Cobertura geográfica del sistema mexicano de salud y análisis espacial de la utilización de hospitales generales de la Secretaría de Salud en 1998 / Geographical coverage of the Mexican Healthcare System and a spatial analysis of utilization of its General Hospitals in 1998

Objetivo. Determinar la cobertura geográfica del Sistema Mexicano de Salud y analizar la utilización en 1998 de los hospitales de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA). Material y métodos. Se desarrolló un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) con información sociodemográfica por localidad y ubicación espacial de unidades de atención de todo el sector salud, así como el registro de egresos por hospital de la SSA. Se determinó la utilización en 217 hospitales generales de la SSA mediante un modelo de estimación de máxima verosimilitud, que incluyó información sobre los recursos humanos, la infraestructura adicional y la población 25 km a la redonda. Resultados. En 1998, 10 806 localidades con 72 millones de habitantes contaban con al menos una unidad de atención de salud del sector público y 97.2 por ciento de la población se encontraba a menos de 50 km de una, pero más de 18 millones de personas vivían en localidades rurales sin unidades de atención. El promedio de ocupación fue de 48.5±28.5 por cada 100 camas/año, con gran variabilidad intra e interestatal. La utilización se asoció significativamente con el número de los médicos en la unidad, y en unidades del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social con la infraestructura adicional e índice de marginación. Conclusiones. La utilización del SIG eleva la capacidad analítica y proporciona estimadores más realistas de la cobertura y utilización de hospitales del sector

[Geographical coverage of the Mexican Healthcare System and a spatial analysis of utilization of its General Hospitals in 1998]. / Cobertura geográfica del sistema mexicano de salud y análisis espacial de la utilización de hospitales generales de la Secretaría de Salud en 1998.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the geographical coverage of the Mexican Healthcare System (MHS) services and to assess the utilization of its General Hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to include sociodemographic data by locality, the geographical location of all MHS healthcare services, and data on hospital discharge records. A maximum likelihood estimation model was developed to assess the utilization levels of 217 MHS General Hospitals. The model included data on human resources, additional infrastructure, and the population within a 25 km radius. RESULTS: In 1998, 10,806 localities with 72 million inhabitants had at least one public healthcare unit, and 97.2% of the population lived within 50 km of a healthcare unit; however, over 18 million people lived in rural localities without a healthcare unit. The mean annual hospital occupation rate was 48.5 +/- 28.5 per 100 bed/years, with high variability within and between states. Hospital occupation was significantly associated with the number of physicians in the unit, and in the Mexican Institute of Social Security units utilization was associated with additional health infrastructure, and with the population's poverty index. CONCLUSIONS: GIS analysis allows improved estimation of the coverage and utilization of MHS hospitals.

Expression of human placental lactogen and variant growth hormone genes in placentas

Previous studies comparing the expression levels of human placental lactogen (hPL) genes have shown varying results, due to, perhaps, the fact that in all of them only one placenta was being analyzed. Here, the expression of hPL and growth hormone variant (hGH-V) genes in fifteen term placentas was comparatively analyzed at the RNA level, using reverse transciption coupled to polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The abundance of the combined RNA transcripts derived from these genes varied from one placenta to another. The authors found that hPL-4 transcripts were more abundant than those of hPL-3 in most samples (ratio from 1:1 to 6:1), transcripts from the putative hPL-1 pseudogene were more abundant at the unprocessed stage while those of the hGH-V gene were mostly processed. Again, the authors of this study observed wide variation from placenta to placenta to placenta in the abundance of both of these types of transcripts. The same was observed when a group of six placentas from abortuses and nine from pregnancies complicated by preclampsia, diabetes and hypertension was studied. The authors conclude that the disagreeing results reported in the literature which are not in agreement concerning the expression levels of hPL gene could be explained by normal variations of their expression levels among the different placentas analyzed