Stress during first gestation of ewes impairs memory and learning of male offspring.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of gestational stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli) on the physiological changes of ewes, as well as on the subsequent behavioral interaction between ewes and lambs and on the memory and learning of 30-day-old offspring in a T-maze. Thirty-six nulliparous pregnant crossbred Santa Ines ewes with an initial live weight of 45 ± 6 kg, age of 12 ± 2 months, and body condition score between 3 and 3.5 (on a scale of 1 to 5) were divided into two treatments: LPS treatment (E. coli; 0.8 µg.kg-1) and Control (placebo/saline) administered in late pregnancy (day 120). Blood samples were collected before (0 h at 5:00 h) and 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h after the administration of LPS or placebo to determine the cortisol release curve. Rectal temperature was measured at the same time points. After birth, male lambs (N = 19) were used to evaluate the maternal-offspring behavioral interaction, weight, and cognitive ability in a T-maze. Blood cortisol and rectal temperature of ewes increased after LPS administration and returned to baseline levels after 24 h. The activities facilitating and stimulating suckling were higher on LPS group (P < 0.05). Lambs whose mothers were challenged with LPS during late pregnancy showed greater learning and memory disabilities including fear behavior and the inability to make decisions at 30 days of age in the T-maze. In sheep, the immunological stress induced by LPS in late pregnancy promotes an inflammatory response characterized by specific rectal temperature and cortisol release profiles, improving maternal care that can increase offspring survival; however, the exposure of sheep fetuses to maternal inflammation causes cognitive impairment in lambs at 30 days of age, which could not be reduced by the behavioral interaction between the mother and offspring.

Estatus funcional de adultos mayores de Tláhuac, Ciudad de México / Functional status of senior adults in Tlahuac, Mexico City / Status funcional de idosos de Tláhuac, Cidade do México

Resumen La identificación de la capacidad de funcionalidad en el adulto mayor es una valoración conveniente. Se concibe que la funcionalidad está relacionada con lograr satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, bienestar emocional y social, significa independencia y, por lo tanto, con calidad de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el grado de funcionalidad que presentan los adultos mayores de 60 años y mayores que asisten a consulta en 4 centros de salud ubicados en la delegación Tláhuac, Ciudad de México durante el periodo de junio a diciembre de 2014. Fue una investigación exploratoria, en una muestra por conveniencia de 754 adultos mayores; se utilizaron 5 ítems del apartado A del instrumento "Evaluación Funcional del Adulto Mayor" el cual fue aplicado en los centros de salud. Para el procesamiento de la información se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El 82% de los adultos mayores fueron independientes y el 18% están en riesgo de dependencia. Las actividades que presentaron menor porcentaje de dependencia fueron preparar sus alimentos y realizar tareas domésticas. Conclusión: Los resultados arrojados en el presente estudio implican sensibilizar a los profesionales de los centros de salud para que incorporen en sus programas propuestas para mantener la funcionalidad en este grupo etario como son ejercicio mental y físico, hábitos alimentarios, ocupación del tiempo y el manejo de situaciones estresantes.

Abstract It is important to address the functional status of senior adults because this is an indicator of their capacities to fulfill their basic needs, as well as to have emotional and social wellbeing, and thus to live a life with quality and independence. The objective of this study was to identify the degree of functionality in seniors 60 years and older who visit four health centers in Tlahuac, Mexico City. Data were collected from June to December 2014. This was an exploratory study on a convenience sample of 754 senior adults. Five items from the section A of the instrument Senior Adult Functional Status (Evaluación Funcional del Adulto Mayor (EFAM)) were used. The questions were asked in the health centers. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results: 82% of the seniors showed being independent while 18% were at risk of being dependent. The activities which demonstrated lower percentage of dependence were preparation of their food and performing their domestic tasks, Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that health professionals should be sensitized to incorporate proposals in their programs to help maintain the functional status of this population. These activities should focus on: physical and mental exercise, good dietary habits, adequate use of time, and stress management.

Resumo A identificação da capacidade de funcionalidade em idosos é uma valorização conveniente. Concebendo que a funcionalidade está relacionada em conseguir satisfazer suas necessidades básicas, bem-estar emocional e social, significa independência, neste conceito a qualidade de vida está considerada. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o grau de funcionalidade que apresentam os idosos de 60 anos e mais velhos, que assistem a consulta em quatro centros de saúde localizados no município Tláhuac, Cidade de México, durante o período de junho a dezembro de 2014. Foi uma pesquisa exploratória, em uma amostra de conveniência de 754 idosos, utilizaram-se cinco itens do apartado A do instrumento "Avaliação Funcional do Idoso" (EFAM), o qual foi aplicado nos centros de saúde. Para o processamento da informação utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Resultados: O 82% dos idosos foram independentes e o 18% estão em risco de dependência. As atividades que apresentaram menor porcentagem de dependência foram preparar seus alimentos e realizar fazeres domésticos. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo procuram sensibilizar aos professionais dos centros de saúde para que incorporem nos seus programas, propostas para manter a funcionalidade neste grupo etário como são o exercício físico e mental, hábitos alimentares, ocupação do tempo e o manejo de situações estressantes.

Short-term impact of particulate matter (PM2.5) on daily mortality among the over-75 age group in Madrid (Spain).

BACKGROUND: The 2006 World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines recommend using particulate matter having a diameter of under 2.5 micra (PM(2.5)) rather than PM(10) as an indicator of air particle concentration, a pattern followed by new European directives. Nevertheless, few studies have analysed this new indicator's impact at a European level on daily mortality among a high-risk group, such as persons aged over 75 years. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to analyse and quantify the effect of PM(2.5) on daily cause-specific mortality among the over-75 age group in the city of Madrid. METHODS: Using Poisson regression with Generalized Additive Models (GAM), a longitudinal, ecological time-series study examined the following causes of death: all causes except accidents (International Classification of Diseases-9th revision (ICD 9): 1-799); circulatory causes (ICD 9: 390-459); and respiratory causes (ICD 9: 460-519). These were adjusted for other chemical, biotic and acoustic pollutants. Further control variables considered were: trend; seasonality; influenza epidemics; and autocorrelation between mortality series. RESULTS: A significant statistical association was detected between daily mean PM(2.5) particle concentrations and all-cause mortality in the city of Madrid. This association was not in evidence for PM(10) concentrations. The Relative Risks found for an increase of 25 microg/m(3) in PM(2.5) concentrations were as follows: all-cause mortality, 1.057 (1.025-1.088); circulatory-cause mortality, 1.088 (1.041-1.135); and respiratory-cause mortality, 1.122 (1.056-1.189). The Attributable Risks were 5.41%, 8.12% and 10.90% respectively. This effect was observed in the short term (lags 1-2). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a strong impact of PM(2.5) concentrations on daily mortality among the over-75 age group in Madrid, and underscore the need for measures aimed at lowering the concentration levels of this primary air pollutant in large cities, particularly by reducing motor vehicle traffic, the main source of such pollutant emission in urban atmospheres.

Top-level modeling of an ALS system utilizing object-oriented techniques.

The possible configuration of an Advanced Life Support (ALS) System capable of supporting human life for long-term space missions continues to evolve as researchers investigate potential technologies and configurations. To facilitate the decision process the development of acceptable, flexible, and dynamic mathematical computer modeling tools capable of system level analysis is desirable. Object-oriented techniques have been adopted to develop a dynamic top-level model of an ALS system. This approach has several advantages; among these, object-oriented abstractions of systems are inherently modular in architecture. Thus, models can initially be somewhat simplistic, while allowing for adjustments and improvements. In addition, by coding the model in Java, the model can be implemented via the World Wide Web, greatly encouraging the utilization of the model. Systems analysis is further enabled with the utilization of a readily available backend database containing information supporting the model. The subsystem models of the ALS system model include Crew, Biomass Production, Waste Processing and Resource Recovery, Food Processing and Nutrition, and the Interconnecting Space. Each subsystem model and an overall model have been developed. Presented here is the procedure utilized to develop the modeling tool, the vision of the modeling tool, and the current focus for each of the subsystem models.

Spherical episodic ejection of material from a young star.

The exact processes by which interstellar matter condenses to form young stars are of great interest, in part because they bear on the formation of planets like our own from the material that fails to become part of the star. Theoretical models suggest that ejection of gas during early phases of stellar evolution is a key mechanism for removing excess angular momentum, thereby allowing material to drift inwards towards the star through an accretion disk. Such ejections also limit the mass that can be accumulated by the stellar core. To date, these ejections have been observed to be bipolar and highly collimated, in agreement with theory. Here we report observations at very high angular resolution of the proper motions of an arc of water-vapour masers near a very young, massive star in Cepheus. We find that the arc of masers can be fitted to a circle with an accuracy of one part in a thousand, and that the structure is expanding. Only a sphere will always produce a circle in projection, so our observations strongly suggest that the perfectly spherical ejection of material from this star took place about 33 years earlier. The spherical symmetry of the ejecta and its episodic nature are very surprising in the light of present theories.

Vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas en la infancia / Pneumococcal conjugated vaccines in children

La enfermedad neumocócica representa un problema de salud de primera magnitud. A la gravedad de la enfermedad invasora se añade el alto número de consultas y la morbilidad de las otitis y las neumonías.Los tratamientos actuales basados en la antibioterapia a pesar de su efectividad están produciendo una selección de mutantes resistentes que obliga a considerar otras alternativas terapéuticas.Hasta la fecha la vacuna disponible 23-valente no era adecuada para su administración en menores de dos años.La nueva vacuna heptavalente permitirá la utilización en niños desde los dos meses de edad obviando el problema de la anterior.Esta vacuna se ha mostrado eficaz y segura en amplios ensayos clínicos realizados hasta la fecha, como lo demuestran su incorporación al calendario vacunal de EE.UU. y la recomendación positiva por parte del ACIP.Por todo ello parece que en breve se dispondrá de una nueva estrategia terapéutica a la que en un medio plazo seguirán nuevas vacunas aún mas completas (AU)

Giant lipoma of the breast.

Lipomas of the breast are usually small, benign neoplasms which can be treated by simple excision. Diagnosis of these masses, however, can be difficult because of the normal fatty composition of the breast. A number of radiological manoeuvres have been described for diagnosing deep lipomas in the breast, yet the clinical and radiographic identification of these masses remains challenging. We present a case of giant lipoma of the breast which was not appreciated on initial clinical and radiographic evaluation, and which was later found to comprise most of the mass of the breast. Following resection, the deformed breast was reconstructed using folded dermoglandular flaps from the areas expanded by the lipoma with excellent results. This case is an excellent illustration of the difficulties associated with diagnosis of these tumours and the reconstructive options available following excision.

Grs 1915+105: a superluminal source in the Galaxy.

We present the results of additional observations of the high energy source GRS 1915+105, which produces ejecta with apparent superluminal motions. The observations reported here were carried out with the Very Large Array at 3.5 cm and 20 cm. The 3.5-cm observations made during 1994 May allowed us to continue following the proper motions of the bright 1994 March 19 ejecta, as well as those of a subsequent, fainter ejection. The proper motions of the 1994 March 19 ejecta continued to be ballistic (i.e., constant) over the period of about 75 days where they remained detectable. From the observations in 1994 March-May we have identified three ejections of pairs of plasma clouds moving ballistically in approximately the same direction on the sky with similar proper motions. The 20-cm observations made during 1994 November and December were used to search, yet unsuccessfully, for extended jets or lobes associated with GRS 1915+105.

Mechanisms of sepsis in acute pancreatitis in opossums.

PURPOSE: To study the incidence and pathways of colonization of the pancreas by specific bacteria in a model of necrotizing pancreatitis. METHODS: Bacteremia and splanchnic organ colonization were studied in the early course of necrotizing pancreatitis following common biliopancreatic duct ligation (BPDL) of the opossum. Nonoperated animals served as controls. Intestinal lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and pancreas were cultured following bacteremia or sacrifice. RESULTS: In opossums with sterile bile, bacteria were recovered from 28.6% of blood cultures after BPDL (n = 10) and from 12.0% in controls (n = 10, P < 0.05). Animals that underwent BPDL revealed enteric microorganisms in intestinal lymph nodes (6), liver (3), spleen (4), and pancreas (4). Ten animals carried Salmonella within their bile (5 controls, 5 BPDL animals). Following BPDL, they developed rapid bacteremia and colonization of organs, pancreatic ductal rupture, and extravasation of bacteria and bile into the interstitium. CONCLUSION: There are two possible mechanisms for the development of bacterial colonization in opossum pancreatitis: bacterial translocation of enteric organisms from gut lumen to mesenteric lymph nodes and subsequent hematogenous dissemination and transductal infestation from the biliary tract.

Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: report of a severe reaction and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of benzocaine-induced inethemoglobinemia and present a review of the related literature. CASE REPORT: An 83-year-old man received benzocaine topical anesthesia 600 mg prior to intubation for resection of a thyroid adenoma. The patient became severely cyanotic after induction of anesthesia. After a negative workup for common causes of cyanosis. blood co-oximetry analysis revealed a methemoglobin concentration of 54.1 percent. Intravenous methylene blue reversed the methemoglobinemia, although delayed recurrence 20 h later necessitated readministration of intravenous methylene blue. The patient developed cardiovascular instability and severe neurologic depression requiring prolonged ventilatory support. DISCUSSION: Methemoglobinemia can result from exposure to a number of drugs including benzocaine. Cyanosis, neurological and cardiac dysfunction may result when methemoglobin concentrations exceed 30 percent. Clinical diagnosis is made on the presentation of cyanosis unresponsive to oxygen administration and a distinctive arterial blood brown color; laboratory confirmation is by cooximetry. Treatment of symptomatic methemoglobinemia is by intravenous methylene blue (1-2 mg/kg) administration. Fifty-four cases of benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia have been reported in the literature. Intubation, endoscopy/bronchoscopy, and ingestion were the most common procedures in which benzocaine administration produced methemoglobinemia. Infants and the elderly were more likely to develop toxic methemoglobinemia after benzocaine exposure. Other risk factors included genetic reductase deficiencies, exposure to high doses of anesthetic, and presence of denuded skin and mucous membranes. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the potential for severe complications, methemoglobinemia should be corrected promptly in compromised patients and those with toxic benzocaine concentrations. The possibility of masking symptoms during general anesthesia carries special risk of use of this agent in the preanesthesia setting.

Long-term follow-up of ectopic intracardiac Greenfield filter.

Greenfield filter inferior vena caval interruption is an effective approach for pulmonary embolism prophylaxis. Serious complications, however, have been documented following migration of these filters. We report a case of Greenfield filter migration to the right side of the heart. Evaluation of these filters, as well as indications for retrieval, are discussed.

Alterations in rat intestinal transit by morphine promote bacterial translocation.

Translocation of enteric microorganisms from the intestinal tract to extraintestinal sites has been proposed as an early step in the development of gram-negative sepsis. This study examined the role of altered bowel transit in influencing intestinal bacteriostasis and bacterial translocation using morphine as a pharmacologic inhibitor of such transit. In the first experiment, either normal saline (N = 8) or morphine sulfate (20 mg/kg; N = 8) was injected subcutaneously. Two hours later, morphine (7.5 mg/kg) was infused subcutaneously for an additional 22 hr; control animals received saline alone. After completion of this regimen, a volume of 0.2 ml of 2.5 mM FITC dextrans (10,000 daltons) were injected intraduodenally in each group. The bowel was removed 25 min later, divided into 5-cm segments, and the content of dextrans measured. Small bowel propulsion was expressed as the geometric center of the distribution of dextrans throughout the intestine (in percentage length of small bowel). Gut propulsion was significantly reduced after morphine treatment as compared to controls (32.8 +/- 8.2% vs. 55.8 +/- 4.0%; P < 0.01). In 16 additional rats, saline or morphine was again administered as described. After 24 hr, samples were obtained from the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) complex, blood, spleen, liver, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum for standard bacteriology. The bacterial counts increased significantly in each intestinal segment following morphine treatment. Microorganisms translocated to the MLN complex in 5, and to distant sites in four of eight morphine-treated animals, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Reevaluation of the linkage between acute hemorrhagic shock and bacterial translocation in the rat.

The present study was undertaken to determine the conditions under which acute periods of hemorrhagic shock induce bacterial translocation. Rats (at least six per group) were anesthetized intraperitoneally with the barbiturate, pentobarbital (50 or 65 mg/kg), or the inhalation anesthetic methoxyflurane. Following anesthesia, the femoral artery was catheterized, from which blood was withdrawn to maintain a mean arterial blood pressure of 30 mmHg for 30, 60, or 90 min, followed by reinfusion of shed blood. Instrumented, but nonshocked animals served as controls. Rats were sacrificed at 0, 2, or 24 hr postshock, and quantitative bacterial cultures of the mesenteric lymph node complex (MLN), liver, and spleen were made. Within groups, the effects of heparinization were also determined. In pentobarbital-treated animals, regardless of the extent of heparinization, consistent translocation to both MLN and distant organs occurred when shock was prolonged for 90 min, and assessment of translocation was made 24 hr after reinfusion of shed blood. Furthermore, a mortality rate of approximately 30% was found in rats subjected to this protocol. The magnitude of translocation was less consistent, and did not differ from that in sham shock controls, under other conditions of shock and evaluation. In rats anesthetized with methoxyflurane, no mortality occurred, and no statistical significance between the incidence or degree of translocation in shocked animals vs. sham shock controls could be demonstrated, regardless of the shock protocol. In additional studies, effects of these anesthetics on intestinal morphology and superior mesenteric arterial (SMA) flow in the context of hemorrhagic shock were assessed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of total parenteral nutrition plus morphine on bacterial translocation in rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that gut stasis induced by parenteral morphine sulfate (MS) leads to enhanced bacterial translocation in rats on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: TPN and MS are common adjuncts in the care of critically ill patients. TPN is known to provoke a variable degree of translocation. MS induces gut stasis with an accompanying bacterial overgrowth. The effect of these two treatments in combination on translocation is not known. METHODS: Rats were provided with central and subcutaneous lines for the continuous infusion of nutrients and drugs, respectively. Intestinal transit was assessed by the caudal movement of a fluorescent marker intubated into the proximal duodenum. Quantitative bacteriology was carried out from various segments of the gut and from ileocecal mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, liver, and systemic blood obtained by cardia puncture on sacrifice at 96 hours. RESULTS: Transit was unchanged by TPN alone but prolonged when given in combination with MS. Bacterial overgrowth was also enhanced by MS and increased the bacterial translocation to MLN from 50% of animals with TPN, to 100% in those receiving both TPN and MS; the colony-forming units per MLN increased from 33 +/- 14 with TPN alone to 2079 +/- 811 (STD) with TPN plus MS. Furthermore, no bacteria were found at systemic sites with TPN alone, but in 93.3% of animals receiving TPN and MS. In a subgroup of rates provided with glutamine in TPN, the TPN plus MS effects on translocation were not reversed. CONCLUSIONS: These observations demonstrate the important role that morphine plays in promoting translocation, presumably by disrupting fasting motility and enhancing bacterial overgrowth.

Influence of shock on development of infection during acute pancreatitis in the rat.

This study tested the hypothesis that hypovolemic shock elicits or promotes the development of infection during acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced in rats by ligation of the common biliopancreatic duct; nonlaparotomized animals served as controls. After 24 hr, the animals were subjected to either sham-shock (instrumented only) or to shock by withdrawal of blood through a femoral artery line by maintaining the mean arterial blood pressure at 30 mm Hg for 1 or 2 hr. After completion of the shock period, the shed blood was returned to the animal. All animals were sacrificed 24 hr later and specimens obtained from portal and systemic blood, liver, spleen, pancreas, and mesenteric lymph nodes for bacteriologic culture using standard techniques. The pancreas was also analyzed by morphometric techniques. The histologic changes of pancreatitis induced by biliopancreatic obstruction were characterized by marked edema with accompanying mild inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis. Concomitant with these morphologic findings was an associated translocation of enteric organisms to the mesenteric lymph nodes without spread to distant organs. Shock by itself induced only a mild edema in the pancreas and did not cause bacterial translocation. Furthermore, shock failed to aggravate the morphologic alterations of acute pancreatitis and did not promote bacterial spread to mesenteric nodes over that observed with pancreatitis alone. Thus, we conclude that periods of severe shock lasting up to 2 hr do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of infection in our model of pancreatitis.

The role of the gut in the development of sepsis in acute pancreatitis.

The pathogenesis of sepsis in acute pancreatitis is unknown. Since the intestinal tract has recently been identified as a possible source for sepsis in other conditions, we explored whether the gut may serve as a reservoir for bacteria causing systemic and pancreatic infection in acute pancreatitis. Bacterial translocation, alterations of intestinal microflora, and intestinal motility, as reflected by gut propulsion, were studied in a rat pancreatitis model. Acute pancreatitis was induced by biliopancreatic obstruction (AP); sham manipulated animals served as controls (sham). Bacteriologic cultures were obtained from various segments of the intestinal tract and from blood, liver, spleen, pancreas, and mesenteric lymph nodes 48 and 96 hr after induction of AP or sham. Bacteria were recovered from mesenteric lymph nodes of all 12 animals with AP, but only from 3/14 sham animals (P less than 0.05). Spread to distant organ sites occurred in 4 of 12 animals with AP compared to none of the sham animals (P less than 0.05). A disruption of the intestinal microflora was found in the cecum, where the gram-negative bacterial count (log/g) was significantly higher during AP when compared with sham controls: 10.62 +/- 1.04 vs 8.05 +/- 1.45 at 48 hr and 7.92 +/- 0.62 vs 6.79 +/- 0.87 at 96 hr, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Salmonella infection of the biliary and intestinal tract of wild opossums.

Bacteriologic cultures were taken from the mesenteric lymph nodes, biliary tract, blood, liver, spleen and pancreas of opossums (Didelphis virginiana) obtained directly from the wild for use as research animals. The overall incidence of salmonellosis outside the intestinal tract was 61% among 18 opossums. Salmonella was recovered from the gallbladder of six (33%) animals, indicating chronic biliary tract infection. Among these six animals, translocation of Salmonella to regional lymph nodes was observed in five animals, bacteremia in three animals, and spread to liver or spleen in five animals, respectively. The biliary tract was sterile in 12 opossums (67%). In these 12 animals, bacteria were isolated from the celiac and superior mesenteric lymph nodes of five animals, the blood of two animals, and the liver and spleen of one animal, respectively. Bacteriologic cultures were obtained from the intestinal tract and from extraintestinal sites in nine opossums. Salmonella were found in the small bowel of two animals, both of which had biliary salmonellosis. In addition, Salmonella was isolated from extraintestinal organs of three animals with negative cultures from the gut. All isolates identified were: S. enterica subsp houtenae. These data establish the biliary tract of wild opossums as a reservoir for Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae which may be particularly important when opossums are used in research laboratories.

Biliary and gut function following shock.

The aim of this study was to characterize the alterations in gallbladder and intestinal function after hemorrhagic shock and blood reperfusion in opossums. Animals were subjected to a shock of 30 mm Hg of arterial blood pressure for 60 minutes and resuscitated with blood reinfusion. Gallbladder epithelial ion transport, gallbladder motility in vitro and in vivo, gastrointestinal motility, and flora of the stomach and small bowel were studied 2 and 24 hours after shock. Changes at 2 hours included decreased gallbladder contractility in vitro and decreased emptying in vivo, loss of coordination with intestinal motor activity, decrease in frequency of intestinal electrical slow waves, and reduced duration of the intestinal migrating motor complex cycle. By 24 hours, gallbladder epithelial permeability was increased and in vitro contractility remained reduced but the in vivo functions showed partial recovery. Gastrointestinal flora was not affected by these changes. These data demonstrate that hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion affect digestive motility. The early timing of the alterations observed and the partial recovery 24 hours post shock suggest an ischemia-hypoxia mechanism of injury.