae contaminated reservoirs causes significant improvement in drinking water treatability.

The evaluation of water quality improvement brought about by in situ treatment of eutrophic water bodies, especially those used for human supply is a challenging task since each water system responds differently. To overcome this challenge, we applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to understand the effects of using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on eutrophic water used as a drinking water supply. This analysis was used to identify the main factors that described the water treatability after exposing blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) contaminated raw water to H2O2 at both 5 and 10 mg L-1. Cyanobacterial chlorophyll-a was undetectable following the application of both concentrations of H2O2 after four days, while not causing relevant changes to green algae and diatoms chlorophyll-a concentrations. EFA demonstrated that the main factors affected by both H2O2 concentrations were turbidity, pH, and cyanobacterial chlorophyll-a concentration, which are important variables for a drinking water treatment plant. The H2O2 caused significant improvement in water treatability by decreasing those three variables. Finally, the use of EFA was demonstrated to be a promising tool in identifying which limnological variables are most relevant concerning the efficacy of water treatment, which in turn can make water quality monitoring more efficient and less costly.

Removal of Dolichospermum circinale, Microcystis aeruginosa, and their metabolites using hydrogen peroxide and visible light.

Frequent cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs used for human supply increase the risk of noxious secondary metabolites, endangering human health and ecological balance, and requiring constant monitoring by water companies. Although hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been widely reported as an effective agent for the control of cyanobacteria, being Microcystis aeruginosa one of the most studied species, very limited data is available on its effects over Dolichospermum circinale. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of H2O2 on D. circinale and comparing it to the effects over the M. aeruginosa. The treatment was performed in cyanobacterial cultures with the application of 2 and 5 mg L-1 of H2O2 under visible light. To measure the impact of the treatment, intact cells were counted and cell re-growth monitored. Geosmin and microcystin, cell pigments, color, and organic matter in water were also analyzed during the treatment. The results showed that even the smallest H2O2 concentration (2 mg L-1) was able to completely remove D. circinale cells. Although M. aeruginosa could only be completely removed using 5 mg L-1, the few cells remaining after the application of 2 mg L-1 were not viable and did not re-grew after 15 days. Total microcystin concentration increased after M. aeruginosa was exposed to H2O2, suggesting that oxidative stress may increase the detection of this metabolite when the cells are lysed. While 2 mg L-1 was able to significantly decrease total geosmin, the addition of 5 mg L-1 did not improve removal. Chlorophyll-a was readily degraded after cell rupture but the same did not happen to phycocyanin, demonstrating its high resilience to this oxidant. Color and organic matter increased for the M. aeruginosa but decreased for the D. circinale suspension, probably because the higher concentration of the M. aeruginosa yielded more extracellular content to the water which was not able to be degraded by the amount of H2O2 applied.

Associação espacial entre mortalidade infantil e precipitação pluviométrica no Estado de Pernambuco / Spatial association between infant mortality and rainfall in the State of Pernambuco

Introdução: Estudar a mortalidade infantil associada às variáveis climáticas é um desafio, sobretudo por causa da complexidade das variáveis envolvidas no coeficiente de mortalidade infantil. Objetivo: Identificar associação espacial entre mortalidade infantil, mortalidade infantil pós-neonatal, e mortalidade infantil por diarreia e precipitação pluviométrica. Método: As análises espaciais, realizadas para 184 municípios de Pernambuco, foram: I Moran, estimador bayesiano empírico local, autocorrelação local e autocorrelação local bivariada. Resultados: Houve associação espacial estatisticamente significativa entre a mortalidade infantil, a mortalidade infantil pós-neonatal e a mortalidade infantil por diarreia e precipitação. A região do semiárido apresenta aglomerados com as mortalidades associadas à baixa precipitação. Enquanto que na região do não semiárido, elas foram associadas ao excesso de precipitação. Discussão: A associação entre mortalidade infantil e espaço, mortalidade infantil e regime de chuvas possuem comportamento distinto entre as regiões do não semiárido e do semiárido. As condições precárias de saneamento básico aliadas ao baixo indicador socioeconômico podem ter contribuído para aumento do risco de mortalidade infantil. As técnicas de análise exploratória espacial foram relevantes para visualização das heterogeneidades intermunicipais e identificação de associação espacial entre mortalidade infantil e precipitação.

Avaliação do conhecimento de enfermeiros sobre a importância da infusão contínua de catecolaminas em unidade de terapia intensiva / Evaluacion del conocimiento de los enfermeros sobre la importancia de la infusion continua de catecolaminas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Assessment of nurses’ knowledge about the importance of continuous infusion of catecholamines in intensive care unit

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento de enfermeiros intensivistas sobre a importância da infusão contínua de catecolaminas. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, exploratório com delineamento transversal, desenvolvido em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de um Hospital Escola no município de Fortaleza-CE. Foram entrevistados 49enfermeiros. A maioria, 80,4% (40), declarou, ainda, que não tinha o título de especialista em terapia intensiva. Os dispositivos mais utilizados para a infusão contínua de catecolaminas foram bombas infusoras e equipos com injetores laterais (93, 88%). Dado preocupante foi encontrado quando 54,34% dos entrevistados relataram que não obedeciam rigorosamente à infusão contínua. Em relação à investigação do conhecimento dos enfermeiros sobre a importância do conceito farmacológico desse tipo de infusão, 57,14% da amostra demonstrou dominar de forma parcial a importância farmacológica do conceito de infusão contínua. Conclui-se que a elaboração de protocolos especificando a necessidade de troca continuada das soluções possa auxiliar significativamente a assistência de enfermagem.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nurses’ knowledge about the importance of continuous infusion of catecholamine. This is a descriptive exploratory cross-sectional study conducted in the Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital in Fortaleza-Ceará. We interviewed 49 nurses. The majority 80.4% (40) were not specialists in intensive care.The most used device for the continuous infusion of catecholamines were infusion pumps and jet-directed catheter(93. 88%). Worryingly 54.34% of the nurses interviewed stated they do not strictly comply with the continuous infusion.Regarding the investigation of nurses’ knowledge about the importance of the pharmacological concept of that drug infusion 57.14% partially dominate the pharmacological importance of the concept of continuous infusion. In conclusion the development of protocols that specify the need for continuous solutions exchange can help significantly the nursing care assistance.

El objeto de este estudio fue evaluar el conocimiento de los enfermeros sobre la importancia de la infusión continua decatecolaminas. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio descriptivo llevado a cabo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital universitario de Fortaleza-Ceará. Se realizaron entrevistas con 49 enfermeras. La mayoría, el 80,4% (40), no era especialista en terapia intensiva. Los dispositivos más utilizados para la infusión de catecolaminas eran la bomba de infusión y el catéter (93, 88%). 54,34% de los entrevistados informó que no seguía estrictamente la infusión continua.En cuanto a la investigación del conocimiento de los enfermeros sobre la importancia del concepto de infusión de medicamentos el 57,14% de la muestra indicó dominar parcialmente la importancia farmacológica del concepto de infusión continua. Se concluye que la elaboración de protocolos especificando la necesidad de cambiar las soluciones podría ayudar significativamente a la atención de enfermería.

Destinos / Destinies

Duas personagens de um filme de Érick Zonca – La vie rêvée des anges (1998) – foram objeto de escuta clínica. Assumindo integralmente a dimensão artística e literária da escuta analítica e da interpretação, os autores participam da obra de arte em exame: entram nos campos subjetivos aí operantes; reconstituem os estilos e padrões subjacentes de pensar, sentir, desejar e sofrer das duas personagens (suas metapsicologias); e oferecem sua capacidade de simbolização e verbalização às experiências de mundo de cada uma. O resultado é uma apresentação dramática do "material". A relação entre o plano fenomenológico e o metapsicológico das análises fica assim muito mais evidente do que seria possível em uma apresentação clínica convencional.(AU)

Two characters of a Erick Zonca's film (1998) La vie rêvée desanges became the object of clinical listening. Assuming entirely the artistic and literary dimension of the analytical listening and interpretation, the authors took part in the work of art under examination: they enter the subjective fields in operation; they reconstitute the styles and underlying patterns of thinking, feeling, desiring and suffering of the two characters (their metapsychologies); and offer their capacity of symbolization and verbalization to the experiences of each one's world. The end result is a dramatic presentation of the "material': The relation between the phenomenological plan and the metapsychological plan of the analyses becomes thus much more evident than it would be possible in a conventional clinical presentation.(AU)