ABSTRACT
Antecedentes: la pregunta es un instrumento esencial de la comunicación humana. No solamente porque las respuestas introducen información en los sistemas, sino porque constituyen un verdadero gatillo estratégico en la psicoterapia. Método: estudio teórico. Resultados y conclusiones: el artículo explora la teoría del arte de preguntar y la técnica del hablar el lenguaje del paciente como maniobra que sostiene la forma en que se ejecuta la pregunta. Intenta, además, reunir una tipología de preguntas que fueron recabadas en la práctica clínica de diferentes terapeutas. De ninguna manera son todos los tipos de preguntas que se clasificaron, sino que es un trabajo original, pensado desde el paradigma sistémico y el modelo sistémico estratégico en psicoterapia, que posibilita sistematizar numerosas preguntas que se encuentran solamente a merced de la creatividad y la espontaneidad del terapeuta.
Background: the question is an essential instrument of human communication. Not only because the answers introduce information into the systems, but because they constitute a true strategic trigger in psychotherapy. Method: theoretical study. Results and conclusions: the paper explores the art's theory of asking and the technique of speaking the patient's language as a maneuver that supports the way in which the question is executed. It also tries a typology of questions that were collected in the clinical practice of different therapists. In no way are all the types of questions that were classified, but it is an original work, thought from the systemic paradigm and the strategic systemic model in psychotherapy that makes it possible to systematize numerous questions that are only at the mercy of the creativity and spontaneity of the therapist.
ABSTRACT
La génesis de la complementariedad se explica desde complejos sistemas neuronales entre los que se encuentran las neuronas espejo. Esta red es mucho más que un espejo ya que, en su interacción con otras áreas cerebrales, posibilita configurar relaciones simétricas y asimétricas. Las primeras, son a partir de la mímica, incidental o intencional, que se despliegan conductas basadas en la mínima diferencia respecto de las percibidas, como también, al contagio emocional y a la empatía. Las segundas, son a partir de la inhibición de la mímica que controla las respuestas motoras de este sistema sensoriomotor. En cada caso se detallan las áreas y circuitos cerebrales involucrados. La originalidad se alcanza al entrelazar los diferentes subsistemas de acción neuronal con los tipos de relación que conforman la complementariedad. Asimismo, se afirma que todas las relaciones son complementarias desde un metanivel relacional. Además, estas conclusiones son plasmadas en la praxis de la psicoterapia sistémica, para reflexionar sobre el sustrato neurobiológico de las relaciones disfuncionales de los pacientes, como también, sobre las diferentes posiciones relacionales que puede adoptar el experto de manera estratégica
The genesis of complementarity is explained based on complex neuronal systems among which are mirror neurons. This network is much more than just a mirror because, in its interaction with other brain areas, it makes it possible to configure symmetric and asymmetric relationships. The former stem from incidental or intentional mimicry behaviors based on the minimum difference with respect to the displayed and perceived actions, as well as emotional contagion and empathy. Asymmetric relationships, however, are based on the inhibition of mimicry, which controls the motor responses of the sensorimotor system. We present the brain areas and circuits involved in each case. In this paper, the originality is achieved by interlacing the different subsystems of neuronal action with the types of relationships that make up the complementarity. It is confirmed that all relationships are complementary from a relational meta-level perspective. In addition, these conclusions are shown through the practice of systemic psychotherapy, in order to reflect on the neurobiological substratum of patients' dysfunctional relationships, as well, on the different relational positions that the expert can strategically adopt
Subject(s)
Humans , Mirror Neurons/physiology , Psychotherapy/methods , Neurons/physiology , NeurosciencesSubject(s)
Humans , Emotions , Facial Expression , Nonverbal Communication , Cultural Characteristics , Cultural FactorsABSTRACT
Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomopathogenic bacterium characterized by producing parasporal proteinaceous insecticidal crystal inclusions during sporulation. Many strains are capable of also expressing other insecticidal proteins called Vip during the vegetative growing phase. Particularly, Vip3A proteins have activity against certain Lepidoptera species through a unique mechanism of action which emphasized their possible use in resistance management strategies against resistant pests. The aim of the work was to develop a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method that can distinguish between vip3A genes from B. thuringiensis strains. In addition, 4 novel vip3Aa genes were cloned and sequenced. The method was originally based on amplification of a single PCR amplicon and the use of 2 restriction enzymes with recognition sites that facilitate simultaneous detection. Subsequently, a third restriction enzyme was used to distinguish between vip3A variants. Thirteen vip3Aa genes were identified in strains belonging to 10 different B. thuringiensis serovars. Three intra-subclass variants of vip3Aa genes could be differentiated. The presented method can serve as an invaluable tool for the investigation of known and novel vip3A genes in B. thuringiensis strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where variants of a same subclass of insecticidal genes could be distinguished following PCR-RFLP.
