The relevance of supply chain characteristics in GHG emissions: The carbon footprint of Maltese juices.

AIMS: Foods and drinks are major contributors (17%) to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by private consumption in Europe. The carbon footprint (CF) of a certain product expresses the total GHG emissions over its whole life cycle, and its calculation for foodstuff is a necessary first step to reduce their contribution to global warming. The calculation of the CF of Maltese food products is especially relevant for two reasons: the economic characteristics of the island, whose food sector is highly dependent on imports, implying longer transport distances; and the Maltese electricity production mix, based almost exclusively on oil combustion. METHODS AND RESULTS: The CF of ten multi-fruit juices marketed in Malta has been determined, covering all the processes from the agricultural stage to the distribution of the final products. As a functional unit (FU), a 250 ml bottle of packaged product arriving at the retailer has been considered. The Maltese orange juice, the only final product in which only local ingredients are used, presents the lowest CF (0.50 kgCO2/FU), while the remaining ones range from 0.67 kgCO2/FU to 0.80 kgCO2/FU. The major contributor to all the CFs is juice processing at the Maltese plant (0.42 kgCO2/FU), mainly due to the use of electricity (78%). CONCLUSIONS: The influence of both the electricity mix and the Maltese supply chain in the CF of the final products has been demonstrated. Alternatives to reduce the impacts of the final products have been proposed and evaluated that could lower the average CF of the juices by 32%. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The calculation of the CF of Maltese juices represents an innovative case study due to the characteristics of the island, and it is expected to act as a first step to lower their environmental impacts.

[Evaluation of a clinical sign in predicting iron deficiency in women: the blue sclera]. / Valoración de un signo clínico en la predicción del déficit de hierro en la mujer: las escleróticas azules.

The purpose of this study was to calculate the predictive value (PV) of blue sclera (BS) in iron deficiency in women. The presence of this clinical sign was evaluated in 498 female patients at an urban primary care centre. Three observers independently evaluated the existence of BS on a scale of 0 to 3 in all female patients visited over a period of 35 weeks. Twenty eight cases of BS were detected over this period, of which 16 had ferropenia and 21 had anemia or iron deficiency. The positive predictive value of the clinical sign was 57.14%, 95% within the confidence interval of 52.77-61.51. The presence of BS was not affected by age or eye color. BS appears to be a good indicator of iron deficiency in our medium and, if confirmed by other studies, should be considered in the every-day clinical examination.