ABSTRACT
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks are a class of metal-organic frameworks that are topologically isomorphic with zeolites. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks are composed of tetrahedrally coordinated metal ions connected by imidazolate linkers and have a high porosity and chemical stability. Here, we summarize the progress made in the application of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks in sample preparation for analytical purposes. This review is focused on analytical methods based on liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, or capillary electrophoresis, where the use of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks has contributed to increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of the method. While bulk zeolitic imidazolate frameworks have been directly used in analytical sample preparation protocols, a variety of strategies for their magnetization or their incorporation into sorbent particles, monoliths, fibers, stir bars, or thin films, have been developed. These modifications have facilitated the handling and application of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for a number of analytical sample treatments including magnetic solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, or thin film microextraction, among other techniques.
ABSTRACT
Parabens are widely used in dairy products, such as in cosmetics and personal care products. Thus, in this work a multi-syringe chromatographic (MSC) system is proposed for the first time for the determination of four parabens: methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) in cosmetics and personal care products, as a simpler, practical, and low cost alternative to HPLC methods. Separation was achieved using a 5mm-long precolumn of reversed phase C18 and multi-isocratic separation, i.e. using two consecutive mobile phases, 12:88 acetonitrile:water and 28:72 acetonitrile:water. The use of a multi-syringe buret allowed the easy implementation of chemiluminescent (CL) detection after separation. The chemiluminescent detection is based on the reduction of Ce(IV) by p-hydroxybenzoic acid, product of the acid hydrolysis of parabens, to excite rhodamine 6G (Rho 6G) and measure the resulting light emission. Multivariate designs combined with the concepts of multiple response treatments and desirability functions have been employed to simultaneously optimize and evaluate the responses. The optimized method has proved to be sensitive and precise, obtaining limits of detection between 20 and 40 µg L(-1) and RSD <4.9% in all cases. The method was satisfactorily applied to cosmetics and personal care products, obtaining no significant differences at a confidence level of 95% comparing with the HPLC reference method.
