ABSTRACT
Reading learning disability (RLD) is characterized by a specific difficulty in learning to read that is not better explained by an intellectual disability, lack of instruction, psychosocial adversity, or a neurological disorder. According to the domain-general hypothesis, a working memory deficit is the primary problem. Working memory in this population has recently been linked to altered resting-state functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and frontoparietal network (FPN) compared to that in typically developing individuals. The main purpose of the present study was to compare the within-network functional connectivity of the DMN, SN, FPN, and reading network in two groups of children with RLD: a group with lower-than-average working memory (LWM) and a group with average working memory (AWM). All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and data were analyzed from a network perspective using the network brain statistics framework. The results showed that the LWM group had significantly weaker connectivity in a network that involved brain regions in the DMN, SN, and FPN than the AWM group. Although there was no significant difference between groups in reading network in the present study, other studies have shown relationship of the connectivity of the angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobe with the phonological process of reading. The results suggest that although there are significant differences in functional connectivity in the associated networks between children with LWM and AWM, the distinctive cognitive profile has no specific effect on the reading network.
Subject(s)
Dyslexia , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Memory, Short-Term , Humans , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Child , Male , Female , Dyslexia/physiopathology , Dyslexia/diagnostic imaging , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/physiopathology , Nerve Net/diagnostic imaging , Nerve Net/physiopathology , Reading , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
El propósito de la investigación es encontrar si hay diferencias significativas en los niveles de estrés, depresión y ansiedad entre mujeres embarazadas que perciben apoyo social y aquellas que no. A la par, conocer dichos niveles de ansiedad, depresión, estrés, y si la percepción de apoyo social incrementa o disminuye dependiendo del trimestre de embarazo, embarazos previos, ingesta de alcohol, ente otros factores externos. La muestra consistió en 227 mujeres embarazadas que visitaron un hospital o clínica privada. Se encontró que el apoyo social percibido, emocional y de confidencia está correlacionado significativamente con los niveles de ansiedad, estrés y depresión. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre el nivel de educación y el apoyo emocional percibido. Se detectaron diferencias entre los niveles de estrés, ansiedad y apoyo social entre mujeres que se encontraban embarazadas por primera vez y aquellas que tuvieron embarazos previos. Se halló una correlación positiva entre mujeres que tomaban alcohol durante el embarazo y la ansiedad, donde las que ingerían mayor cantidad presentaban niveles más altos de ansiedad. Al mismo tiempo, se demostró que el apoyo social de confidencia percibido se encuentra relacionado con ansiedad y depresión en una forma negativa
The purpose of the present research was to find if there is a significant difference in stress, depression and anxiety levels between pregnant women who perceived social support versus those who did not. Another aim was to analyse their levels of anxiety, depression and stress and whether perceived social support varied depending on the trimester of pregnancy, history of pregnancies, and alcohol intake, among other factors. The sample consisted of 227 pregnant women who attended a private hospital and medical clinic. It was found that perceived social, emotional, and confidential support are significantly correlated with levels of stress, anxiety and depression. There is a significant positive correlation between the level of education and perceived emotional, confidential and social support. Differences between levels of stress, anxiety, and social support were found between women who were pregnant for the first time and those who had been previously pregnant. A positive correlation was found between women who drank alcohol during pregnancy and anxiety, a higher alcohol intake showed higher levels of anxiety. Confidential social support was negatively correlated with anxiety and depression
