Effluent Disinfection of Real Wastewater by Ag­TiO2 Nanoparticles Photocatalysis.

Currently pathogen microorganisms, presents in wastewater, are more resistant to conventional disinfection process, due to its constant change induced for the antibiotic for human diseases. One of the new options for the pathogen microorganisms is the heterogeneous photocatalysis, which has been used for remove microorganism, but never in real wastewater effluent. This paper shown the synthesis of Ag­TiO2 nanoparticles, its physical characterization was carried out by TEM, SEM, S-BET, XPS and band gap measurement by UV-vis spectroscopy showing that Ag­TiO2 are spherical particles with sizes around 50 nm with 1 and 10 %w of Ag, and a significant decrease in the band gap. The disinfection system was illuminated using the solar radiation of a spring day at Querétaro, Mexico, in lapses from 11:00 am to 03:00 pm; the microbiological tests were performed according to the Official Mexican Norm (NOM-003-SEMARNAT-1996), the results shows that after 3 hours of solar photocatalysis disinfection process the material 1 %w Ag­TiO2 at 0.2 gL⁻¹, removes the fecal and total coliform microorganisms from effluent, leaving Enterobacter, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Salmonella and Klebsiella microorganisms alive due to its capability of reactivation.

Expression, cellular distribution, and heterogeneity of growth hormone in the chicken cerebellum during development.

Although growth hormone (GH) is mainly synthesized and secreted by pituitary somatotrophs, it is now well established that the GH gene can be expressed in many extrapituitary tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). Here we studied the expression of GH in the chicken cerebellum. Cerebellar GH expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization and cDNA sequencing, as well as by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. GH heterogeneity was studied by Western blotting. We demonstrated that the GH gene was expressed in the chicken cerebellum and that its nucleotide sequence is closely homologous to pituitary GH cDNA. Within the cerebellum, GH mRNA is mainly expressed in Purkinje cells and in cells of the granular layer. GH-immunoreactivity (IR) is also widespread in the cerebellum and is similarly most abundant in the Purkinje and granular cells as identified by specific neuronal markers and histochemical techniques. The GH concentration in the cerebellum is age-related and higher in adult birds than in embryos and juveniles. Cerebellar GH-IR, as determined by Western blot under reducing conditions, is associated with several size variants (of 15, 23, 26, 29, 35, 45, 50, 55, 80 kDa), of which the 15 kDa isoform predominates (>30% among all developmental stages). GH receptor (GHR) mRNA and protein are also present in the cerebellum and are similarly mainly present in Purkinje and granular cells. Together, these data suggest that GH and GHR are locally expressed within the cerebellum and that this hormone may act as a local autocrine/paracrine factor during development of this neural tissue.

Growth hormone expression in stromal and non-stromal cells in the bursa of Fabricius during bursal development and involution: Causal relationships?

Growth hormone (GH) is expressed in the chicken bursa of Fabricius (BF), an organ that undergoes three distinct developmental stages: rapid growth (late embryogenesis until 6-8 weeks of age [w]), plateaued growth (between 10 and 15w), and involution (after 18-20w). The distribution and abundance of GH-immunoreactivity (GH-IR) and GH mRNA expression in stromal and non-stromal bursal cells during development, as well as the potential anti-apoptotic effect of GH in bursal cell survival were the focus of this study. GH mRNA expression was mainly in the epithelial layer and in epithelial buds at embryonic day (ED) 15; at 2w it was widely distributed within the follicle and in the interfollicular epithelium (IFE); at 10w it clearly diminished in the epithelium; whereas at 20w it occurred in only a few cortical cells and in the connective tissue. Parallel changes in the relative proportion of GH mRNA expression (12, 21, 13, 1%) and GH-IR (19, 18, 11, <3%) were observed at ED 15, 2w, 10w, and 20w, respectively. During embryogenesis, GH-IR co-localized considerably with IgM-IR, but scarcely with IgG-IR, whereas the opposite was observed after hatching. Significant differences in bursal cell death occurred during development, with 9.3% of cells being apoptotic at ED 15, 0.4% at 2w, 0.23% at 10w, and 21.1% at 20w. Addition of GH increased cultured cell survival by a mechanism that involved suppression (up to 41%) of caspase-3 activity. Results suggest that autocrine/paracrine actions of bursal GH are involved in the differentiation and proliferation of B lymphocytes and in BF growth and cell survival in embryonic and neonatal chicks, whereas diminished GH expression in adults may result in bursal involution.

Aprendizajes que promueve el Plan Único de Especialización en Enfermería. Resultados parciales 2ª parte / Learning that promotes the Unified Plan specialization in nursing. 2 results

Introducción: en esta 2ª parte se presentan los aprendizajes que alcanzaron los alumnos de tres especialidades del Plan Único de Especialización en Enfermería (PUEE); Cultura física y deporte; Neurológica y Salud mental; desde la opinión de los egresados; en la idea de identificar el impacto que tienen los procesos de formación en este nivel. En un artículo previo; se presentaron los casos de las especialidades de Enfermería en Salud Pública; Perinatal; Cardiovascular e Infantil. Objetivo: identificar los aprendizajes que se consolidan en los alumnos de las especialidades de Enfermería del PUEE; desde la perspectiva del egresado. Metodología: estudio descriptivo; longitudinal que abarca tres cohortes generacionales de alumnos 2006; 2007 y 2008; que cursaron las especialidades mencionadas dentro del PUEE. Se aplicó un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas; con carácter anónimo; aplicado al concluir los estudios de la especialidad. El instrumento analiza: los conocimientos y habilidades fundamentales que proporcionó la especialidad; los conocimientos más relevantes que propiciaron los espacios de prácticas y la opinión que tienen los egresados respecto a recomendar a otras personas el estudio de la especialidad. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos; se analizaron y agruparon en cuadros; a partir del mayor consenso mostrado Discusión: existen aspectos constantes en el aprendizaje y la formación de las diversas especialidades y cohortes generacionales; así como diferencias que se observan de manera más clara en la especialidad de Enfermería en Salud Mental. Las diferencias pueden atribuirse a las características diversas que reúne cada grupo y que lleva a los docentes a realizar ajustes en su enseñanza; ponderando unos aspectos sobre otros; sin que esto implique perder de vista el referente curricular.

Introduction: in order to identify the impacts of the academic forming proceses from the opinion of the graduates, in this 2nd part, we show the learning objectives reached by alumni enrolled in other specialization studies of the Nursing Specialization Unique Plan. In the previous part, we showed the results corresponding to the nursing specialization studies in Public Health, Perinatal, Cardiovascular and Pediatric. Objetive: identify the consolidated learning in the alumni enrolled in the specialization studies of the Nursing Specialization Unique Plan, from the perspective of its graduates. Methodology: descriptive and longitudinal study corresponding to the 2006, 2007 and 2008 alumni generations enrolled in differente specialization studies of the Nursing Specialization Unique Plan. After finishing their nursing specialization studies, graduates were given an anon ymous open question survey to analyze their knowledge and skills, including those acquired from clinical practice, and to explore their opinions about recommending other nurses these specialization studies. Results: results were classified into different levels of consensus. Discussion: related to the learning processes we found constant issues, but also varying differences. This last was more apparent in the Mental Health nursing specialization. Differences can be attributed to the groups specific characteristics which simultaneously encourage professors adjusted their teaching protocols according ly but within the Nursing Speciliaztion Unique Plan curriculum.

Aprendizajes que promueve el Plan Único de Especialización en Enfermería. La perspectiva del alumno. Resultados parciales 1ª parte

Introducción, identificar los aprendizajes que las alumnas adquieren en su trayecto de formación como enfermeras especialistas, es una manera de reconocer el impacto que tienen los procesos de formación de recursos humanos que se llevan a cabo a través del Plan Único de Especialización en Enfermería (PUEE). Objetivo, Identificar los aprendizajes que se consolidan en los alumnos que transitan por el PUEE, en sus diversas ramas a su egreso. Metodología, estudio descriptivo longitudinal que abarca tres cohortes generacionales de alumnos ­ 2006, 2007 y 2008- que cursaron alguna especialidad de enfermería dentro del PUEE. Se aplicó un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas, con carácter anónimo en el que se interrogó a los alumnos, sobre los principales conocimientos y habilidades que fueron desarrollados en la especialidad, las bondades y debilidades que estuvieron presentes en las sedes de prácticas y la recomendación del estudio de la especialidad a sus conocidos. Resultados se presentan cuadros que concentran las respuestas de mayor frecuencia, considerando los rubros mencionados. Discusión los resultados muestran en todos los casos puntos de encuentro a los largo de las tres generaciones, respecto a los conocimientos y habilidades que fueron adquiridos. Los aprendizajes señalados se vinculan con los propósitos curriculares del PUEE. Conclusiones. La presencia de aprendizajes específicos que son significativos para alguna cohorte generacional en particular, puede explicarse como aspectos sobre los que los tutores y docentes, así como la sede de prácticas, tuvieron oportunidad de hacer énfasis en la generación en turno.

Introduction: Identify students learning during their schooling in nursing special fields; it is useful to recognize the influence of the training process in the Plan Único de Especialización en Enfermería (PUEE).Objective: Identify learning students acquire while enrolled in PUEE, in its several special fields, until the end of their studies. Methodology: a longitudinal and descriptive study, over three generations of students ­ 2006, 2007 and 2008- that studied some nursing special field in PUEE. An anonymous, open questions questionnaire was applied to the students who were asked about main knowledge and skills they developed during the special course, the assets and weaknesses they found at the practice facilities and if they would recommend to someone going through the special course. Results: concentrated answers are presented, according to their frequency about the mentioned aspects. Argument: the results show, in every case, points of agreement throughout generations, regarding the knowledge and skills that were acquired. Included learning are related with curricular objectives of the PUEE. Conclusions: specific learning that are meaningful for some specific generation can be explained as being topics that counselors, teachers and the practice facilities, had a chance to focus on in that generation

Immune growth hormone (GH): localization of GH and GH mRNA in the bursa of Fabricius.

Expression of growth hormone (GH) and GH receptor (GHR) genes in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens suggests that it is an autocrine/paracrine site of GH production and action. The cellular localization of GH and GH mRNA within the bursa was the focus of this study. GH mRNA was expressed mainly in the cortex, comprised of lymphocyte progenitor cells, but was lacking in the medulla where lymphocytes mature. In contrast, more GH immunoreactivity (GH-IR) was present in the medulla than in the cortex. In non-stromal tissues, GH-IR and GH mRNA were primarily in lymphocytes, and also in macrophage-like cells and secretory dendritic cells. In stromal tissues, GH mRNA, GH and GHR were expressed in cells near the connective tissue (CT) between follicles and below the outer serosa. In contrast, GH (but not GH mRNA or GHR), was present in cells of the interfollicular epithelium (IFE), the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and the interstitial corticoepithelium. This mismatch may reflect dynamic temporal changes in GH translation. Co-expression of GHR-IR, GH-IR, GH mRNA and IgG was found in immature lymphoid cells near the cortex and in IgG-IR CT cells, suggesting an autocrine/paracrine role for bursal GH in B-cell differentiation.

Los estudios de trayectorias académicas y profesionales, contribuciones al estado del arte / Studies on the academic and professional trajectories, contribution to the state-of-art

En este artículo se mencionan las características de una investigación que está en proceso de elaboración y que tiene el propósito de estudiar las trayectorias académicas y profesionales de tres generaciones de alumnos (2006, 2007 y 2008) que realizan los estudios de Especialización en Enfermería, en sus diversas orientaciones a través del Plan Único de Especialización en Enfermería (PUEE). Si bien se trata de una investigación preponderantemente de corte cuantitativo, se han reservado algunos aspectos para ser tratados en forma cualitativa. Se incluyen de manera sobresaliente los datos que aportó la primera fase de su elaboración, es decir la conformación de un estado del arte. Se adelantan los rubros que los instrumentos de investigación reúnen y cuya aplicación se ha realizado por ahora, para el caso de la cohorte 2006 y parcialmente en la del 2007.

In this article are mentionated the characteristics of a research in process and which purpose is to study the academic and professional life of three generations (2006, 2007 and 2008). The students make or made their specialization in different branches of nursering through a syllabus called in Spanish Plan Único de Especialización en Enfermería (PUEE). Even though this research deals mainly with cuantitative aspects, some aspects have been reserved for their study based on a cualitative approach. The data from the first phase of researching are included, that is the antecedents. Also the characteristics of the research instruments applied to generation 2006 and 2007 are presented.