ABSTRACT
In Penicillium chrysogenum the beta-lactam biosynthetic pathway is compartmentalized. This fact forces the occurrence of transport processes of penicillin-intermediate molecules across cell membranes. Many aspects around this molecular traffic remain obscure but are supposed to involve transmembrane transporter proteins. In the present work, an in-depth study has been developed on a Major Facilitator-type secondary transporter from P. chrysogenum named as PenM. The reduction of penM expression level reached by penM targeted silencing, leads to a decrease in benzylpenicillin production in silenced transformants, especially in SilM-35. On the contrary, the penM overexpression from a high efficiency promoter increases the benzylpenicillin production and the expression of the biosynthetic genes. Moreover, when the silenced strain SilM-35 is cultured under penicillin production conditions with 6-aminopenicillanic acid supplementation, an increase in the benzylpenicillin production proportional to the 6-aminopenicillanic acid availability is observed. By this phenomenon, it can be concluded that due to the penM silencing the benzylpenicillin transport remains intact but the peroxisomal isopenicillin N import results affected. As a culminating result, obtained by the expression of the fluorescent recombinant PenM-DsRed protein, it was determined that PenM is naturally located in P. chrysogenum peroxisomes. In summary, our experimental results suggest that PenM is involved in penicillin production most likely through the translocation of isopenicillin N from the cytosol to the peroxisomal lumen across P. chrysogenum peroxisomal membrane.
Subject(s)
Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Fungal Proteins/metabolism , Penicillins/metabolism , Penicillium chrysogenum/metabolism , Biological Transport, Active/physiology , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Fungal Proteins/genetics , Penicillium chrysogenum/geneticsABSTRACT
The programs and activities that were developed from the first years of the 1960's devoted to improve, in a general sense, the people's health are stated. The present state of mother-and child-health is exposed and analysis is made on population, natalily, demographic growth, human resources, availability of beds, mother-and child-care units, nursing personnel, organization of mother-and child-care and programs for the integral care to woman and the child. The working prospectivenesses for the coming years, lead to maintain the successes reached as well as to solve other problems derived from the development obtained, are presently considered and reviewed.
Subject(s)
Child Health Services/trends , Maternal Health Services/trends , Child Health Services/history , Cuba , Demography , Female , Forecasting , History, 20th Century , Humans , Maternal Health Services/history , State MedicineABSTRACT
Se plantean los programas y actividades que se desarrollaron desde los primeros años de la década de 1960 destinados a mejorar en sentido general la salud del pueblo. Se expone la situación actual de la salud maternoinfantil, y se analizan la población, natalidad, crecimiento demográfico, recursos humanos, recursos-camas, unidades para la atención maternoinfantil, personal de enfermería, organización de la atención maternoinfantil, programas de atención integral a la mujer y al niño. Se exponen las perspectivas de trabajo en los próximos años, encaminando a mentener los éxitos alcanzados, así como a solucionar otros problemas-producto del desarrollo obtenido-y que actualmente son considerados(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Maternal and Child Health , National Health Programs , CubaABSTRACT
200 cytologic smears classified as Papanicolaou's class III at the department of cytopathology of the "America Arias" gynecobstetric teaching hospital are studied. Gynecological procedures, cytologic and histological techniques used in the study of each patient are described. Considerations on the age of appearance of cervix and endometrium benign and malignant lesions are made. Conclusions derived from the final histological diagnosis of patients are made.
