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1.
Neotrop Entomol ; 49(3): 315-331, 2020 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32358711

ABSTRACT

The market for biological control of insect pests in the world and in Brazil has grown in recent years due to the unwanted ecological and human health impacts of chemical insecticides. Therefore, research on biological control agents for pest management has also increased. For instance, insect viruses have been used to protect crops and forests around the world for decades. Among insect viruses, the baculoviruses are the most studied and used viral biocontrol agent. More than 700 species of insects have been found to be naturally infected by baculoviruses, with 90% isolated from lepidopteran insects. In this review, some basic aspects of baculovirus infection in vivo and in vitro infection, gene content, viral replication will be discussed. Furthermore, we provide examples of the use of insect viruses for biological pest control and recently characterized baculoviruses in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Baculoviridae/classification , Biological Control Agents , Insecta/virology , Animals , Baculoviridae/pathogenicity , Brazil , Pest Control, Biological
2.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1466941

ABSTRACT

The objective was to evaluate the production, structure and botanical composition of intercropped Marandu palisadegrass and Stylosanthes Campo Grande grown under full sunlight and in a silvopastoral system at different distances from the trees during the establishment phase. A completely randomized design with six replicates was used, in which growth was evaluated in a silvopastoral system at distances of 2.5 and 5.0 m from the trees and under full sunlight. The dry mass of Marandu palisadegrass was higher under full sunlight (4,074.1 kg/ha) compared to the silvopastoral system (2,283.4 kg/ha) and for the distance of 5.0 m (2,708.1 kg/ha) compared to 2.5 m (1,858.7 kg/ha). The dry mass of Stylosanthes was not influenced by the cultivation system or distance from the trees and was 134.0 kg/ha. The participation of Stylosanthes in the botanical composition was lower under full sunlight (3.59%) compared to the silvopastoral system and lower for 5.0 m (4.76%) compared to 2.5 m (7.32%). Full sunlight also stimulated tillering, percentage of stems and height of Marandu palisadegrass and reduced its leaf:stem ratio. The silvopastoral system and the proximity of trees reduce forage production by Marandu palisadegrass and increase the participation of Stylosan-thes in the botanical composition of the pasture.


O objetivo foi avaliar a produção, estrutura e composição botânica dos pastos consorciados de capim-marandu e estilosantes Campo Grande em sol pleno e sistema silvipastoril a diferentes distâncias das árvores durante o estabelecimento. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso com seis repetições, onde avaliaram-se o cultivo em sistema silvipastoril a 2,5 e 5,0 m de distância das árvores e em sol pleno. A massa seca de capim-marandu foi superior no sol pleno (4074,1 kg/ha) em relação ao silvipastoril (2283,4 kg/ha) e foi superior a 5,0 m (2708,1 kg/ha) em relação a 2,5 m (1858,7 kg/ha) de distância das árvores. A massa seca de estilosantes não foi influenciada pelos sistemas de cultivo e pela distância das árvores e assumiu valor de 134,0 kg/ha. A participação do estilosantes na composição botânica foi menor no sol pleno (3,59%) em relação ao silvipastoril, e menor a 5,0 m (4,76%) em relação a 2,5 m (7,32%). O sol pleno também estimulou o perfilhamento, porcentagem de colmos e altura do capim-marandu e reduziu a sua relação folha:colmo. O cultivo em sistema silvipastoril e a proximidade das árvores reduz a produção de forragem pelo capim-marandu e aumenta a participação do estilosantes na composição botânica do pasto.


Subject(s)
Biota , Brachiaria/growth & development , Fabaceae/growth & development , Pasture/methods , 24444
3.
B. Indústr. Anim. ; 752018. tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-738933

ABSTRACT

The objective was to evaluate the production, structure and botanical composition of intercropped Marandu palisadegrass and Stylosanthes Campo Grande grown under full sunlight and in a silvopastoral system at different distances from the trees during the establishment phase. A completely randomized design with six replicates was used, in which growth was evaluated in a silvopastoral system at distances of 2.5 and 5.0 m from the trees and under full sunlight. The dry mass of Marandu palisadegrass was higher under full sunlight (4,074.1 kg/ha) compared to the silvopastoral system (2,283.4 kg/ha) and for the distance of 5.0 m (2,708.1 kg/ha) compared to 2.5 m (1,858.7 kg/ha). The dry mass of Stylosanthes was not influenced by the cultivation system or distance from the trees and was 134.0 kg/ha. The participation of Stylosanthes in the botanical composition was lower under full sunlight (3.59%) compared to the silvopastoral system and lower for 5.0 m (4.76%) compared to 2.5 m (7.32%). Full sunlight also stimulated tillering, percentage of stems and height of Marandu palisadegrass and reduced its leaf:stem ratio. The silvopastoral system and the proximity of trees reduce forage production by Marandu palisadegrass and increase the participation of Stylosan-thes in the botanical composition of the pasture.(AU)


O objetivo foi avaliar a produção, estrutura e composição botânica dos pastos consorciados de capim-marandu e estilosantes Campo Grande em sol pleno e sistema silvipastoril a diferentes distâncias das árvores durante o estabelecimento. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso com seis repetições, onde avaliaram-se o cultivo em sistema silvipastoril a 2,5 e 5,0 m de distância das árvores e em sol pleno. A massa seca de capim-marandu foi superior no sol pleno (4074,1 kg/ha) em relação ao silvipastoril (2283,4 kg/ha) e foi superior a 5,0 m (2708,1 kg/ha) em relação a 2,5 m (1858,7 kg/ha) de distância das árvores. A massa seca de estilosantes não foi influenciada pelos sistemas de cultivo e pela distância das árvores e assumiu valor de 134,0 kg/ha. A participação do estilosantes na composição botânica foi menor no sol pleno (3,59%) em relação ao silvipastoril, e menor a 5,0 m (4,76%) em relação a 2,5 m (7,32%). O sol pleno também estimulou o perfilhamento, porcentagem de colmos e altura do capim-marandu e reduziu a sua relação folha:colmo. O cultivo em sistema silvipastoril e a proximidade das árvores reduz a produção de forragem pelo capim-marandu e aumenta a participação do estilosantes na composição botânica do pasto.(AU)


Subject(s)
Fabaceae/growth & development , Brachiaria/growth & development , Biota , Pasture/methods , 24444
4.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online);67(1): 211-220, 2/2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-741088

ABSTRACT

Os efeitos da inclusão de levedura seca de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) na dieta de vacas lactantes foram avaliados com base no fornecimento de quatro dietas constituídas de diferentes níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela levedura de cana-de-açúcar (0,00; 0,33; 0,67 e 1,00kg/kg de MS). O delineamento utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 × 4. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de MS, MO, EE, FDNi e NDT, porém ocorreu redução linear no consumo de PB e FDNcp e aumento do consumo de CNF. Diferenças estatísticas não foram verificadas para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB, CNF e NDT; no entanto os coeficientes do FDNcp e do EE decresceram linearmente. Não foi observado efeito sobre a produção e eficiência de síntese microbiana, utilização dos componentes nitrogenados e produção e composição do leite. Conclui-se que a levedura seca pode substituir 100% o farelo de soja na alimentação de vacas lactantes.


The effects of the inclusion of sugar cane dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in dairy cows feeding were evaluated based on the provision of four different diets with increasing proportions of sugar cane dry yeast (0.00; 0.33; 0.67 and 1.00kg/kg of DM). The design adopted for this research was the latin square, 4 × 4. It was observed that the levels of yeast inclusion did not affect the intake of DM, OM, EE, NDFi and TDN. However, the CP and NDFcp intake decreased linearly, whereas the NFC intake increased linearly with the increasing levels of yeast. No effect on the digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, NDFcp and NCF was observed. Nevertheless, the EE digestibility coefficient linearly decreased with the yeast inclusion in the experimental diets. There was no treatment effect on the production and efficiency of microbial synthesis, usage of nitrogenous components, as well as milk production and composition. It was concluded that the dried yeast can fully replace the soybean meal in diets of dairy cows.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Infant , Cattle , Yeast, Dried/analysis , Yeast, Dried/metabolism , Yeast, Dried/standards , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Animal Feed/standards , Animal Feed/statistics & numerical data
5.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 67(1): 211-220, 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-628

ABSTRACT

Os efeitos da inclusão de levedura seca de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) na dieta de vacas lactantes foram avaliados com base no fornecimento de quatro dietas constituídas de diferentes níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela levedura de cana-de-açúcar (0,00, 0,33, 0,67 e 1,00kg/kg de MS). O delineamento utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 × 4. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de MS, MO, EE, FDNi e NDT, porém ocorreu redução linear no consumo de PB e FDNcp e aumento do consumo de CNF. Diferenças estatísticas não foram verificadas para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB, CNF e NDT, no entanto os coeficientes do FDNcp e do EE decresceram linearmente. Não foi observado efeito sobre a produção e eficiência de síntese microbiana, utilização dos componentes nitrogenados e produção e composição do leite. Conclui-se que a levedura seca pode substituir 100% o farelo de soja na alimentação de vacas lactantes.(AU)


The effects of the inclusion of sugar cane dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in dairy cows feeding were evaluated based on the provision of four different diets with increasing proportions of sugar cane dry yeast (0.00, 0.33, 0.67 and 1.00kg/kg of DM). The design adopted for this research was the latin square, 4 × 4. It was observed that the levels of yeast inclusion did not affect the intake of DM, OM, EE, NDFi and TDN. However, the CP and NDFcp intake decreased linearly, whereas the NFC intake increased linearly with the increasing levels of yeast. No effect on the digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, NDFcp and NCF was observed. Nevertheless, the EE digestibility coefficient linearly decreased with the yeast inclusion in the experimental diets. There was no treatment effect on the production and efficiency of microbial synthesis, usage of nitrogenous components, as well as milk production and composition. It was concluded that the dried yeast can fully replace the soybean meal in diets of dairy cows.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Infant , Cattle , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Animal Feed/standards , Animal Feed , Yeast, Dried/analysis , Yeast, Dried/metabolism , Yeast, Dried/standards
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