ABSTRACT
The acaricidal effects of 55 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, 1883 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) isolated from paddocks of cattle farms were evaluated in two Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini 1887) (Ixodida: Ixodidae) populations, of which one was multi-resistant and one was susceptible to chemical acaricides. Percentage mortality and reproductive efficiency indices in R. microplus were evaluated by adult immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 108 conidia/mL for each fungal strain. Some strains were selected to calculate lethal concentrations to kill 50% (LC50 ) and 99% (LC99 ) of engorged ticks. Strains MaV22, MaV26 and MaV55 induced 100% mortality in R. microplus on day 14. Strains MaV05, MaV09 and MaV22 caused mortality of >90% from day 12 onward in both tick populations. The most effective acaricidal fungal strain, MaV55, inhibited egg laying by 54.86 and 55.86% in acaricide-resistant and -susceptible R. microplus populations, respectively. None of the fungal strains had statistically significant effects on larval hatching. In conclusion, nine strains of M. anisopliae demonstrated high acaricidal effects against R. microplus and reduced its egg laying. No differences in acaricidal effects were observed between the two populations of ticks tested.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Metarhizium/physiology , Pest Control, Biological , Rhipicephalus/microbiology , Tick Infestations/veterinary , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Female , Larva/growth & development , Larva/microbiology , Male , Metarhizium/genetics , Mexico , Rhipicephalus/growth & development , Rhipicephalus/physiology , Tick Control , Tick Infestations/parasitology , Tick Infestations/prevention & controlABSTRACT
El término insuficiencia cardíaca aguda se emplea exclusivamente para definir una disnea aguda (de origen cardíaco) caracterizada por signos de congestión pulmonar, incluyéndose el edema pulmonar. No obstante, este término también puede ser aplicable al shock cardiogénico. Cuando se utiliza el término insuficiencia cardíaca generalmente se refiere a insuficiencia cardíaca crónica. El término congestiva hace referencia a la presencia de signos o síntomas de congestión pulmonar o periférica, lo que refleja una situación algo más avanzada o de cierta desestabilización (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Outpatients , Acute Disease , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
La insuficiencia cardíaca es un síndrome final en el que terminan muchas enfermedades cardíacas de gravedad y pronóstico diferentes. Nunca debería realizarse el diagnóstico de la cardiopatía de base en este estadio final pues esta situación se asocia a una disminución de la esperanza de vida, por lo que es fundamental la prevención del síndrome, lo que equivale al tratamiento correcto de la cardiopatía causante en fases precoces, incluso asintomáticas (AU)
