ABSTRACT
Science is based on evidence that can be measured or observed through methodical techniques which are expressed in several ways, either quantitatively or qualitatively. Technical photograph becomes one of the most important key tools to disclose experimental results. In microbiological research, several pieces of evidence can be indicated with parameters that are deeply related to culture media; pH and color variation, halo formation, overlay of structures, culture shape, among others. The employment of technical photographs as a strategy of the experimental observation and reliable representation is indispensable. The protocol presented here suggests the production of photographic support in microbiological assays in Petri dishes taken by smartphone to obtain high-quality images, besides showing tools to edit images using PowerPoint. The support is composed of a paper tube with a transparent border, whose reduced light penetration avoiding light reflection over the Petri dishes or the culture media. The edition consists of photograph variation, and in clipping and pasting on uniform backgrounds to provide further detailing. The protocol allowed a standardized photograph collection in high quality, which is ideal for a comparative portrait of microbiological behaviors. The image editing enabled a framework and greater visibility of physical and biological structures in the exhibition of photographs inside the manuscript, such as the removal of noises, background alterations, deformities or irregularities. This protocol is an intelligent and cheap tool to help researcher on the knowledge-obtaining process, and it is applied to different experiments or adapted into the most variable research subjects.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Biological Assay , 35170 , Photomicrography , MicrobiologyABSTRACT
Science is based on evidence that can be measured or observed through methodical techniques which are expressed in several ways, either quantitatively or qualitatively. Technical photograph becomes one of the most important key tools to disclose experimental results. In microbiological research, several pieces of evidence can be indicated with parameters that are deeply related to culture media; pH and color variation, halo formation, overlay of structures, culture shape, among others. The employment of technical photographs as a strategy of the experimental observation and reliable representation is indispensable. The protocol presented here suggests the production of photographic support in microbiological assays in Petri dishes taken by smartphone to obtain high-quality images, besides showing tools to edit images using PowerPoint. The support is composed of a paper tube with a transparent border, whose reduced light penetration avoiding light reflection over the Petri dishes or the culture media. The edition consists of photograph variation, and in clipping and pasting on uniform backgrounds to provide further detailing. The protocol allowed a standardized photograph collection in high quality, which is ideal for a comparative portrait of microbiological behaviors. The image editing enabled a framework and greater visibility of physical and biological structures in the exhibition of photographs inside the manuscript, such as the removal of noises, background alterations, deformities or irregularities. This protocol is an intelligent and cheap tool to help researcher on the knowledge-obtaining process, and it is applied to different experiments or adapted into the most variable research subjects.
Subject(s)
Culture Media , HumansABSTRACT
Legume plants from Fabaceae family (phylogenetic group composed by three subfamilies: Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Papilionoideae) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) by the symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria. These bacteria respond chemotactically to certain compounds released by plants such as sugars, amino acids and organic acids. Root secretion of isoflavonoids acts as inducers for nod genes in rhizobia and ABC transporters and ICHG (isoflavone conjugates hydrolyzing beta-glucosidase) at apoplast are related to the exudation of genistein and daidzein in soybean roots. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) occurs inside the nodule by the action of nitrogenase enzyme, which fixes N2 into NH3, which is converted into ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid). In this review, we bring together the latest findings on flavonoids biosynthesis and ureide metabolism in several legume plant species. We emphasize how flavonoids induce nod genes in rhizobia, affecting chemotaxis, nodulation, ureide production, growth and yield of legume plants. Mainly, isoflavonoids daidzein and genistein are responsible for nod genes activation in the rhizobia bacteria. Flavonoids also play an important role during nodule organogenesis by acting as auxin transporter inhibitors in root cells, especially in indeterminate nodules. The ureides are the main N transport form in tropical legumes and they are catabolized in leaves and other sink tissues to produce amino acids and proteins needed for plant growth and yield.
Subject(s)
Fabaceae , Rhizobium , Flavonoids , Nitrogen Fixation , Phylogeny , Plant Root Nodulation , SymbiosisABSTRACT
Neste estudo retrospectivo foram selecionados 480 pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total primária de quadril: 215 pela abordagem por via ântero-lateral e 265 pela via posterior, de janeiro de 1991 a dezembro de 1999. O objetivo foi comparar as complicaçäes ocorridas nas duas diferentes abordagens. Os dados avaliados, considerados como parâmetros perioperat¢rios, foram: taxa de hemoglobina e do hemat¢crito pré e p¢s-operat¢rios, tempo cir£rgico, intervalo entre cirurgia e alta, sangramento e necessidade de transfusão sanguínea e complicações pos-operatorias (trombose venosa profunda, embolia pulmonar, lesão de nervo periférico, instabilidade da pr¢tese). Os dois grupos não diferiram quanto aos indicadores pré-operat¢rios. Os pacientes operados por abordagem pela via posterior tiveram redução do tempo cir£rgico (p < 0,001), do sangramento transoperatorio (p < 0,05), da necessidade de transfusão transoperatoria (p < 0,001), do tempo de internação e p¢s-operatoria (p < 0,001), das complicações totais (p < 0,05) e da instabilidade da pr¢tese (p < 0,05) em relação aos operados pela ântero-lateral. Os grupos não diferiram quanto aos demais parâmetros e complicações específicas. A abordagem por via posterior tem sido empregada em êxito pelo Grupo de Cirurgia do Quadril do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, sendo uma boa opção de acesso cirurgico para artroplastia total do quadril.
