Metacognitive skills of undergraduate university students: study based on three colombian institutions

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the level of development of metacognitive skills of undergraduate students in Colombia and to establish whether there are differences by institution of origin, or by gender or by semester. Method: A quantitative study and a non-probabilistic sampling was conducted. A total of 1.199 students from three universities participated, one public and distance modality; and the other two private and face-to-face modality. The Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) was used to determine metacognitive skills. Results: At a general level, Colombian university students present a high level of development of their metacognitive skills with an average of 3,86 on a 5-point scale. When analyzing the abilities of the students according to the university of origin, the Kruskal-Wallis test shows that there are significant differences (p<0,05) in favor of the students in the distance modality. The Mann-Whitney U test allowed us to conclude that there are no significant differences by gender, although women have higher means (M = 3,88) than men (M = 3,83). It was possible to establish through the Spearman correlation that there are significant and negative differences in the level of metacognitive skills according to the semester of the students, as their skills decrease as they progress. Conclusions: Although students have a good level of development of their metacognitive skills it is required to strengthen especially evaluation processes. Students trained in virtual distance learning methodology showed a higher degree of development of metacognitive skills than those in face-to-face mode, which could be explained by a greater development of self-regulation as an indicator of maturity for learning.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de desarrollo de las habilidades metacognitivas de estudiantes de pregrado en Colombia y establecer si existen diferencias por institución de procedencia, o por género o por semestre. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo y un muestreo no probabilístico. Participaron 1199 estudiantes de tres universidades, una de carácter público y modalidad distancia; y las otras dos privadas y modalidad presencial. Se utilizó el Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) para determinar las habilidades metacognitivas. Resultados: A nivel general los estudiantes universitarios colombianos presentan un alto nivel de desarrollo de sus habilidades metacognitivas con una media de 3,86 en una escala de 5 puntos. Al analizar las habilidades de los estudiantes según la universidad de procedencia, la prueba de KruskalWallis muestra que existen diferencias significativas (p<0,05) a favor de los alumnos en la modalidad a distancia. La prueba U de Mann-Whitney permitió concluir que no hay diferencias significativas por género, aunque las mujeres tienen medias más altas (M = 3,88) que los hombres (M=3,83). Se pudo establecer a través de la correlación de Spearman que existen diferencias significativas y negativas en el nivel de habilidades metacognitivas según el semestre de los estudiantes, a medida que avanzan sus habilidades disminuyen. Conclusiones: Aunque los estudiantes tienen un buen nivel de desarrollo de sus habilidades metacognitivas se requiere fortalecer especialmente procesos de evaluación. Los estudiantes que se forman en metodología a distancia virtual mostraron un mayor grado de desarrollo de las habilidades metacognitivas que los de modalidad presencial, lo que podría explicarse por un mayor desarrollo de la autonomía como indicador de madurez para el aprendizaje.

Incertidumbre en la toma de citología cérvico uterina / Uncertainty in taking cervical cytology tests / Incerteza na realização de testes de citologia cervical

Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de incertidumbre de las usuarias que acuden a la toma de ci-tología cérvico uterina según la teoría de Mishel. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal de tipo descriptivo, realizado durante el año 2019 a partir de una muestra por conveniencia; es no probabilística y está conformada por 151 mujeres a quienes se les aplicó la Escala de Incertidumbre en la enfermedad de Mishel adaptada para procedimientos de diagnósticos en Colombia en el año 2017 por la enfermera Leidy Yazmin Díaz Moreno. Tiene validez de contenido de 0.861 y Alfa de Cronbach de 0.90. Además, se realizó un análisis univariado a través de frecuencias y distribución porcentual para las característi-cas sociodemográficas. Para obtener los niveles de incertidumbre se efectuó la sumatoria de ítems y chi cuadrado a fin de identificar la asociación. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 39 años; el 17,3% de mujeres manifestó acudir a la toma de la citología por primera vez. Aproximadamente el 95% de las mujeres presentó niveles de incertidumbre alto o modera-do. Conclusiones: La incertidumbre provocada por un posible diagnóstico de cáncer, hace que las personas evalúen inadecuadamente una situación estresante como lo es la toma de citología cérvico uterina; es por eso que, la aplicación de la teoría de Mishel lleva a que se identifiquen las primeras percepciones del paciente que servirán para realizar un plan de cuidado enfocado en controlar esta situación y lograr que la persona o familiar afronten y se adapten a la enfermedad.

Objective: Determine the uncertainty level of the user that goes to the taking of cervical cytol-ogy according to the Mishel theory. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study of descrip-tive type, realized during the 2019 year starting at a convenience sampling, non-probabilistic formed by 151 women's who was apply the Uncertainty in Illness Scale of Mishel adapted to diagnosis procedures in Colombia in 2017 by the nurse Leidy Yazmisn Díaz Moreno. It has conten validity of 0.861 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.9 Was realized a univariate analysis through frequencies and percent distribution for the sociodemographic characteristics and to obtain the levels of uncertainty was carried out the summation of items and chi ­ square to identify association. Results: The average age was 39 years, the 17,3% of women expressed go to the cytology by first time. Approximately the 95% of the women presented level of uncertainty high or moderate. Conclusion: The uncertainty caused for a possible terrible di-agnosis of cancer, can make that the persons evaluate inappropriately a stressful situation like the taking of the cervical cytology; that's why, the application of the Mishel Theory carry to identify the first perceptions of the patient to realize a care plan focus to control this situation and later reach that the person or familiar confront and adapt to the illness

Objetivo: Determinar o nível de incerteza dos clientes que freqüentam a citologia cervical de acordo com a teoria de Mishel. Materiais e métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado durante 2019 com base em uma amostra de conveniência; é não-probabilístico e é composto por 151 mulheres às quais foi aplicada a Escala de Incerteza Mishel adaptada para procedimentos diagnósticos na Colômbia em 2017 pela enfermeira Leidy Yazmin Díaz Moreno. Tem validade de conteúdo de 0,861 e o alfa do Cronbach de 0,90. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise uni-variada através de freqüências e distribuição percentual para as características sociodemográ-ficas. Para obter os níveis de incerteza, foi utilizada a soma dos itens e o qui-quadrado para iden-tificar a associação. Resultados: A idade média foi de 39 anos; 17,3% das mulheres relataram visitas citológicas pela primeira vez. Aproximadamente 95% das mulheres tinham níveis de incerteza altos ou moderados. Conclusões: A incerteza causada por um possível diagnóstico de câncer faz com que as pessoas avaliem inadequadamente uma situação estressante como a citologia cervical; portanto, a aplicação da teoria de Mishel leva à identificação das primeiras percepções do paciente que servirão para fazer um plano de cuidado focalizado no controle desta situação e fazer com que a pessoa ou membro da família enfrente e se adapte à doença

Anti-Pathogenic Properties of the Combination of a T3SS Inhibitory Halogenated Pyrrolidone with C-30 Furanone.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the current public health challenges to be solved. The World Health Organization (WHO) has urgently called for the development of strategies to expand the increasingly limited antimicrobial arsenal. The development of anti-virulence therapies is a viable option to counteract bacterial infections with the possibility of reducing the generation of resistance. Here we report on the chemical structures of pyrrolidones DEXT 1-4 (previously identified as furan derivatives) and their anti-virulence activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. DEXT 1-4 were shown to inhibit biofilm formation, swarming motility, and secretion of ExoU and ExoT effector proteins. Also, the anti-pathogenic property of DEXT-3 alone or in combination with furanone C-30 (quorum sensing inhibitor) or MBX-1641 (type III secretion system inhibitor) was analyzed in a model of necrosis induced by P. aeruginosa PA14. All treatments reduced necrosis; however, only the combination of C-30 50 µM with DEXT-3 100 µM showed significant inhibition of bacterial growth in the inoculation area and systemic dispersion. In conclusion, pyrrolidones DEXT 1-4 are chemical structures capable of reducing the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa and with the potential for the development of anti-virulence combination therapies.

Sense of community in poverty contexts in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico: A transcultural study.

The aim of this article is to analyze the sense of community of three communities in conditions of poverty in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. The general sample was composed of 533 people: 124 from Bogotá (Colombia), 200 from Mérida (Mexico), and 209 from Porto Alegre (Brazil). The scale applied was the Sense of Community Index, performing variance analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. The results conclude that there are significant differences between the general averages of the Sense of Community Index between the countries, observing the largest differences between the samples of Brazil and Mexico. The interaction between the factors has significant differences, particularly in the factors of influence and emotional connection in account of specific cultural aspects in each country and community. The sense of community derives from the encounter of transcultural and contextual aspects linked to poverty.

El educador de la salud en la salud pública / The educator for health in public health

RESUMEN Este ensayo expone cómo el educador de la salud, en su quehacer en el campo de la salud pública tradicional, solventa formas de relación con los educandos, enmarcadas en la preponderancia del modelo biomédico, a través de la imposición de significados y valores situados en una concepción biologista de la enfermedad que ha invisibilizado a la salud. En contraste, se presenta la perspectiva crítica de la salud pública alternativa como una posibilidad de resignificar la práctica del educador de la salud. A partir de actuaciones en las que la salud se entiende como un constructo social, el presente artículo busca potenciar abordajes más coherentes con la realidad de los problemas complejos relacionados con la salud desde su conexión con la vida.(AU)

ABSTRACT This essay argues how the health educator in his work in the field of traditional public health solves forms of relationship with the students, framed in the preponderance of the biomedical model, through the imposition of meanings and values located in a conception biologist of the disease that has made health invisible. In contrast, the critical perspective of alternative public health is presented as a possibility to give another meaning to the practice of the health educator. On the roll of the health like a social construct, this paper aims to boost approaches more consistent with the reality of the complex problems related to the health from its connection with the life.(AU)

[The educator for health in public health]. / El educador para la salud en la salud pública.

This essay argues how the health educator in his work in the field of traditional public health solves forms of relationship with the students, framed in the preponderance of the biomedical model, through the imposition of meanings and values located in a conception biologist of the disease that has made health invisible. In contrast, the critical perspective of alternative public health is presented as a possibility to give another meaning to the practice of the health educator. On the roll of the health like a social construct, this paper aims to boost approaches more consistent with the reality of the complex problems related to the health from its connection with the life.

Este ensayo expone cómo el educador de la salud, en su quehacer en el campo de la salud pública tradicional, solventa formas de relación con los educandos, enmarcadas en la preponderancia del modelo biomédico, a través de la imposición de significados y valores situados en una concepción biologista de la enfermedad que ha invisibilizado a la salud. En contraste, se presenta la perspectiva crítica de la salud pública alternativa como una posibilidad de resignificar la práctica del educador de la salud. A partir de actuaciones en las que la salud se entiende como un constructo social, el presente artículo busca potenciar abordajes más coherentes con la realidad de los problemas complejos relacionados con la salud desde su conexión con la vida.

Indicador compuesto en salud: riesgo de transmisión del virus de la rabia / Health composite indicator: risk of transmission of rabies virus

RESUMEN Objetivo Diseñar un indicador compuesto en salud sobre el riesgo de transmisión del virus de la rabia, en el departamento del Meta. Materiales y Métodos Estudio ecológico, exploratorio. Se tomaron los datos de fuentes secundarias procedentes de las bases de datos de la secretaría de salud departamental del Meta e Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario de los años 2009 a 2014. El indicador compuesto en salud, se creó a partir de la normalización (logX) de los datos y selección de las medidas para la elaboración de tres índices temáticos en los 29 municipios del departamento, los cuales fueron integrados mediante la metodología de agregación y cuya distribución se reflejó en un mapeo geográfico con la zonificación del riesgo de transmisión del virus de la rabia a nivel departamental. Resultados En la clasificación del indicador compuesto en salud sobre el riesgo de transmisión de la rabia, el nivel alto corresponde al 34% de los municipios del departamento; en el nivel medio se ubica el 17% y en el nivel bajo el 28%. Los municipios sin riesgo son La Macarena, Mapiripán, Vistahermosa, Villavicencio, Puerto Concordia, Granada y Puerto Rico, representando el 21%. Conclusión El nivel alto del indicador compuesto en salud sobre el riesgo de transmisión del virus de la rabia, se ubica en municipios de la subregión del Río Meta, subregión cordillera y subregión del alto Ariari; caracterizados por altas concentraciones de animales, disminución de la cobertura de vacunación antirrábica y la confirmación circulante del virus.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To design a composite health indicator on the risk of rabies virus transmission in the department of Meta, Colombia. Materials and Methods Ecological, exploratory study. Data from secondary sources were collected from the databases of the Meta Department of Health and the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA) for the period 2009 - 2014. The composite health indicator was created based on the normalization (logX) of the data and the selection of measures for the elaboration of three thematic indexes in the 29 municipalities of the department. They were integrated by means of the aggregation method, and their distribution was reflected in a geographical mapping with the zoning of the risk for rabies virus transmission in the department. Results In the classification of the composite health indicator on the risk of rabies transmission, the high level corresponds to 34% of the municipalities of the department, the middle level involves 17%, the low level, 28%. The municipalities without risk are La Macarena, Mapiripán, Vistahermosa, Villavicencio, Puerto Concordia, Granada and Puerto Rico, representing 21%. Conclusion The high level of the composite health indicator on the risk of rabies virus transmission is found in municipalities of the Meta River sub-region, the Cordillera sub-region and the upper Ariari sub-region. These areas are characterized by high concentrations of animals, decreased coverage of rabies vaccination and circulating confirmation of the virus.(AU)

Factores relacionados con la aplicación del proceso de enfermería en instituciones hospitalarias de Colombia / Factors related to applying the nursing process in Colombian hospital institutions / Fatores relacionados à aplicação do processo de enfermagem em instituições hospitalares na Colômbia

Resumen Introducción La aplicación del proceso de enfermería, beneficia la salud del paciente y promueve la autonomía de la profesión. Objetivo Describir la aplicación del proceso de enfermería de los profesionales de enfermería del área hospitalaria en la Orinoquia colombiana al momento de brindar cuidado. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, mediante entrevista estandarizada, muestra no probabilística constituida por 100 enfermeros del área hospitalaria, de centros de atención de alta complejidad, se calcularon medidas de resumen, y razones de ventajas. Resultados: 84% eran mujeres, edad promedio:31 ± 9,1 años; promedio de pacientes por turno: 12,2 ± 15,5; 59% refirieron aplicar el proceso de enfermería, 98% refieren la falta de tiempo como factor para la no aplicación del proceso de enfermería; se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa para aumentar la aplicación del proceso de atención de enfermería cuando este es considerado como un facilitador para brindar el cuidado (OR: 4,52 IC95%: 1,1-18,2); cuando el profesional de enfermería encuentra aplicación y relación con la teoría recibida en la universidad (OR: 4,06 IC95%: 1,7-9,5). Discusión y Conclusiones La posibilidad de aplicar el proceso de enfermería aumenta por factores como la percepción de beneficios, el nivel de apropiación que tienen los profesionales de enfermería, y no se limitó a condiciones laborales o académicas.

Abstract Introduction Application of the nursing process benefits the patient's health and promotes the profession's autonomy. Objective To describe the application of the nursing process by nursing professionals when providing care in the hospital setting in the Colombian Orinoquía region. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted through standardized survey, but not probabilistic, comprising 100 nurses from the hospital area of high-complexity health care centers. Summary measures were calculated, along with reasons for advantages. Results: Of the number of subjects surveyed, 84% were women, mean age of 31 ± 9.1 years; average number of patients per shift: 12.2 ± 15.5; 59% reported applying the nursing process, 98% referred to the lack of time as a factor for not applying the nursing process. A statistically significant association was found to increase the application of the nursing care process when it is considered a facilitator to provide care (OR: 4.52 95%CI: 1.1-18.2), when the nursing professional finds application and relation with the theory received in the university (OR: 4.06 95%CI: 1.7-9.5). Discussion and Conclusions The possibility of applying the nursing process increases due to factors, like the perception of benefits, level of appropriation by the nursing professionals, and it was not limited to work or academic conditions.

Resumo Introdução A aplicação do processo de enfermagem beneficia a saúde do paciente e promove a autonomia da profissão. Objetivo Descrever a aplicação do processo de enfermagem dos profissionais de enfermagem da área hospitalar na Orinoquia colombiana no momento da prestação de cuidado. Materiais e Métodos Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal, utilizando uma entrevista padronizada, amostra não probabilística composta por 100 enfermeiros da área hospitalar, de centros de prestação de alta complexidade, foram calculadas medidas de resumo e razões de vantagens. Resultados 84% eram mulheres, idade média: 31 ± 9.1 anos; número médio de pacientes por turno: 12.2 ± 15.5; 59% relataram aplicar o processo de enfermagem, 98% referem falta de tempo como fator para não aplicação do processo de enfermagem; foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa para aumentar a aplicação do processo de cuidados de enfermagem quando este é considerado como um facilitador para prestar cuidados (OR: 4.52 IC95%: 1.1-18.2); quando o profissional de enfermagem encontra aplicação e relação com a teoria recebida na universidade (OR: 4.06 IC95%: 1.7-9.5). Discussão e Conclusões: A possibilidade de aplicar o processo de enfermagem aumenta por fatores como a percepção de benefícios, o nível de apropriação que têm os profissionais de enfermagem, e não se limitou a condições de trabalho ou acadêmicas.

Prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en profesionales de enfermería de la Orinoquia colombiana, 2016 / Prevalence of Burnout syndrome in nursing professionals from Orinoquia, Colombia in 2016

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de Burnout es descrito como una inadecuada forma de afrontar el estrés laboral, los rasgos principales son el agotamiento emocional, la despersonalización y disminución del desempeño personal. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en los profesionales de enfermería que laboran en la Orinoquia colombiana. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal, muestreo por intención, la población de estudio estuvo constituida por 100 enfermeros, se utilizó el instrumento de Maslach Burnout. Se calcularon medidas de resumen, prevalencia y razón de prevalencia, con el programa SPSS. Resultados: El 90% de la muestra estudiada eran mujeres, 53% solteros, 54% menores de 28 años y 42% sin hijos. La prevalencia general del síndrome de Burnout fue de 16%, en el área de atención hospitalaria fue de un 25,5% y en áreas diferentes a esta fue 6,1%; en el área hospitalaria se presentaron mayores proporciones en cansancio emocional 42%, despersonalización emocional 38%, falta de realización personal 30%, se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout en el área de atención hospitalaria (RP 4,2, IC95% 1,3-13,7, P 0,008), para profesionales menores de 28 años (RP 3,7 IC95% 1,1- 12,1, P 0,017). Conclusiones: La prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout es mayor en enfermeros del área hospitalaria, tener menos de 28 años se asoció a una mayor prevalencia, los enfermeros clasificados como enfermos con síndrome de Burnout debían cuidar un mayor número de pacientes en su jornada laboral.

Abstract Introduction: Burnout syndrome is described as an inadequate way of coping with labor stress. The main traits are emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and decreased personal performance. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Burnout syndrome in nursing professionals working in the Colombian Orinoquia. Materials and methods: A transverse analytical study was carried out with sampling by intention. The study population was constituted by 100 nurses and the Maslach Burnout instrument was used. Summary, prevalence and prevalence ratio measurements were calculated with the SPSS program. Results: 90% of the sample studied were women, 53% single, 54% under 28 and 42% without children. The general prevalence of Burnout syndrome was 16%, in the area of hospital care was 25.5% and in areas other than this was 6.1%. In the hospital area, there were greater proportions in emotional fatigue with a 42%, emotional depersonalization with a 38% and lack of personal realization with a 30%. Statistically significant differences for the prevalence of Burnout syndrome in the area of hospital care were found (RP 4.2, IC95% 1,3-13.7, P 0.008) for professionals under 28 (RP 3.7 IC95% 1.1-12.1, p 0.017). Conclusions: The prevalence of Burnout syndrome is higher in nurses in the hospital area. Being under 28 years of age was associated with a higher prevalence. Nurses classified as sick with Burnout syndrome had to take care of a greater number of patients in their workday.

[Health composite indicator: risk of transmission of rabies virus]. / Indicador compuesto en salud: riesgo de transmisión del virus de la rabia.

OBJECTIVE: To design a composite health indicator on the risk of rabies virus transmission in the department of Meta, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ecological, exploratory study. Data from secondary sources were collected from the databases of the Meta Department of Health and the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA) for the period 2009 - 2014. The composite health indicator was created based on the normalization (logX) of the data and the selection of measures for the elaboration of three thematic indexes in the 29 municipalities of the department. They were integrated by means of the aggregation method, and their distribution was reflected in a geographical mapping with the zoning of the risk for rabies virus transmission in the department. RESULTS: In the classification of the composite health indicator on the risk of rabies transmission, the high level corresponds to 34% of the municipalities of the department, the middle level involves 17%, the low level, 28%. The municipalities without risk are La Macarena, Mapiripán, Vistahermosa, Villavicencio, Puerto Concordia, Granada and Puerto Rico, representing 21%. CONCLUSION: The high level of the composite health indicator on the risk of rabies virus transmission is found in municipalities of the Meta River sub-region, the Cordillera sub-region and the upper Ariari sub-region. These areas are characterized by high concentrations of animals, decreased coverage of rabies vaccination and circulating confirmation of the virus.

OBJETIVO: Diseñar un indicador compuesto en salud sobre el riesgo de transmisión del virus de la rabia, en el departamento del Meta. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio ecológico, exploratorio. Se tomaron los datos de fuentes secundarias procedentes de las bases de datos de la secretaría de salud departamental del Meta e Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario de los años 2009 a 2014. El indicador compuesto en salud, se creó a partir de la normalización (logX) de los datos y selección de las medidas para la elaboración de tres índices temáticos en los 29 municipios del departamento, los cuales fueron integrados mediante la metodología de agregación y cuya distribución se reflejó en un mapeo geográfico con la zonificación del riesgo de transmisión del virus de la rabia a nivel departamental. RESULTADOS: En la clasificación del indicador compuesto en salud sobre el riesgo de transmisión de la rabia, el nivel alto corresponde al 34% de los municipios del departamento; en el nivel medio se ubica el 17% y en el nivel bajo el 28%. Los municipios sin riesgo son La Macarena, Mapiripán, Vistahermosa, Villavicencio, Puerto Concordia, Granada y Puerto Rico, representando el 21%. CONCLUSIÓN: El nivel alto del indicador compuesto en salud sobre el riesgo de transmisión del virus de la rabia, se ubica en municipios de la subregión del Río Meta, subregión cordillera y subregión del alto Ariari; caracterizados por altas concentraciones de animales, disminución de la cobertura de vacunación antirrábica y la confirmación circulante del virus.

Conocimientos y actitudes de enfermería sobre promoción de la salud: una mirada de región / Nursing Knowledge and Attitudes About Health Promotion: A Regional View / Conhecimentos e atitudes dos enfermeiros sobre a promoção da saúde: um olhar da região

Introducción: la promoción de la salud se configura como un medio para conseguir la salud, concepto que involucra la articulación de conocimientos, actitudes, infraestructura, servicios, recursos y habilidades Objetivo: describir los conocimientos y actitudes sobre promoción de la salud que tienen las enfermeras en programas de atención integral al niño sano en instituciones prestadoras de servicios en el departamento del Meta, durante el 2013. Material y método: estudio cualitativo exploratorio-descriptivo con muestreo intencional opinático. Se realizó un análisis de contenido a partir de la información obtenida de entrevistas semiestructuradas grabadas, transcritas y validadas. Resultados: se trabajó con tres categorías de análisis: 1) impacto de la promoción de la salud, 2) herramientas para proporcionar cuidado de enfermería en la promoción de la salud y 3) dispositivos que inciden en el desarrollo de la promoción de la salud. Conclusiones: la promoción de la salud es un proceso encaminado a realizar, en conjunto, acciones destinadas a mejorar las condiciones y calidad de vida, implementando actitudes positivas y coherentes al quehacer de las enfermeras. Ello es de amplia importancia en la atención a la población infantil que aporta a la rentabilidad social del país.

Introduction: Health promotion is a way to achieve health, a concept that involves the articulation of knowledge, attitudes, infrastructure, services, resources and skills. Objective: To describe the knowledge and attitudes about health promotion that nurses have in comprehensive care programs for the healthy child in institutions providing services in the department of Meta, during the year 2013. Material and Method: Qualitative exploratory-descriptive study with intentional sampling. Content analysis was performed based on the information obtained from semi-structured interviews recorded, transcribed and validated. Results: Three categories of analysis: Impact of health promotion, tools to provide nursing care in health promotion and devices that affect the development of health promotion. Conclusions: The promotion of health is a process aimed at carrying out joint actions aimed at improving conditions and quality of life, implemented from positive and consistent attitudes to the task of nurses of great importance in the care of the child population contributes to the social profitability of the country.

Introdução: a promoção da saúde é configurado como um meio para a saúde, um conceito que envolve a articulação de conhecimentos, atitudes, infra-estrutura, serviços, recursos e habilidades. Objetivo: descrever o conhecimento e atitudes sobre a promoção da saúde com enfermeiras em programas de atendimento integral à criança sadia em instituições que prestam serviços no departamento de Meta, durante 2013. Materiais e Métodos: estudo qualitativo exploratório-descritivo, com amostragem intencional baseada em opinião. Análise de conteúdo foi realizada a partir das informações obtidas a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas, transcritas e validados. Resultados: três categorias de análise: Impacto da promoção da saúde, ferramentas para prestar cuidados de enfermagem na promoção da saúde e dispositivos que afetam o desenvolvimento da promoção da saúde. Conclusões: a promoção da saúde é um processo de fazer em conjunto, acções que visam a melhoria das condições e qualidade de vida, implementado a partir de atitudes positivas e consistentes para o trabalho dos enfermeiros grande importância no cuidado da população infantil Ela contribui para a rentabilidade social do país.

Situación epidemiológica de la intoxicación por sustancias químicas en el departamento del meta-colombia, periodo 2009-2014 / Epidemiological situation of poissoning with chemical substances in the department of meta-colombia, period 2009-2014

Introducción: La intoxicación por sustancias químicas es un problema de salud pública, que afecta a la población de los municipios del departamento del Meta. Objetivo: Describir la situación epidemiológica de la intoxicación por sustancias químicas en el Meta. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, utilizando base de datos estatales de salud pública (2009-2014) constituida por 5.208 casos de intoxicación reportadas en este periodo, se calcularon la incidencia de periodo y la tasa de mortalidad; se analizaron variables epidemiológicas de morbilidad, mortalidad, tipo de sustancia, ubicación geográfica, tipo y vía de exposición, edad y sexo. Resultados: Los plaguicidas ocasionan el mayor número de intoxicaciones del Meta, causando el 68% de la incidencia y el 66% de la mortalidad, otro tipo de sustancias causan el 27,7% de los casos de morbilidad y 34% de la mortalidad. El 52,1% de las intoxicaciones ocurren de manera accidental, seguidas por la intención suicida y ocupacional con el 21,2% y 18,1% respectivamente; las vías de exposición fueron la oral, la respiratoria y la dérmica. Discusión: Meta es un departamento caracterizado por alta producción agrícola y una frontera agrícola en expansión, lo cual explicaría la elevada incidencia de los plaguicidas, la utilización de sustancias químicas en suicidios ocurren debido al fácil acceso que se tiene de las sustancias, la exposición ocupacional está ligada a la actividad agrícola y pecuaria, la exposición accidental ocurre por manejo inadecuado de sustancias químicas en las viviendas y la contaminación ambiental. Conclusiones: la actividad agropecuaria del Meta, junto con actividades cotidianas como la limpieza y el control de plagas en las viviendas, traen consigo la utilización de sustancias químicas, esta proximidad permite la exposición a estas sustancias y la posterior intoxicación que generan morbilidad y mortalidad humana.

Introduction: Chemical poisoning is a public health problem, affecting the population of the municipalities of Meta. Objective: To describe the epidemiological situation of chemical poisoning in the department of Meta. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, using statal public health data bases (2009-2014) consisting of 5,208 cases of poisoning reported in this period. The incidence, morbidity, mortality, substance type, geographic location, type and route of exposure, age and sex were analyzed. Results: Pesticides cause the highest number of poisonings of the Meta, causing 68% of incidence and 66% of mortality, and other types of substances cause 27.7% of cases of morbidity and 34% of mortality. 52.1% of the poisonings occur accidentally, followed by suicidal and occupational intent with 21.2% and 18.1% respectively; the routes of exposure were oral, respiratory and dermal. Discussion: Meta is a department characterized by high agricultural production and agricultural frontier expansion, which would explain the high incidence of pesticides, the use of chemicals in suicides occur due to the easy access of substances; occupational exposure is linked to agricultural and livestock activities, accidental exposure occurs through improper handling of chemicals in homes and environmental pollution. Conclusions: Agricultural activity in the department of Meta, along with everyday activities such as cleaning and pest control in homes bring the use of chemicals, this proximity allows exposure to these substances and the subsequent intoxication which generates morbidity and human mortality.

Quality of life in female patients with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex: Long-term follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: Bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC) is a congenital malformation that requires multiple surgeries during childhood and life-long follow-up. It often presents with conditions that have the potential to impact quality-of-life (QoL) and psychosocial functioning of affected patients, such as incontinence and sexual dysfunction. The aim of this study is to examine the QoL, urinary continence, sexual function, and overall health in a long-term series of female patients with BEEC. METHOD: A retrospective review was performed of female patients with BEEC born between 1964 and 1996. Thirty-three patients were asked to complete four validated questionnaires to evaluate their QoL regarding urinary continence and sexual activity (ICIQ, Potenziani-14, and PISQ-12 questionnaires). Nineteen patients completed and returned the questionnaires. The overall QoL was assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire, and demographics were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the general QoL with that of the general population. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 26 years (range 18-50) (Table). A low to moderate impact of urinary incontinence on QoL was reported by 30% of patients in the ICIQ. Also as a result of urinary incontinence, 84% of patients reported a moderate to severe impact on their sexual lives. Twelve patients got married with eight gestations and five births. SF-36 reported general QoL comparable with that of the general population in five out of eight items. Differences were seen in the mental health, emotional role, and physical functioning items (p < 0.001). The main factors for the differences were poor body image, anxiety, and urinary incontinence. A satisfactory social life was reported by 70% of patients. CONCLUSION: Questionnaire studies on BEEC consistently report a high rate of patients not answering, 43% in the present study. The rarity of the disease determines a small sample size, which diminishes statistical power and could potentially conceal small differences with controls. Despite these limitations, the present findings are consistent with previous studies on BEEC with validated QoL questionnaires: adult women with BEEC suffer psychosocial impact mainly from incontinence, and also from gynecological complications, but their resilience and coping mechanisms allow them to achieve a quasi-normal QoL. Female patients with BEEC reported a normal QoL in five of eight items in the SF-36 questionnaire. Urinary incontinence was the main factor for the moderately decreased QoL according to specific questionnaires.

Rol del profesional de enfermería en la coordinación de los planes de salud territorial / Role of the nursing professional in coordinating territorial health plans

Introducción: Colombia ha buscado la transformación del Sistema General de Seguridad Social, que permita promover la calidad de vida de la población, razón por la cual se crea el Plan de Salud Territorial, fundamentado en la atención primaria que permita direccionar acciones de promoción de salud de la población. Objetivos: Describir la percepción del rol del profesional de enfermería que coordina el plan de salud territorial en el departamento del Meta, durante el año 2012. Método: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio-descriptivo, con una muestra de once profesionales de enfermería coordinadores de Planes de Salud Territorial, determinada por muestreo intencional basado en opiniones. Se utilizó, la entrevista semiestructurada, la cual fue grabada, transcrita y validada. El análisis, se realizó bajo la estructura del análisis de contenido. Resultados: Los datos se agruparon en cinco categorías de análisis: rol de enfermería, ser de enfermería, quehacer de enfermería, sentimientos y emociones en el ejercicio del rol y conocimientos acerca del ejercicio del rol. El artículo muestra los resultados de tres categorías: rol de enfermería, ser de enfermería y sentimientos y emociones en el ejercicio del rol. Conclusiones: El profesional de enfermería percibe el rol como aquellas funciones administrativas y gerenciales que desarrolla en el ejercicio de la coordinación del Plan de Salud Territorial, a través de acciones de enfermería en la planeación, ejecución y evaluación de programas y proyectos de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad, dirigidas al cuidado de la salud de la población en cada uno de los municipios del departamento del Meta.

Introduction: Colombia has sought the transformation of the General Social Security System, which can foster the quality of life of the population, reason why is created Territorial Health Plan, based in primary care that allows leading actions to promote health population. Objective: To describe the perception of the role of nursing professional who coordinates the Territorial Health Plan in the department of Meta, during 2012. Method: exploratory-descriptive qualitative study with a sample of eleven nursing professionals who coordinate Health Plans Territorial, determined by sampling intentional opinion-based. Was used semi-structured interview, which was recorded, transcribed and validated. The analysis was carried out under the structure of content analysis. Results: Data were grouped in five categories of analysis: nursing role, be nursing, practice of nursing, feelings and emotions in the exercise of the role and knowledge about the role of exercise. The article shows the results of three categories: nursing role, be nursing and feelings and emotions in the exercise of the role. Conclusions: The nursing professional perceives the role as those administrative and management functions performed in the exercise of coordination Territorial Health Plan, through nursing actions in the planning, implementation and evaluation of programs and projects Promotion health and disease prevention, aimed at health care of the population in each of the municipalities in the department of Meta.

Landscape dynamics in northwestern Amazonia: an assessment of pastures, fire and illicit crops as drivers of tropical deforestation.

Many studies have identified drivers of deforestation throughout the tropics and, in most cases, have recognised differences in the level of threat. However, only a few have also looked at the temporal and spatial dynamics by which those drivers act, which is critical for assessing the conservation of biodiversity as well as for landscape planning. In this study, we analyse land cover change between 2000 and 2009 in north-western Colombian Amazonia to identify the interactions between the use of fire, cultivation of illicit crops and establishment of pastures, and their impacts on the loss of forest in the region. Yearly analyses were undertaken at randomly selected sample areas to quantify the average areas of transition of land cover types under different landscape compositions: forest-dominated mosaics, pasture mosaics, fire mosaics, and illicit crop mosaics. Our results indicate that despite the fact that forest areas were well-preserved, deforestation occurred at a low annual rate (0.06%). Conversion to pasture was the main factor responsible for forest loss (the area of pastures tripled within forest mosaics over 8 years), and this process was independent of the landscape matrix in which the forests were located. In fire mosaics, burning is a common tool for forest clearing and conversion to pasture. Thus, forests in fire mosaics were highly disturbed and frequently transformed from primary to secondary forests. The use of fire for illicit cropping was not detected, partly due to the small size of common illicit crops. Forest regeneration from pastures and secondary vegetation was observed in areas with large amounts of natural forest. Overall, assuming the continuation of the observed pasture conversion trend and the use of forest fire, we suggest that our results should be incorporated into a spatially explicit and integrated decision support tool to target and focus land-planning activities and policies.

Prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment in adults with subjective memory complaints in primary care centres.

AIMS: To examine the prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment (CI) in adults over 50 years old attending primary care centres with complaints of memory failure. METHODS: A sample of 580 individuals aged 50+ years with no previous diagnosis of dementia was assessed by use of the Mini Mental State Examination, the Cambridge Cognitive Assessment-Revised and the California Verbal Learning Test - to evaluate CI-dependent variables - and administration of a questionnaire on memory complaints and other instruments - to measure correlates. RESULTS: The prevalence of CI was 46.20% and positive associations were found for age, gender, level of education, subjective memory complaints, instrumental activities of daily living, reading habits and frequency of leisure activities. In the logistic regression, modelled CI was associated with older age, gender (49.12% women, 39.66% men), instrumental activities of daily living, and reading habits. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the adults aged 50+ years attending primary care centres with subjective memory complaints were affected by CI. Early evaluation of cognitive functioning is essential to establish adequate preventive and intervention strategies.

Una revisión de la investigación sobre lenguaje en el deterioro cognitivo leve / Research on language in mild cognitive impairment: a review

Aunque existen muchas investigaciones sobre el perfil neuropsicológico del deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL), los estudios centrados en analizar específicamente sus características psicolingüísticas no son concluyentes. El objetivo de este estudio es revisar las evidencias disponibles sobre la caracterización lingüística del DCL e identificar los mejores candidatos a predecir el DCL. Los estudios poblacionales han encontrado que medidas de fluidez verbal, denominación y memoria de palabras son buenas predictoras de la evolución del DCL hacia la demencia. Los estudios experimentales que comparan DCL con otros grupos proponen las tareas de fluidez verbal y de denominación, y en menor medida otras dimensiones, como la comprensión de oraciones y de textos, o la producción narrativa en cuanto a contenido semántico y estructuración sintáctica. Se informa de los hallazgos de algunos estudios que han buscado los correlatos neurológicos de los procesos implicados en el deterioro del lenguaje en el DCL. La presente revisión subraya la necesidad de estudiar nuevas dimensiones lingüísticas, sus relaciones con otros procesos cognitivos y sus fundamentos psicofisiológicos. Se menciona también la necesidad de realizar experiencias de intervención que permitan disminuir el deterioro y evitar en la medida de lo posible su evolución a la demencia (AU)

There are many studies on the neuropsychological profi le of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) but the results of investigations specifi cally addressing its psycholinguistic characteristics have been inconclusive. The present article aims to review the main population-based and experimental studies on language in MCI and to identify the features that help to predict deterioration. Population-based studies have found that the main predictors of MCI and its progression to dementia are measures of verbal fluency, naming and word memory. Experimental studies comparing patients with MCI and matched healthy controls have mainly analyzed performance in different fl uency and naming tasks and, to a lesser extent, other dimensions such as comprehension of sentences and texts and production of narrative speech, taking into account its semantic content and syntactic structures. The results of studies seeking neurological correlates of the processes involved in language deterioration in MCI are discussed. The present review highlights the need to explore new linguistic features of MCI, their relationships with other cognitive processes and their psychophysiological bases. The need for interventions to attenuate deterioration and avoid progression to dementia as far as possible is also discussed (AU)

Representaciones sociales del grupo exhabitantes de calle, acerca de los procesos de fortalecimiento para la inclusión social / Social representations from group who lived on street, on strenghening processes for social inclusion

La investigación se desarrolló desde los parámetros conceptuales de la psicología comunitaria, el tema central fue el fortalecimiento. Se pretendieron explicar las representaciones sociales de un grupo de exhabitantes de calle, acerca de los procesos de fortalecimiento para la inclusión social: La metodología de análisis fue cualitativa, utilizándose la técnica de la triangulación, en la recolección de datos, se emplearon las entrevistas semiestructuradas y un muestreo de cinco hombres exhabitantes de calle. El Atlas Ti se empleó como complemento al análisis de información, haciéndose lectura de los textos y elaboración de categorías, en los diagramas se describió el texto interpretativo narrándose lo encontrado. Los resultados, evidencian diferencias entre pensamientos pasados y actuales, caracterizados por un interés por si mismo, recuperar a la familia, mantener relaciones afectivas duraderas y no hacer daño a otros. En el fortalecimiento son importantes los factores de: 1. reconocimiento de las familias al ver cómo han sido capaces de salir de la calle 2. Desarrollo de pautas de convivencia en la conformación del grupo Asoantorcha, permitiéndoles generar relaciones sociales de apoyo y equidad. 3. Perseverancia, para asumir día a día sin droga. 4. Creencias religiosas que proporcionaron pautas de comportamiento y reencuentro espiritual. Se concluye que son muchos los factores que los limitan: la situación actual del país, la violencia, el desplazamiento y el desempleo influyen negativamente en la implementación de programas sociales duraderos que ofrezcan oportunidades reales a las personas en condición de habilitabilidad en calle.

This research was developed from the conceptual standpoint of Community Psychology, with Strengthening as its central axis. We intend to explain the Social Representations held by a group of former homeless persons, Asoantorcha, about strengthening processes for social inclusion. A qualitative strategy with triangulation was used, and semi structured interviews were used for data collection, with five formerly homeless male participants. Atlas. TI was used as a complement for information analysis and category creation. Results suggest clear differences between current and previous thoughts. Factors found in the process of strengthening include: 1) the recognition of made by families upon learning that the participants were able to abandon the streets and to face a new life; 2) perseverance, to embrace each day without drugs and without; and 3) religious beliefs, which gave them behavioral patterns and a spiritual meeting. As a conclusion, it must pointed out that many factors set limits to these people, not because they don’t want to move ahead, but because of the current situation of violence, forced migration and unemployment in the country. This situation has a negative influence on the implementation of social programs that may offer real opportunities for homeless people.

Visión sobre las relaciones de poder enmarcadas dentro de una experiencia docente en la Universidad Central de Venezuela / Vision on the framed relationships of power inside an educational experience in central university of venezuela

Combinar el conocimiento y la experiencia suele asumirse como la plataforma que hace viable la comunicación de teorías y/o prácticas dentro de nuestro  ámbito universitario, sin embargo, en numerosas situaciones o circunstancias dejamos de lado la posibilidad y hasta cierto punto el derecho, como seres humanos pensantes por naturaleza, de expresarnos sobre un tópico llevados más por la motivación, ideología o simplemente la observación pensada del curso vital, que por el dominio pragmático de la materia. Es por ello que ya casi en los previos de la jubilación nos arriesgaremos a ofrecerles este ensayo donde en una amalgama de descripción y reflexión, expresaremos subjetiva y responsablemente lo que hoy por hoy pensamos sobre las relaciones de poder dentro de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, basados en la obra de Michel Foucault

To combine knowledge and experience usually is assumed as the platform that makes posible the communication of theories and practical, inside our university environment, however in many situations we leave aside the possibility and the right of thinking and expressing about a topic, more by motivation, ideology or simply the observation of the life course that for the pragmatic domain of the matter. That is the reason in the previous of the jubilation, we will take a risk to offer you this rehearsal where in a description and reflection, we will express subjective and responsibly our thinking about the power relationships inside the Central University of Venezuela, based on the books of Michel Foucault.

Fortalecimientoddel grupo de consejeros localesde juventud en la localidad de ciudad bolívar desde los procesos de participación política y comunitaria / Stregntening of local consultant group of youth political and communitarian participation processes at he town bolivar city

El presente articulo reseña el trabajo desarrollado desde los parámetros conceptuales de la Psicología comunitaria para fortalecer el grupo de Consejeros Locales de Juventud de la localidad 19; Ciudad Bolívar, en la cuidad de Bogotá. Mediante el trabajo se pretendió promover la defensa de los espacios de participación juvenil, apoyando las propuestas, intereses y las decisiones que surgen de la dinámica local respecto a las problemáticas que afectan a la población joven. El grupo estuvo constituido por 10 jóvenes entre los 17 y 25 años de la cuidad de Bogotá, la intervención empleo la estrategia metodológica Investigación Acción Participativa, que permitió el conocimiento de los jóvenes miembros del Consejo y la implementación de soluciones a las problemáticas detectadas mediante el diagnóstico. Los resultados llevaron al conocimiento de la situación juvenil local, reconocimiento del contexto local, apropiación de los espacios de participación, generación de vínculos con las organizaciones juveniles y reconocimiento institucional del Consejo, estos logros forman parte de un proyecto inacabado que requiere más apoyo institucional, político, social y comunitario.

The present article review the work developed from the conceptual parameters of the Community Psychology to strengthen the group of Local Consultants of Youth of the town 19; ciudad Bolivar in Bogotá city. By means of the work it was sought to promote the defense of the spaces of youthful participation, supporting the proposals, interests and the decisions that arise of the local dynamics regarding the problems that affect the young population. The group was constituted by 10 youths between the 17 and 25 years of Bogotá city, the intervention used the strategy methodological Investigación Acción Participativa, that allowed the knowledge of the young members of the Council and the implementation of solutions to the problems detected by means of the diagnosis. The results took to the knowledge of the local juvenile situation, recognition of the local context, appropriation of the participation spaces, generation of bonds with the juvenile organizations and institutional recognition of the Council, these achievements were part of an unfinished project that requires more institutional, political, and social and community support.