Using hyperrealistic simulations to improve digital informed consent for endourological procedures.

OBJECTIVES: To show that digital informed consent (DIC) improves the subjective understanding of information and, therefore, informed consent. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A nonblinded randomized controlled trial was performed in 84 patients who had undergone transurethral resection of bladder, transurethral resection of prostate, or ureterorenoscopy between July 2017 and March 2018. The DIC group watched a hyperrealistic simulation on a tablet device before surgery. After surgery and again 30 days later, both groups completed a validated questionnaire that measured subjective understanding, anxiety, and utility of and need for information. RESULTS: The mean ± SD age of the participants was 68.7 ± 11.1 years. Nine of 84 patients (10.7%) did not complete the questionnaire. A total of 42 patients were allocated to the DIC group and 42 to the control group. The mean ± SD score for immediate subjective understanding in the DIC group was 14.5% higher than in the control group (72% ± 17.5% vs 57.5% ± 23.5%, respectively; P = 0.006). There was no statistical difference in anxiety, utility of and need for information relative to delayed subjective understanding. In subgroup analysis, subjective understanding scores were higher, but not significantly so, among patients with low and higher education levels in the DIC group than in the control group (68% ± 18.1% vs 54% ± 22.5% [P = 0.06] and 76% ± 18.3% vs and 66% ± 21.9%, respectively [P = 0.89]). CONCLUSION: Hyperrealistic simulations improved subjective understanding of information and, therefore, informed consent for endourological procedures.

Hirsutismo y amenorrea en carcinoma adrenocortical oncocítico hormonalmente activo. Aportación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Functioning adrenocortical oncocytic carcinoma presenting with hirsutism and amenorrhea. A rare case report and literature review

Los carcinomas de la corteza suprarrenal son tumores poco frecuentes y agresivos, con mal pronóstico. Las neoplasias oncocíticas son una variante excepcional de carcinomas de la corteza suprarrenal y raramente se encuentran en la glándula suprarrenal. Por lo general, son benignas y no funcionantes. Presentamos el caso de un carcinoma adrenocortical oncocítico, secretor de testosterona, en una mujer de 37 años de edad que presenta acné, hirsutismo y ciclos menstruales irregulares. Las investigaciones clínicas revelaron una testosterona y DHEA-S elevadas, así como una masa de 11×8cm dependiente de la glándula suprarrenal izquierda. Se decide adrenalectomía izquierda. La histología mostró la presencia de una tumoración compuesta de células oncocíticas con citoplasma granular y eosinófilo, características compatibles con un carcinoma oncocítico. Durante el seguimiento se lleva a cabo una nueva TAC, a los 2 meses de la intervención, que revela la presencia de metástasis pulmonares. En estos casos la cirugía está asociada con un aumento de la supervivencia, incluso en la enfermedad metastásica. Por ello, debe ser considerada, en pacientes adecuadamente seleccionados, como parte de un tratamiento multimodal. La quimioterapia citotóxica y el uso de mitotane se han utilizado con un grado de beneficio variable, con escasas respuestas a largo plazo. Posteriormente, llevamos a cabo una revisión de la literatura, con la intención de resaltar y resumir los aspectos más significativos de su epidemiología, clínica, diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento (AU)

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare and aggressive cancer and its prognosis is frequently unsatisfactory. Oncocytic neoplasms are an exceptional variant of adrenocortical carcinoma and most rarely found in the adrenal gland. They are usually benign and non-functioning. We present a case of a testosterone-secreting oncocytic adrenocortical carcinoma in a 37-year-old female who presented with acne, hirsutism and irregular menses. Clinical investigations revealed an elevated testosterone and DHEA-S and a 11×8cm left adrenal mass. The tumour was successfully excised. Histopathological result of adrenal mass showed the tumour to be comprised of oncocytic cells with granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm, features consistent with an oncocytic carcinoma. However, follow-up computed tomography at 2 months after the left adrenalectomy revealed lung metastasis. Surgery is associated with improved survival, even in metastatic disease. Therefore, surgery should be considered for select patients as part of multimodality treatment. Cytotoxic chemotherapy and mitotane have been utilized with a variable degree of benefit and few long-term responses. Then we deal with a literature review to highlight and summarize most significant aspects of epidemiology, clinical, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy (AU)

Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy With Potassium-titanyl-phosphate Laser Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: An Animal Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility, safety, and short-term results of potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (KTP-LPN) vs conventional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (C-LPN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty large white female pigs were randomized to KTP-LPN or C-LPN. Laparoscopic radical right nephrectomy was performed, and an artificial renal tumor was placed in the left kidney in 3 locations. A week later, 15 pigs underwent C-LPN and 15 underwent KTP-LPN. All C-LPNs were performed with renal ischemia. A 120-W setting was used, without arterial clamping in the KTP-LPN group. Follow-up was done at day 1, week 3, and week 6. Retrograde pyelography was performed at 6 weeks, followed by animal sacrifice and necropsy. RESULTS: All KTP-LPNs were performed without hilar clamping. C-LPNs were performed with hilar clamping, closing of the collecting system, and renorraphy. In the KTP laser group, 2 pigs died due to urinary fistula in the first week after surgery. In the C-LPN group, 1 pig died due to myocardial infarction and another due to malignant hyperthermia. Hemoglobin and hematocrit recovery were lower at 6 weeks in the KTP-LPN group. Renal function 24 hours after surgery was worse in the KTP-LPN group but recovered at 3 weeks and 6 weeks. No differences were observed in surgical margins. The necropsy showed no differences. Limitations of the study are the impossibility to analyze the collecting tissue sealing by the KTP, and the potential renal toxicity of the KTP laser. CONCLUSION: Although KTP-LPN is feasible and safe in the animal model, further studies are needed.

[New technologies in partial nephrectomy]. / Nuevas tecnologías en la nefrectomía parcial.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to analyse the role of new technologies in management of small renal cancer. METHODS: We perform a non-systematic review of the literature in Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews between period 2000-2012, using following mesh terms: partial nephrectomy, renal ablative technologies, and renal cancer. RESULTS: We don't review in this article ablative technologies such as cryotherapy, radiofrequency, as they are the subject of others manuscripts within this monographic issue. We focus on high intensity ultrasounds (HIFU) microwaves therapy, radiosurgery, laser and water jet dissection. CONCLUSIONS: New technologies in partial nephrectomy are under constant and vertiginous evolution. Although efficacy has been demonstrated in short term and isolated studies, more studies, better designed, with bigger sample size and longer follow up are needed.

Nuevas tecnologías en la nefrectomía parcial / New technologies in partial nephrectomy

OBJETIVO: Analizar el papel de las nuevas tecnologías en el manejo de los tumores renales. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión no sistemática incluyendo las palabras clave nefrectomía parcial, técnicas ablativas renales, y cáncer renal en las bases de datos y fuentes de información tales como Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews entre los periodos 2000 a 2012. RESULTADOS: No repasaremos en este artículo las técnicas ablativas para los tumores renales, tales como la crioablación, la ablación por radiofrecuencia (ARF), al ser objeto de otros artículos de este monográfico y nos centraremos en los ultrasonidos focalizados de alta intensidad (HIFU), la terapia con microondas (TM), la radiocirugía, las técnicas con láseres, y la hidrodisección. CONCLUSIONES: Las nuevas tecnologías en nefrectomía parcial tales como ultrasonidos focalizados de alta intensidad (HIFU), la terapia con microondas (TM), la radiocirugía, las técnicas con láseres, y la hidrodisección se encuentran actualmente en evolución constante y vertiginosa. Aunque han demostrado eficacia en estudios a corto plazo y aislados, se necesitan estudios mejor diseñados, con un tamaño muestral más elevado y un seguimiento más largo en el tiempo(AU)

OBJECTIVES: We aim to analyse the role of new technologies in management of small renal cancer. METHODS: We perform a non-systematic review of the literature in Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews between period 2000-2012, using following mesh terms: partial nephrectomy, renal ablative technologies, and renal cancer. RESULTS: We don’t review in this article ablative technologies such as cryotherapy, radiofrequency, as they are the subject of others manuscripts within this monographic issue. We focus on high intensity ultrasounds (HIFU) microwaves therapy, radiosurgery, laser and water jet dissection. CONCLUSIONS: New technologies in partial nephrectomy are under constant and vertiginous evolution. Although efficacy has been demonstrated in short term and isolated studies, more studies, better designed, with bigger sample size and longer follow up are needed(AU)

[Prolonged hypogonadism after cessation of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer]. / Hipogonadismo prolongado tras la suspensión de tratamiento hormonal en pacientes con cáncer de próstata.

OBJECTIVES: To study the levels of LH, testosterone and PSA after suspending prolonged treatment with LH-RH analogs. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Hormonal evolution was studied in 29 patients from whom treatment had been withdrawn. The patients had previously been receiving treatment with LH-RH analog for more than one year, and with LH< 2 mUI/mL and testosterone < 2.8 ng/mL. LH, testosterone and PSA were determined monthly, together with clinical assessment. The treatment was re-initiated and the period of monitoring ended before the presence of clinical progression and/or PSA > or = 10 ng/mL. The cohort was described and survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. RESULTS: The mean period of time without treatment for the series was 35 months (CI 95%, 15.7-54.2 months). Prolonged hypogonadism (> 24 months) was presented by 17% of the patients. The recovery of the LH-T-PSA axis, when it occurred, followed the expected sequence. The variables that influenced the period of recovery of the PSA were the PSA pretreatment and the association of an antiandrogen. CONCLUSIONS: After withdrawing the prolonged treatment with LH-RH analogs, most of the patients recovered the levels of LH-T-PSA, although a subgroup remained hypogonadic for more than 24 months.

Hipogonadismo prolongado tras la suspensión de tratamiento hormonal en pacientes con cáncer de próstata / Prolonged hypogonadism after cessation of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer

Objetivos: Estudiar los niveles de LH, testosterona y PSA tras suspender el tratamiento prolongado con análogos LH-RH. Material y Método: Se estudió la evolución hormonal de 29 pacientes a los que se les retiró el tratamiento. Los pacientes previamente habían seguido tratamiento con análogo LH-RH por más de un año y con LH<2 mUI/mL y testosterona <2,8ng/mL. Se determinó mensualmente la LH, testosterona y PSA junto con valoración clínica. Se reinicia el tratamiento y el tiempo de seguimiento finaliza ante la presencia de progresión clínica y/o PSA ≥ 10 ng/mL. Se realizó descripción de la cohorte, el cálculo de supervivencia mediante Kaplan-Meier y regresión de Cox. Resultados: El tiempo medio sin tratamiento de la serie fue de 35 meses (IC 95% 15,7-54,2 meses). El 17% de los pacientes presentaron hipogonadismo prolongado (>24 meses). La recuperación del eje LH-T-PSA, cuando se produjo, siguió la secuencia esperada. Las variables que influyeron en el tiempo de recuperación del PSA fueron el PSA pretratamiento y la asociación de antiandrógeno. Conclusiones: Tras retirar el tratamiento prolongado con análogos LH-RH la mayoría de los pacientes recuperan los niveles de LH-T-PSA si bien un subgrupo se mantienen hipogonádicos más de 24 meses (AU)

Objectives: To study the levels of LH, testosterone and PSA after suspending prolonged treatment with LH-RH analogs. Materials and Method: Hormonal evolution was studied in 29 patients from whom treatment had been withdrawn. The patients had previously been receiving treatment with LH-RH analog for more than one year, and with LH< 2 mUI/mL and testosterone <2.8 ng/mL. LH, testosterone and PSA were determined monthly, together with clinical assessment. The treatment was re-initiated and the period of monitoring ended before the presence of clinical progression and/or PSA ≥ 10ng/mL. The cohort was described and survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. Results: The mean period of time without treatment for the series was 35 months (CI 95%, 15.7-54.2 months). Prolonged hypogonadism (> 24 months) was presented by 17% of the patients. The recovery of the LH-T-PSA axis, when it occurred, followed the expected sequence. The variables that influenced the period of recovery of the PSA were the PSA pretreatment and the association of an antiandrogen. Conclusions: After withdrawing the prolonged treatment with LH-RH analogs, most of the patients recovered the levels of LH-T-PSA, although a subgroup remained hypogonadic for more than 24 months (AU)

Carcinoma de epidídimo. Revisión bibliográfica con motivo de un caso / Carcinoma of the epididymis : Case report and literature review

OBJETIVO: Describir un caso de carcinoma de epidídimo de crecimiento paratesticular de origen epitelial, y realizar una breve revisión de la literatura existente sobre este tipo tumoral. MÉTODO/RESULTADOS: Presentamos un caso de un varón de 69 años de edad que consultó por una masa testicular y dolor intraescrotal, junto con síntomas de irritación vesical. Poco tiempo después de realizársele orquiectomía, acude de nuevo por persistencia del cuadro vesical. Una RTU-biopsia de la pared vesical demuestra carcinoma indiferenciado de origen epididimario. Se instaura tratamiento quimioterápico, a pesar del cual desarrolla metástasis sistémica, falleciendo cuatro meses después del diagnóstico. CONCLUSIONES: El carcinoma de epidídimo es un tumor raro maligno paratesticular de origen epitelial y de muy mal pronóstico.Dada la inespecificidad del cuadro clínico, es importante conocer esta entidad para realizar un correcto diagnóstico diferencial con otras causas de masa intraescrotal. Debido a la escasa frecuencia de aparición de este tipo anatomopatológico, no se ha podido identificar un tipo de tratamiento que obtenga unas respuestas aceptables (AU)

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