ABSTRACT
Overexpressing StAR (a mitochondrial cholesterol transporter) increases (>5-fold) the rate of 27-hydroxylation of cholesterol and the rates of bile acid synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes; suggesting that the transport of cholesterol into mitochondria is rate-limiting for bile acid biosynthesis via the CYP27A1 initiated 'acidic' pathway. Our objective was to determine the level of StAR expression in human liver and whether changes in StAR would correlate with changes in CYP27A1 activity/bile acid synthesis rates in human liver tissues. StAR mRNA and protein were detected in primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells by RT-PCR/Northern analysis and by Western analysis, respectively. In immunocompetition assays, liver StAR was competed away with the addition of purified human adrenal StAR. Overexpressing CYP27A1 in both cell types led to >2-fold increases in liver StAR concentration. StAR protein levels also increased approximately 2-fold with the addition of 27-hydroxycholesterol to HepG2 cell culture medium. Overexpressing StAR increased the rates of 27-hydroxylation of cholesterol/bile acid synthesis in both cell lines and increased intracellular levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol. In conclusion, human liver cells contain regulable StAR protein whose level of expression appears capable of regulating cellular cholesterol homeostasis, representing a potential therapeutic target in the management of hyperlipidemia.
Subject(s)
Hepatocytes/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , Phosphoproteins/biosynthesis , Bile Acids and Salts/biosynthesis , Blotting, Western , Cell Line , Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional , Hepatocytes/chemistry , Humans , Hydroxycholesterols/pharmacology , Liver/chemistry , Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism , Phosphoproteins/analysis , Phosphoproteins/genetics , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis , Steroid Hydroxylases/biosynthesis , Steroid Hydroxylases/geneticsABSTRACT
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, an antiproliferative and antiangiogenic component of green tea, has been reported to inhibit dopa decarboxylase. In this report,we show that this compound also inhibits histidine decarboxylase, the enzymic activity responsible for histamine biosynthesis. This inhibition was proved by a double approach, activity measurements and UV-Vis spectra of enzyme-bound pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. At 0.1 mM (-)-epi-gallocatechin-3-gallate, histidine decarboxylase activity was inhibited by more than 60% and the typical spectrum of the internal aldimine form shifted to a stable major maximum at 345 nm, suggesting that the compound causes a stable change in the structure of the holoenzyme. Since histamine release is one of the primary events in many inflammatory responses, a new potential application of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in prevention or treatment of inflammatory processes is suggested by these data.
Subject(s)
Catechin/analogs & derivatives , Catechin/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Histidine Decarboxylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/isolation & purification , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Catechin/isolation & purification , Enzyme Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Histamine/biosynthesis , In Vitro Techniques , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Tea/chemistry , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
We have followed the in vitro degradation of rat histidine decarboxylase in a reconstituted system, containing only rat histidine decarboxylase (obtained by in vitro transcription and translation), calcium ions in the millimolar range of concentrations, and m-calpain. Under the experimental conditions used, m-calpain quickly and efficiently degraded rat histidine decarboxylase, giving rise to a major proteolytic band of 29 kDa. In a conventional in vitro degradation system containing rabbit reticulocytes supplemented with calcium ions, there was also an intense proteolysis of rat histidine decarboxylase, strongly inhibited in the presence of calpeptin, a highly specific calpain inhibitor.
Subject(s)
Calpain/metabolism , Histidine Decarboxylase/metabolism , Animals , Calcium/metabolism , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Dipeptides/pharmacology , Kinetics , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Reticulocytes/metabolism , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
Proteasome 26S must recognize the PEST region-containing C-terminus of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) monomer to proceed with degradation. We have detected PEST regions in both termini of mammalian histidine decarboxylase (HDC). In the present report, a chimaeric ODC/HDC was used to elucidate whether the PEST region-containing C-termini of ODC and HDC are exchangeable. Wild-type rat ODC had an expected antizyme and ATP-dependent degradation. This was not the case for both the chimaera and a C-terminus truncated rat ODC. Results suggest that the PEST region-containing C-terminus of rat HDC should have another role different to confering polypeptide availability to the proteasome.
Subject(s)
Histidine Decarboxylase/metabolism , Ornithine Decarboxylase/metabolism , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Enzyme Stability , Half-Life , Histidine Decarboxylase/chemistry , Histidine Decarboxylase/genetics , Kinetics , Ornithine Decarboxylase/chemistry , Ornithine Decarboxylase/genetics , Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism , Protein Biosynthesis , Protein Conformation , Rats , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism , Sequence Deletion , Structure-Activity Relationship , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
A procedure based on CHAPS-agarose-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and in situ staining of activity was used to detect a Zn(2+)-sensitive component of Ehrlich cell plasma membrane redox system. The procedure is so powerful that it allows to use crude plasma membrane fractions and can be easily adapted for use in an electrophoretic approach to the purification of this protein.
