Influence of chronic alcoholism and estrogen deficiency on the immunohistochemical expression of regulatory proteins of the bone resorption process in the periodontium of Wistar rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate possible changes in immunohistochemical expression of proteins regulating the bone resorption process in the periodontium of rats subjected to alcoholism and/or estrogen deficiency. The investigated proteins were receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ß ligand (RANKL), a protein that stimulates bone resorption, and osteoprotegerin (OPG), a protein that inhibits bone resorption. At the molecular level, decreased OPG expression and/or increased RANKL expression are consistent with a greater predisposition to bone resorption. DESIGN: Wistar female rats were divided into ovariectomized (ovx) and non-ovariectomized (sham) groups, and subdivided into ad libitum diet (free diet), alcoholic diet (20% solution), and isocaloric diet (diet with a similar amount of calories as compared with groups ingesting an alcoholic diet). The alveolar bone crest and adjacent tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemical analyses for detection of OPG and RANKL. RESULTS: A significant decrease in OPG expression and a significant increase in RANKL expression were observed in ovariectomized animals which received alcohol as compared with non-ovariectomized animals which received isocaloric diet (experimental control). When estrogen deficiency was evaluated independently of the diet type, a significant decrease in OPG expression and a significant increase in RANKL expression were observed in ovariectomized animals as compared with non-ovariectomized animals. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen deficiency associated with alcoholic diet, as well as estrogen deficiency (analyzed independently of diet type), decreased the immunostaining for OPG and increased the immunostaining for RANKL in the periodontium of rats.

The Influence of Alcohol Consumption in Conjunction with Sex Hormone Deficiency on Ca/P Ratio in Rats.

Deficiency of sex hormones and excessive alcohol consumption are factors that have been related to alterations in the pattern of bone mineralization and osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible alterations in the calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio in the femur of rats subjected to sex hormone deficiency and/or alcohol consumption. Methods. Female and male Wistar rats (n = 108) were divided into ovariectomized (Ovx), orchiectomized (Orx), or sham-operated groups and subdivided according to diet: alcoholic diet (20% alcohol solution), isocaloric diet, and ad libitum diet. The diets were administered for 8 weeks. The Ca/P ratio in the femur was analyzed by energy dispersive micro-X-ray spectrometer (µEDX). Results. Consumption of alcohol reduced the Ca/P ratio in both females and males. The isocaloric diet reduced the Ca/P ratio in females. In groups with the ad libitum diet, the deficiency of sex hormones did not change the Ca/P ratio in females or males. However, the combination of sex hormone deficiency and alcoholic diet presented the lowest values for the Ca/P ratio in both females and males. Conclusions. There was a reduced Ca/P ratio in the femur of rats that consumed alcohol, which was exacerbated when combined with a deficiency of sex hormones.

High doses of alcohol during pregnancy cause DNA damages in osteoblasts of newborns rats.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol exerts teratogenic effects and its consumption during pregnancy can cause deficit of bone development. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of prenatal exposure to ethanol on newborn rat osteoblasts. METHODS: Wistar rats were initially divided into two groups: Ethanol group which received Ethanol 20% V/V in liquid diet and solid diet ad libitum, and Control group, which received solid diet and water ad libitum. Each group received a specific diet for 8 weeks before breeding and throughout three weeks of gestation and the treatment was finished on the day the pups were killed. On the fifth day of life, the pups from each group were killed for removal of the calvaria and isolation of osteogenic cells by sequential enzymatic digestion. The cells were cultured for a maximum period of 14 days. The detection of genotoxic effects of alcohol was investigated by the comet and the micronucleus assay. RESULTS: Micronucleus and comet assay showed significant increases in DNA damage at 7 days in Ethanol group (p = 0.0302, p = 0.0446, respectively). However, at 14 days both assay showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.6194, p = 0.8326, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that prenatal exposure to ethanol induced DNA damage in osteoblasts, as shown by micronucleus formation and higher percentage of DNA in the comet tail. It can be concluded that prenatal exposure to ethanol damages osteoblast DNA in newborns exposed to high doses of ethanol during pregnancy, suggesting that prenatal ethanol consumption has a direct effect on fetal osteoblasts.

Periodontal inflammation induced by chronic ethanol consumption in ovariectomized rats / Inflamação periodontal induzida pelo consumo crônico do etanol em ratas ovariectomizadas

O sistema imunológico tem um importante papel na patogênese da doença periodontal, sendo capaz de modular a resposta inflamatória, determinando variações na susceptibilidade individual e velocidade da progressão da doença periodontal. Entre os fatores sistêmicos adquiridos, a osteoporose e o alcoolismo são descritos como indicadores de risco para a perda óssea associada a doença periodontal. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência do consumo crônico de etanol na periodontite induzida em ratas com deficiência estrogênica. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizadas sessenta ratas, com aproximadamente noventa dias, divididas em dois grupos, ovariectomizado (OVZ) ou simulação cirúrgica de ovariectomia (SHAM). Cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos: grupo controle (C);grupo etanol a 20% como dieta líquida (A) e grupo dieta controle pareada (I). Após trinta dias da castração, as dietas e a periodontite induzida foram mantidas por 56 dias.A região interproximal entre o primeiro e o segundo molar inferior esquerdo e a região contralateral, sem indução da doença periodontal, foram avaliadas quanto as características inflamatórias. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que, considerando SHAM-C and OVZ-C, a deficiência hormonal resultou em alterações inflamatórias importantes. Considerando os grupos SHAM e OVZ na ausência de periodontite, a dieta com etanol resultou em alterações inflamatórias em ambos os grupos e também maior severidade quando combinado com a ovariectomia. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a associação da deficiência estrogênica e etanol 20% somente foi relevante para sítios sem indução da doença periodontal, induzindo maior severidade do processo inflamatório, com presença de células inflamatórias dispersas no tecido conjuntivo e desorientação das fibras do ligamento periodontal

The immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.The host may modulate periodontal inflammatory reactions and it determines variances in the individual susceptibility and in the periodontal disease progression speed. Osteoporosis and alcoholism are described as risk indicators of periodontal disease among the systemic acquired factors. Objective: The current study aims to analyze chronic alcohol consumption influence on induced periodontitis in rats presenting estrogen deficiency. Material and Methods: Sixty rats approximately 90 days old were used in the experiment; they were divided into two groups: correlated surgery (OVZ) or surgical ovariectomy simulation (SHAM). Each group was divided intothree subgroups: (C) control diet, (A) ethanol containing 20% liquid diet and (I) par-fed control diet. Thirty days after castration the diet and the experimental periodontitis induction were kept for 56 days. Interproximal regions between the first and the second lower left molar and the respective contralateral site without periodontal disease induction were assessed for inflammatory features. Results: Hormone deficiency resulted in important inflammatory changes concerning the meaning ofSHAM-C and OVZ-C. The ethanol diet has resulted in inflammatory changes to both groupsSHAM-A and OVZ-A in the absence of periodontitis, with also greater severity when combined with ovariectomy. Conclusion: It was concluded that the association between estrogen deficiency and 20% ethanol was just relevant for sites without periodontitis disease induction, since it induces stronger severity in the inflammatory process in the presence of the inflammatory cells scattered in the conjunctive tissue and of the disorientation of periodontal ligament fibers.

Effects of estrogen deficiency combined with chronic alcohol consumption on rat mandibular condyle

Estrogen deficiency and chronic alcohol consumption may have a synergistic and deleterious effect on bone tissue. AIM: To investigate the effects of estrogen deficiency associated with chronic alcohol consumption on the mandibular condyle in rats. METHODS: Fifty-four female rats were first divided equally into two groups: ovariectomized Ovx and simulated ovariectomy Sham. One month after the surgeries, these groups were equally sub-divided according to their dietary treatment: G1: Sham/ad-libitum diet; G2: Sham/alcohol; G3: Sham/isocaloric; G4: Ovx/ad-libitum diet; G5: Ovx/alcohol, G6: Ovx/isocaloric. Eight weeks after starting the diets, all animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. The condyles were analyzed histologically, histomorphometrically, and immunohistochemically using the antibodies for bone sialoprotein BSP, osteocalcin OCC and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand RANKL. RESULTS: Histological analysis of the mandibular condyles showed that Ovx and Sham groups presented almost the same characteristics. The histomorphometric analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference only between Ovx/isocaloric and Ovx/ad-libitum groups p=0.049. No difference was observed in the intensity of BSP, OCC, and RANKL antibody staining between the Ovx/alcohol and the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that there was no histomorphometric, histological, or RANKL, BSP, and OCC staining differences between the Ovx/alcohol group and other experimental groups...

Extended Periods of Alcohol Intake Negatively Affects Osseointegration in Rats.

The negative effects of chronic and excessive consumption of alcohol on bone metabolism are reported in the literature. Alcoholism causes a reduction in bone quality and delays fracture repair, among other deleterious effects. However, its effect on osseointegration in dental implants is not fully established. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of prolonged and excessive consumption of alcohol on osseointegration in rats. Thirty-five female rats, 3 months of age, were divided into five groups according to alcohol consumption period: control (no alcohol), and 3, 4, 5, and 6 months of alcohol consumption. All animals received solid food ad libitum. At 8 months of age, all animals received a dental implant in the right femur, and euthanasia was performed 1 month after the implant placement (final n = 27). Quantification of the percentage of bone-implant direct contact was performed by histomorphometry. Serum levels of calcium and phosphate were also measured. The groups that consumed alcohol for longer periods presented decreased percentages of bone-implant direct contact. The difference was higher in implants apical region. Alcohol consumption did not affect serum calcium levels but raised the level of serum phosphate. Alcohol consumption increased caloric intake but also increased weight loss. It was concluded that chronic and excessive consumption of alcohol can impair osseointegration in rats.

Taste alteration, mouth dryness and teeth staining as side effects of medications taken by elderly

Elderly patients generally use several types of medication, some of which may cause oral side effects. Aim: To investigate the oral side effects caused by medication in an elderly sample. Methods: Three hundred patients were interviewed about their use of medication and were divided in two groups: institutionalized (n=150) and community-dwelling (n=150) elderly. Results: The most used drugs were antihypertensives (53%) for community-dwelling elders and antiulceratives (76%) for the institutionalized ones. The more prevalent side effects were taste alterations that occurred in 19%, dry mouth in 17% and teeth staining in 2%. Conclusions: A high prevalence of oral side effects from medications used by the elderly was found in this study. The health professionals should be aware of the possible side effects caused by prescribed medications.

Effects of alcohol intake in periodontitis progression in female rats: a histometric study

AIM: To evaluate histometrically the effect of low and high caloric value of ethanol on ligature-induced bone loss in female rats. METHODS: Sixty female rats were divided into five groups of 12 animals each: Normal Control (water), Test A (low ethanol), Control A (low iso), Test B (high ethanol) and Control B (high iso). Control Groups A and B received diets with the same amount of calories consumed by Test Groups A and B, respectively, with ethanol replaced by isocaloric amounts of carbohydrate. Four weeks prior to the end of the experimental period, half of the rats in each group were randomly assigned to receive a ligature on mandibular molar, whereas the other half of group was left unligated. At 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and the specimens were processed to obtain decalcified sections. The area of periodontal ligament and/or bone loss in the furcation region of the first molars was histometrically measured in five sections per specimen (mm²). RESULTS: Ethanol intake did not have effect on the alveolar bone loss in unligated teeth (p>0.05). However, in ligature-induced periodontitis, high value of calories associated with ethanol feeding enhanced the area of bone loss (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that a low-ethanol diet did not affect the periodontium, while a high-ethanol diet may aggravate the progression of periodontitis, as demonstrated by the increased furcation region bone destruction in periodontal disease...

Control of microorganisms of oral health interest with Arctium lappa L. (burdock) extract non-cytotoxic to cell culture of macrophages (RAW 264.7).

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Arctium lappa L. extract on Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. In addition, the cytotoxicity of this extract was analyzed on macrophages (RAW 264.7). DESIGN: By broth microdilution method, different concentrations of the extract (250-0.4 mg/mL) were used in order to determine the minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) in planktonic cultures and the most effective concentration was used on biofilms on discs made of acrylic resin. The cytotoxicity A. lappa L. extract MMC was evaluated on RAW 264.7 by MTT assay and the quantification of IL-1ß and TNF-α by ELISA. RESULTS: The most effective concentration was 250 mg/mL and also promoted significant reduction (log10) in the biofilms of S. aureus (0.438 ± 0.269), S. epidermidis (0.377 ± 0.298), S. mutans (0.244 ± 0.161) and C. albicans (0.746 ± 0.209). Cell viability was similar to 100%. The production of IL-1ß was similar to the control group (p>0.05) and there was inhibition of TNF-α (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A. lappa L. extract was microbicidal for all the evaluated strains in planktonic cultures, microbiostatic for biofilms and not cytotoxic to the macrophages.

Alcoholic and isocaloric diet, but not ovariectomy, influence the apoptosis of bone cells within the alveolar bone crest of rats.

OBJECTIVE: Studies suggest that chronic alcoholism as well as oestrogen deficiencies may affect bones in general, including alveolar bone and, by doing so, increase individuals' susceptibility to develop progressive periodontal disease. This paper aims to verify the influence of chronic alcoholism and/or oestrogen deficiencies in the apoptosis of bone cells of the alveolar bone crest region in rats. DESIGN: Initially, 54 rats were divided into ovariectomized (Ovx) and Sham operated (Sham) groups. Thirty days after surgery, these two groups were equally sub-divided, and received, for 56 days, the following dietary intervention: alcoholic diet (with 20% alcohol solution,), isocaloric diet and ad libitum diet (free diet). Analysis was undertaken by immunohistochemistry, using an antibody to detect apoptosis (anti PARP p-85). RESULTS: When comparing the six experimental groups, no significant differences were observed in the apoptosis of bone cells. Also, there was no significant difference in the quantity of cells undergoing apoptosis when the animals from Ovx groups were compared with those from Sham groups. However, when comparing only different dietary groups, differences were observed between the groups ad libitum and isocaloric, to osteoblasts (p=0.045); and ad libitum and alcohol, to osteocytes (p=0.007). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that ovariectomy was not able to influence the rate of apoptosis of bone cells of the alveolar bone crest region in rats and that a possible influence of diet on apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes cannot be ruled out.

Histomorphometric, radiographic and biomechanical analyses of platelet rich plasma associated with autogenous bone graft / Efeito do plasma rico em plaquetas associado ao enxerto autógeno na tíbia de coelhos: estudo histomorfométrico,radiográfico e biomecânico

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of platelet rich plasma with and without autogenous bone graft in the bone repair of surgical defects in rabbit tibias. Material and Methods: In this research, 25 adult male rabbits were used. Two defects have been performed in each tibia, divided into four groups: control (C = defect naturally left to heal by clot formation), autogenous (A = bone defect + autogenous graft), PRP (PRP = bone defect + PRP) and autogenous + PRP (PRPA = bone defect + autogenous graft + PRP). All the defects were covered with a dPTFE membrane. Five other animals were sacrificed at 15, 30, and 60-day postoperatively. The pieces containing the defects were processed for histological and histomorphometric analysis. Other five animals were sacrificed after 30 and 60 days and submitted to biomechanical analysis, and all the specimens were sent to the radiographic evaluation of optical density. Results: The biomechanical, radiographic, and histomorphometric results showed larger resistance, optical density, and improving bone formation in the groups A and PRPA when compared with the groups C and PRP. Conclusion: This study showed there was not an improvement in the radiographic, mechanical, and bone formation parameters when PRP was used individually or associated to the autogenous bone graft...

Objetivo: O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do plasma rico em plaquetas associados ou não ao enxerto ósseo autógeno no processo de reparação óssea em defeitos cirúrgicos confeccionados na tíbia de coelhos. Material e Métodos: Nesta pesquisa foram utilizados 25 coelhos adultos, nos quais foram realizados 2 defeitos em cada tíbia, divididos nos seguintes grupos de acordo com o tratamento: controle (C - defeito preenchido somente por coágulo sangüíneo), autógeno (A - defeito + enxerto), PRP (PRP = defeito + PRP) e autógeno + PRP (PRPA - defeito + enxerto + PRP). Todos os defeitos foram recobertos com uma barreira de PTFE e decorridos 15, 30 e 60 dias, 5 animais foram sacrificados por período, sendo as peças contendo os defeitos processadas para análises histológica e histomorfométrica. Outros 5 animais foram sacrificados aos 30 e 60 dias e submetidos à análise das propriedades biomecânicas e todos os espécimes foram submetidos ao exame radiográfico para análise da densidade óptica. Resutados: Os resultados biomecânicos, radiográficos e histomorfométricos mostraram maior resistência, densidade óptica e maior formação óssea nos grupos A e PRPA quando comparados com os grupos C e PRP. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram concluir que não houve uma melhora nos parâmetros radiográficos, mecânicos e na neoformação óssea quando o PRP foi usado isoladamente ou associado ao enxerto ósseo autógeno...

Influence of different durations of estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss in rats.

The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of different durations of ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss associated with ligature-induced bone loss in rats. Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to ovariectomy (OVX test group) or sham operation (SHAM control group). The OVX and SHAM groups were each distributed into three subgroups of ten rats each according to the duration of estrogen deficiency (30, 60 and 90 postoperative days). In all groups, for the last 30 days of the experimental period, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the right upper second molar; the contralateral tooth was left unligated to serve as a control. The maxillary bones were removed, and the alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at the buccal site of the right upper second molar. A comparison between the ligated and unligated groups verified the presence of ligature-induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the unligated groups (p > 0.05). A significant increase in bone loss was observed when ligation occurred 90 days after ovariectomy compared with the sham group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that long-term estrogen deficiency affects ligature-induced alveolar bone loss.

Associação entre ingestão de álcool e periodontite experimental em ratas fêmeas / Association between alcohol intake and experimental periodontitis in female rats

O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas vem sendo associado à ocorrência e gravidade da doença periodontal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de álcool sobre o suporte ósseo periodontal remanescente (SOP) em periodontite induzida por ligaduras em ratas. Métodos: Sessenta ratas fêmeas foram divididas em cinco grupos de 12 animais. Controle normal (água), Teste A (baixa dose de etanol), Controle A (baixa dose isocalórica), Teste B (alta dose de etanol) e Controle B (alta dose isocalórica). Os grupos Controle A e B receberam dietas com a mesma quantidade de calorias consumidas por Teste A e B respectivamente, com o etanol substituído por carboidrato. Após 4 semanas do início do experimento, ligaduras de algodão foram posicionadas no primeiro molar inferior direito em seis ratas por grupo. As outras seis ratas por grupo permaneceram sem ligadura. Totalizando oito semanas experimentais, as ratas foram sacrificadas e as mandíbulas radiografadas para medição do SOP. Resultados: A análise entre os grupos com e sem ligadura demonstrou que a presença da ligadura foi capaz de induzir perda óssea (p<0,05). Os grupos sem ligadura não demonstraram diferença significativa no SOP (p>0,05) entre eles. Contudo, nos grupos com ligadura, as ratas que receberam altas doses de etanol apresentaram percentual de SOP estatisticamente inferior aos outros grupos (p<0,05). Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstrou que o elevado consumo de álcool pode agravar a progressão da perda óssea alveolar resultante de periodontite induzida por ligadura em ratas fêmeas.

The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been associated with the occurrence and severity of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol consumption on remaining periodontal bone support (PBS) in periodontitis induced by ligation in female rats. Methods: Sixty female rats were divided into five groups of 12 animals each: Normal Control (water),Test A (low dose of ethanol), Control A (low isocaloric dose), Test B (high dose of ethanol) and Control B (high isocaloric dose). Control Groups A and B received diets with the same amount of calories consumed by Test Groups A and B, respectively, with ethanol replaced by carbohydrate. Four weeks after the beginning of the experiment, cotton ligatures were placed on the lower right first molar in six rats per group. The other six rats per group remained unligated. After 8 experimental weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their jaws x-rayed to measure the PBS. Results: The analysis between groups with and without ligation showed that the presence of ligation was able to induce bone loss (p <0.05). The unligated groups showed no significant difference in the PBS (p> 0.05) between them. However, in the groups with the ligation, rats given high doses of ethanol had statistically lower percentage of PBS than the other groups (p <0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that high consumption of alcohol may aggravate the progression of alveolar bone loss resulting from ligation-induced periodontitis in female rats.

Influence of different durations of estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss in rats

The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of different durations of ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss associated with ligature-induced bone loss in rats. Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to ovariectomy (OVX test group) or sham operation (SHAM control group). The OVX and SHAM groups were each distributed into three subgroups of ten rats each according to the duration of estrogen deficiency (30, 60 and 90 postoperative days). In all groups, for the last 30 days of the experimental period, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the right upper second molar; the contralateral tooth was left unligated to serve as a control. The maxillary bones were removed, and the alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at the buccal site of the right upper second molar. A comparison between the ligated and unligated groups verified the presence of ligature-induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the unligated groups (p > 0.05). A significant increase in bone loss was observed when ligation occurred 90 days after ovariectomy compared with the sham group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that long-term estrogen deficiency affects ligature-induced alveolar bone loss.

Prescrição medicamentosa no tratamento odontológico de grávidas e lactantes / Drug prescription in the dentistry treatment of pregnant and lactating women

A terapêutica medicamentosa durante a gravidez deve ser cuidadosa, pois alguns fármacos podem causar sérios efeitos adversos à mãe e ao feto. É imprescindível que a terapêutica cautelosa estenda-se pelo período de amamentação, pois a maioria dos fármacos administrados às mulheres durante a lactação pode ser detectada no leite materno. A prescrição para tais pacientes deve ser realizada de forma racional e cuidadosa, evitando-se desta forma, os efeitos colaterais e as reações adversas. É de extrema importância que o cirurgião-dentista, como profissional da saúde, avalie a necessidade, a eficácia e a relação risco/beneficio dos medicamentos que podem ser prescritos para tais pacientes, além das alterações corpóreas e bucais decorrentes desta fase. Para tanto, a proposta deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica com o objetivo de esclarecer o profissional, no que se refere à prescrição de medicamentos no atendimento odontológico a pacientes gestantes e lactantes.

Objetivo The drug prescription during the pregnancy must be carefully conducted, since some drugs can cause serious adverse reaction to both mother and fetus. Moreover, that such careful prescription must be conducted during the whole breastfeeding time, because a lot of drugs, which are prescript to women during the breastfeeding time, can be found in breast milk. The drug prescription for these patients must be done in a rational and careful way, avoiding the adverse effects. It is extremely important that the dentist, as a health professional, evaluate the need, the efficacy, the benefits and the risks of the drugs which can be prescribed for such patients, besides knowing the body and oral alterations resulting from this phase. Therefore, the proposal of this paper was to conduct a literature review aiming to inform dentists about drug prescription in the dentistry treatment of pregnant and lactating patients.

Negative effects of alcohol intake and estrogen deficiency combination on osseointegration in a rat model.

Alcohol intake and estrogen deficiency can both affect bone physiology and have shown to have an adverse effect on dental implant therapy. However, the combination of both factors on osseointegration is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate osseointegration in rats fed with alcohol and presenting induced estrogen deficiency. Ninety-six female rats were divided according to diet and hormonal condition into 6 groups as follows: group Sh-W: sham (simulated ovariectomy) control, food and water ad libitum; group Sh-Et: sham, food and 20% ethanol solution ad libitum; group Sh-Su: sham, food and sucrose solution controlled to ensure an isocaloric diet in relation to Sh-Et; group Ov-W: ovariectomy, food and water ad libitum; group Ov-Et: ovariectomy, food and 20% ethanol solution ad libitum; and group Ov-Su: ovariectomy, food and sucrose solution controlled to ensure an isocaloric diet as Ov-Et. The groups were subdivided according to time of euthanasia: 30 and 45 days after placement of implants. Implant surgery was performed 1 month after ovariectomy or sham. After euthanasia, the femurs were removed and evaluated by histomorphometry. Groups Ov-Et and Ov-Su showed the lowest percentage of bone-to-implant contact. The combination of alcohol intake and estrogen deficiency, and the combination of estrogen deficiency and reduced ingestion of food can negatively affect osseointegration in rats.

Efeito da deficiência estrogênica no suporte ósseo periodontal em periodontite experimental em ratas / The effect of estrogen deficiency on periodontal bone support in experimental periodontitis in rats

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de diferentes tempos de deficiência estrogênica no suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP) em periodontite induzida experimentalmente em ratas. Foram utilizados 80 animais, divididos randomicamente em dois grupos: ovariectomizado (OVZ) e cirurgia simulada (SHAM). Os grupos foram subdivididos (n=10 cada) de acordo com o período de deficiência ou suficiência estrogênica (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). Nos últimos 30 dias do experimento todos os grupos foram submetidos à indução de periodontite com fio de algodão ao redor do primeiro molar inferior direito. Finalizado o período experimental, as ratas foram submetidas a eutanázia e as mandíbulas foram removidas para análise radiográfica do SOP. Os resultados indicaram influência da deficiência estrogênica na redução do percentual de SOP, tanto na presença quanto na ausência de ligadura, exceto no período de 30 dias sem indução de periodontite. Na presença de ligadura, verificou-se menor percentual de SOP (p<0,05) no período de 90 dias após ovariectomia, em relação aos demais grupos. Concluiu-se que a deficiência estrogênica de 30 a 120 dias pode agravar a perda óssea alveolar em periodontite experimental, sendo esta perda superior no período de 90 dias.

This study assesed how estrogen deficiency affected periodontal bone support (PBS) in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis in different periods of time (30, 60, 90 and 120 days). Eighty female rats were used in the reasearch, randomly divided into two groups: ovariectomized (OVZ) and surgery sham (SHAM). The groups were then subdivided (n = 10) according to the period of estrogen deficiency or estrogen sufficiency. In the last 30 days of the experiment, all groups were subjected to periodontitis induction by the insertion of a cotton thread around the lower right first molar. After the experimental period, all rats were euthanized and had their jaws removed for radiographic analysis of PBS. Results indicated that estrogen deficiency influenced the reduction in the percentage of PBS, both with and without ligature, except in the 30 days prior to periodontitis induction. In rats with ligature, the percentage of PBS was lower (p <0.05) in the 90 day period after ovariectomy, when compared to the other groups. Authors concluded that 30 to 120 day estrogen deficiency may worsen alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis and that this loss is higher in the 90 day period.

Avaliação da perda óssea periodontal em ratos por meio dos métodos radiográfico e morfométrico / Evaluation of periodontal bone loss in rats for radiographic and morphometric methods

O presente estudo se propôs a avaliar morfometricamete (região da ligadura ou hemiarco) e radiograficamente (suporte ósseo periodontal) a perda óssea na periodontite experimental em ratos. Ligaduras de algodão foram posicionadas em torno do segundo molar maxilar e primeiro molar mandibular direitos em 14 ratas fêmeas (Wistar). Os molares contralaterais serviram como controle intragrupo. Após quatro semanas os ratos foram sacrificados e suas mandíbulas e maxilas foram removidas. Os espécimes foram radiografados e posteriormente dissecados, corados e fotografados. As alterações do suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP) foram avaliadas nas radiografias do 1° molar mandibular, 1° e 2° molares maxilares. Nas imagens a reabsorção óssea foi avaliada pelas alterações das medidas da distância da junção esmalte-cemento até a crista óssea alveolar nas raízes do dente, considerando hemiarco ou apenas a região da ligadura, por face livre. Verificou-se que não ocorreram diferenças estatísticas entre as alterações de SOP nos diferentes dentes. A reabsorção óssea foi significativamente maior na vestibular da maxila considerando tanto a região da ligadura em relação ao hemiarco quanto em relação às demais localizações (palatina da maxila e lingual da mandíbula). Conclui-se que o SOP expressa o percentual de alteração óssea independente do dente avaliado e que a análise morfométrica deve ser na região envolvida com a ligadura e não no hemiarco, sendo a vestibular da maxila a região onde se verificou a maior perda óssea em periodontite induzida em ratos

The present study aimed to morphometrically (region of ligature or hemiarco) and radiographically (periodontal bone support) the bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats. Ligatures of cotton were positioned around the right second upper molar and around the first mandibular molar rights in 14 female Wistar rats. The contralateral molars served as intragroup controls. After four weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their mandible and maxilla were removed. The specimens were radiographiced and after dissected and stained with methylene blue dye. The periodontal bone support (PBS) was assessment in radiograph of 1° mandibular molar, 1° and 2° maxillary molars. The bone loss was evaluated by the distance from the cemento enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest inthe roots of teeth associating with ligature and by hemiarco for free side. The different tooth showed no significant differences among the alteration of the percentages of PBS. The results indicated that the maxilla by buccal presented greater bone loss on region of roots associated with the ligature than hemiarco and than among others localizations (palatal of maxilla and lingual of mandible). The present study concluded that the alteration of PDS was independent of teeth evaluated and the morphometric methodology may be used on ligature regions and that the maxilla for buccal side showed more elevated bone loss in periodontitis in rats.

Etiologia e tratamento das doenças periimplantares: [revisão] / Etiology and treatment of peri-implant illnesses: [review]

Introdução: a periimplantite é uma doença infecciosa semelhante à periodontite crônica que afeta os tecidos periimplantares. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre periimplantite, abordando os tipos, as causas, diagnóstico e tratamento. Conclusão: as doenças periimplantares são possíveis complicações do tratamento com implantes. Vários protocolos de tratamento já foram sugeridos e estudados por diversos autores, porém, ainda se sabe muito pouco se essas terapias são capazes de devolver a osseointegração dos implantes. O tratamento das doenças periimplantares é ainda baseado em considerações empíricas, muitas vezes derivadas da pesquisa periodontal e de dados extrapolados de achados in vitro.

Introduction: the periimplantitis is an infectious similar disease to the chronic periodontitis that affects the periimplant tissue. Aim: carry out a revision of literature on periimplantitis, boarding the types, the causes, diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: the periimplant diseases are possible complications of the treatment with dental implants. Several protocols of treatment were already suggested and studied by several authors, however, somewhat is still known very much if these therapies are able to return the osseointegration of the implants. The treatment is still well-founded in empirical considerations very often been derived from the inquiry periodontal and of overstepped data of finds in vitro.

Evaluation of two morphometric methods of bone loss percentages caused by periodontitis in rats in different locations.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated morphometrically bone loss percentages in experimental periodontitis in rats, comparing different locations (lingual mandible, palatal maxilla and buccal maxilla) and two evaluation methods (distance and area methods). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ligatures were placed around the maxillary right second molar and around the mandibular right first molar in 14 female Wistar rats. The contralateral molars served as intragroup controls. After 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their mandible and maxilla were removed. The specimens were dissected and stained with methylene blue dye. Bone loss was evaluated by two different methods on the surfaces of the defleshed jaw. In the first method, the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest was measured in the roots of teeth associated with ligature. In the second method, the area of bone loss was determined using the alveolar tissue bone, CEJ and the proximal region of roots associated with the ligature as reference. The data were converted to bone loss percentages caused by ligature: (ligated - unligated) x 100/ligated. RESULTS: When comparing the distance and area methods, no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05). Both methodologies indicated that the maxilla presented greater bone loss than the mandible and it was more accentuated on the buccal side than on the palatal side (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that both the area and the distance methods can be used to evaluate bone loss caused by ligature placement in rats, and suggest applying the morphometric methodology to the maxilla on the buccal side.