Resveratrol primes the effects of physical activity in old mice.

Decrease in muscle mass and performance with ageing is one of the main factors of frailty in the elderly. Maintenance of muscle performance by involving in physical activities is essential to increase independence and quality of life among elderly. The use of natural compounds with ergogenic activity in old people would increase the effect of moderate exercises in the maintenance of physiological muscle capacity. Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol found in walnuts, berries and grapes, shows this ergogenic activity. By using young, mature and old mice as models, we have found that RSV improves muscle performance in mature and old animals but not in young animals. Without showing significant effect by itself, RSV primed the effect of exercise by increasing endurance, coordination and strength in old animals. This effect was accompanied by a higher protection against oxidative damage and an increase in mitochondrial mass. RSV increased catalase and superoxide dismutase protein levels in muscle and primed exercise to reverse the decrease in their activities during ageing. Furthermore, RSV increased the level of mitochondrial mass markers such as cytochrome C, mitochondrial transcription factor A and nuclear respiratory factor-1 in muscle in exercised animals. Our results indicate that RSV can be considered an ergogenic compound that helps maintain muscle performance during ageing and subsequently reduces frailty and increases muscle performance in old individuals practising moderate exercise.

Age-dependent effect of every-other-day feeding and aerobic exercise in ubiquinone levels and related antioxidant activities in mice muscle.

Aging affects many biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in the organisms. Accumulation of damage based on oxidized macromolecules is found in many age-associated diseases. Coenzyme Q (Q) is one of the main molecules involved in metabolic and antioxidant activities in cells. Q-dependent antioxidant activities are importantly involved on the protection of cell membranes against oxidation. Many studies indicate that Q decay in most of the organs during aging. In our study, no changes in Q levels were found in old animals in comparison with young animals. On the other hand, the interventions, caloric restriction based on every-other-day feeding procedure, and physical exercise were able to increase Q levels in muscle, but only in old and not in young animals. Probably, this effect prevented the increase in lipid peroxidation found in aged animals and also protein carbonylation. Further, Q-dependent antioxidant activities such as NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 are also modulated by both exercise and every other day feeding. Taken together, we demonstrate that exercise and dietary restriction as every-other-day procedure can regulate endogenous synthesized Q levels and Q-dependent antioxidant activities in muscle, preventing oxidative damage in aged muscle.

Relationship between functional capacity and body mass index with plasma coenzyme Q10 and oxidative damage in community-dwelling elderly-people.

The impact of aging and physical capacity on coenzyme Q10 (Q10) levels in human blood is unknown. Plasma Q10 is an important factor in cardiovascular diseases. To understand how physical activity in the elderly affects endogenous Q10 levels in blood plasma, we studied a cohort of healthy community-dwelling people. Volunteers were subjected to different tests of the Functional Fitness Test Battery including handgrip strength, six-minute walk, 30 s chair to stand, and time up and go tests. Anthropometric characteristics, plasma Q10 and lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels were determined. Population was divided according to gender and fitness. We found that people showing higher levels of functional capacity presented lower levels of cholesterol and lipid peroxidation accompanied by higher levels of Q10 in plasma. The ratio Q10/cholesterol and Q10/LDL increased in these people. No relationship was found when correlated to muscle strength or agility. On the other hand, obesity was related to lower Q10 and higher MDA levels in plasma affecting women more significantly. Our data demonstrate for the first time that physical activity at advanced age can increase the levels of Q10 and lower the levels of lipid peroxidation in plasma, probably reducing the progression of cardiovascular diseases.

Muscle physiology changes induced by every other day feeding and endurance exercise in mice: effects on physical performance.

Every other day feeding (EOD) and exercise induce changes in cell metabolism. The aim of the present work was to know if both EOD and exercise produce similar effects on physical capacity, studying their physiological, biochemical and metabolic effects on muscle. Male OF-1 mice were fed either ad libitum (AL) or under EOD. After 18 weeks under EOD, animals were also trained by using a treadmill for another 6 weeks and then analyzed for physical activity. Both, EOD and endurance exercise increased the resistance of animals to extenuating activity and improved motor coordination. Among the groups that showed the highest performance, AL and EOD trained animals, ALT and EODT respectively, only the EODT group was able to increase glucose and triglycerides levels in plasma after extenuating exercise. No high effects on mitochondrial respiratory chain activities or protein levels neither on coenzyme Q levels were found in gastrocnemius muscle. However, exercise and EOD did increase ß-oxidation activity in this muscle accompanied by increased CD36 levels in animals fed under EOD and by changes in shape and localization of mitochondria in muscle fibers. Furthermore, EOD and training decreased muscle damage after strenuous exercise. EOD also reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation in muscle. Our results indicate that EOD improves muscle performance and resistance by increasing lipid catabolism in muscle mitochondria at the same time that prevents lipid peroxidation and muscle damage.

Comparación de ecuaciones antropométricas para evaluar la masa muscular en jugadores de badminton / Comparison of anthropometric equations for estimation muscle mass in badminton player

Actualmente la cuantificación de la masa muscular es un área de estudio que ocupa distintas disciplinas científicas tanto de la salud como de las ciencias del deporte por ser un componente de la masa corporal que está en íntima relación con aspectos de la salud y del rendimiento deportivo. Existe una gran variedad de métodos y ecuaciones para su estimación pero la aplicación de las mismas no siempre resulta la más adecuada. El propósito de nuestro estudio es determinar la masa muscular en 37 jugadores de bádminton españoles, a través de técnicas antropométricas y hallar la fórmula más apropiada para dicha población. Fueron evaluadas 55 variables antropométricas: peso, estatura. perímetros, diámetros, longitudes, alturas y pliegues cutáneos. La composición corporal estimada de los jugadores de bádminton fue de 44 por ciento para la masa muscular y de 13 por ciento para la masa grasa. Los resultados indican que la táctica de fraccionamiento tetracompartimental que mejor se ajusta y concuerda con el peso real estimado con balanza es la siguiente: Masa Residual (Wurch), Masa Ósea (Rocha), Masa Grasa (Faulkner) y Masa Muscular (Drinkwater o Kerr).

The quantification of muscle mass is an area of study that addresses various scientific disciplines from health and sport science as a component of body mass that is in close connection with aspects of health and athletic performance. A variety of methods and equations for their estimation, but implementing them is not always the most appropriate. The purpose of our study is to determine the muscle mass of 37 badminton players of Spain, through anthropometric techniques and finding the most appropriate for this population. We studied 37 badminton players follow the protocol ISAK. Anthropometric variables were evaluated: weight, height, girth, breadth, lengths, heights and skin fold. For the fractionation of body composition in four components were combined different formulas to find the strategy that best fits and matches the estimated weight scale. We used the Wurch’s formula for residual mass, Rochas for bone mass, Brozek’s fat mass and to the muscle mass was concluded that the most appropriate for this population with those of Kerr’s. Body composition was estimated for our population: 10.8 percent bone mass, 15.3 percent residual mass, 13.2 percent fat mass and 44.9 percent muscle mass.

Impedancia bioeléctrica como método para estimar cambios en los fluídos corporales en remeros / Bioelectric impedance analysis as method to estimate body fluid changes in rowers

La valoración de líquidos corporales en el deportista, agua corporal total (ACT), agua intracelular (AI) y agua extracelular (AE), es un factor de suma importancia para el entrenamiento y la competición. La impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) es cada vez más utilizada en el ámbito de la salud y del deporte por ser un método simple y no invasivo. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la capacidad de la BIA de última generación para detectar cambios en los fluidos corporales debidos a la deshidratación inducida por el ejercicio. Se estudiaron 19 remeros. Antes del ejercicio se valoró su composición corporal con método antropométrico como modelo de referencia y se estimaron el ACT, AI y AE con un aparato BIA segmental y multifrecuencia. Seguidamente se sometió a los deportistas a una sesión de entrenamiento sobre remoergómetro de 56 minutos de duración. Al finalizar fueron pesados nuevamente y sometidos a una segunda evaluación con BIA. La pérdida de líquido corporal inducida por el ejercicio y medida con balanza arrojó resultados significativos, siendo de 1,6 ± 0,36 kg. Sin embargo, las diferencias registradas por BIA, antes y después del ejercicio, para el ACT, AI yAE, no fueron significativas (p < 0,05).Tampoco se ha encontrado concordancia entre el método de balanza y el método BIA para estimar cambios en líquidos corporales y se ha hallado una media para las diferencias de 1,24 kg. Por lo tanto, concluimos que BIA no sirve para registrar cambios en los compartimentos acuosos corporales tras una sesión de ejercicio, ya que los niveles hídricos se registraron de forma cuantitativamente incorrecta (AU)

Evaluating the body fluids in athletes, as well as their total body water (TBW), intra (ICW) and extracelular water (ECW), is an important factor for the training and competition. Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) is becoming more and more useful in both heath and sport fields becauseit is a simple and non invasive method. The purpose of this study is to analyse the capability of state-of-the-art BIA devices in order to check any changes in body fluids due to de hydration as a consequence of exercise. The 19 rowers participating in this study. Before the exercise we evaluated their body composition with the anthropometric method as a reference model, and we estimated the TBW, ICW and ECW with a segmental and multifrequency BIA. Afterwards, subjects went through a 56-minutetraining session by ergo-rower. When finishing they we reweighed and subjected to a second evaluation. The loss of body fluids due to exercise and measured with the bascule provided us with significant results, 1.6 ± 0.4kg. However, the different values recorded by BIA, before and after the exercise for the TBW, ICW and ECW were not significant (p < 0.05).Concordance Bland-Altman analysis not confirmed good agreement between the bascule and the BIA methods, in order to estimate the change in body fluids. The average one for the estimation difference was 1.24 kg. Therefore we conclude that BIA is not used to record changes in body water compartments after a workout because water levels were recorded on a quantitatively incorrect (AU)

Aplicación de un modelo matemático al taper en jóvenes nadadores / Applying a mathematical model to taper in young swimmers

Ante una competición importante, la dosis de entrenamiento debe reducirse con la intención de mejorar el rendimiento. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo determinar los efectos de la aplicación de un modelo matemático durante la reducción progresiva no lineal de la carga de entrenamientoo taper en jóvenes nadadores. Diez nadadores fueron testados antes y después del taper. Las variables utilizadas para el control fueron el volumen de entrenamiento, la relación entre volumen e intensidad media de entrenamiento en una temporada (MITS) y la frecuencia de entrenamiento. La disminución del volumen de entrenamiento tras aplicar el modelo matemático resultó en la primera semana del 30,9%, y en la segunda semana del 71,2%. La disminución de los MITS tras aplicar el modelo matemático tuvo un resultado en la primera semana del 30,8%, y en la segunda semana del 71,1%. La frecuencia de entrenamiento se disminuyó un 10% en la primera semana, y hasta el 40% en la segunda semana. Las marcas obtenidas entre el primer y el segundo tests fueron significativamente mejores para el segundo (p < 0,05). El lactato máximo también se modificó de manera significativa (p < 0,05), a diferencia del lactato mínimo, en el que no se detectaron diferencias. La correlación entre lactato máximo y la marca obtenida resultó significativa (p < 0,05). El valor de la percepción subjetivo del esfuerzo (RPE), tras aplicar el modelo matemático, disminuyó, aunque no significativamente(p > 0,05). Estos datos indican que el taper propuesto no provoca pérdidas de sensaciones ni de entrenamiento, pues las marcas obtenidas mejoraron de forma significativa, al igual que lo hizo el lactato máximo, lo que demuestra una clara correlación entre lactato máximo y marca (AU)

Before an important competition, the training dose should be reduced with the intention of improving the performance. This study aims to determine the impact of the implementation of a mathematical model during the non-linear, progressive reduction of the training load or taper in young swimmers. Ten swimmers were tested before and after the taper. The control variables measured during the training were the volume, the relationship between the volume and the mean intensity of training season (MITS) and the frequency of training. The decrease in the volume of training after applying the mathematical model was of 30.9% in the first week, and of 71.2% in the second week. The decrease in MITS after applying the mathematical model was of 30.8% in the first week, and of 71.1% in the second week. The training frequency was decreased by 10% in the first week, and up to 40% in the second week. The records obtained between the first and the second tests were significantly better (p < 0.05). The maximum lactate production also increased significantly (p < 0.05), unlike the speed of lactate clarifying that it did not. The correlation between lactate and the maximum mark obtained was significant (p < 0.05). The value SPE (subjective perception of effort)after applying the mathematical model decreased, but not significantly (p > 0.05). These data indicate that the taper proposed does not cause loss of sensation or training, since the records improved significantly, as did the maximum production of lactate, showing a high correlation between maximum lactate and record (AU)