Molecular detection and clinical aspects of porcine circovirus 3 infection in pigs from Brazil / [Detecção molecular e aspectos clínicos da infecção por circovírus suíno 3 em suínos do Brasil]

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) DNA has been detected in serum samples from apparently healthy pigs as well as pigs with different clinical conditions. Molecular detection of PCV-3 was observed in swine serum samples from Southeastern - Brazil using a nested PCR designed specifically for this study. The epidemiology and clinical aspects of PCV-3 infection were evaluated. The samples originated from 154 pigs of both genders from different production phases and with different clinical presentations, sampled from 31 pig farms visited between 2013 and 2018. In this study, PCV-3 was detected in 26.7% of samples from all populations across varying ages. Statistical association (P=0.0285) was observed only between animals with respiratory signs and PCV-3; no PCV-3-positive animal had diarrhea. No statistical association was observed between PCV-3 and age, or gender of the pigs. Because PCV-3 is a newly discovered virus, there is very little information about its epidemiology. We hope that these data can help in future studies investigating PCV-3 epidemiology.(AU)

O DNA do circovírus suíno 3 (PCV-3) foi detectado em amostras de soro de suínos aparentemente saudáveis, bem como em suínos com diferentes condições clínicas. A detecção molecular do PCV-3 foi observada em amostras de soro de suínos da região Sudeste do Brasil, com uma nested PCR desenhada especificamente para este estudo. A epidemiologia e os aspectos clínicos da infecção por PCV-3 foram avaliados. As amostras foram coletadas de 154 suínos de ambos os sexos, de diferentes fases de produção e com diferentes sinais clínicos. Os animais pertenciam a 31 granjas visitadas entre 2013 e 2018. Neste estudo, o PCV-3 foi detectado em 26,7% das amostras de animais saudáveis e de animais com variados sinais clínicos, de ambos os sexos e de idades variadas. Associação estatística (P=0,0285) foi observada apenas entre animais com sinais respiratórios e PCV-3; nenhum animal positivo para PCV-3 apresentava diarreia. Não foi observada associação estatística entre o PCV-3 e a idade ou o sexo dos suínos. Por se tratar de um vírus recém-descoberto, existem poucas informações sobre sua epidemiologia. Espera-se que os dados deste trabalho possam contribuir para futuros estudos sobre a epidemiologia do PCV-3.(AU)

Retrospective study of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) in swine tissue from Brazil (1967-2018).

In this study, we report the molecular diagnosis and retrospective study of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded swine tissues (FFPE) collected from 1967 to 2018 in southeastern Brazil (Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states). Frozen tissues from 35 pigs and FFPE tissues from 143 pigs were tested by nested PCR, targeting the PCV3 partial capsid gene. Bidirectional sequencing of 16 positive samples was performed, followed by sequence analysis and haplotype networks. A total of 26/178 samples (14.6%) tested positive for PCV3: 14/35 (40%) frozen tissue and 12/143 (8.4%) FFPE tissue. PCV3 was detected in the 1960s, 1970s, 2000s, and 2010s with the characterization of types PCV3a and PCV3b. A star-like distribution was observed in the grid of haplotypes, with a low haplotype diversity and more recent dispersal of the virus. A total of 40% of asymptomatic animals considered fit for slaughter tested positive for PCV3. In conclusion, PCV3 DNA was detected over 51 years of study, prior to initial reports and, so far, the sample detected in 1967 is the oldest partial capsid sequence described. The circulation of two different genotypes was reported, suggesting more than one introduction event of this virus into Brazil. Moreover, taken together, our studies indicated an ancient origin of PCV3 and its circulation in asymptomatic animals in Brazilian herds.

Linfoma leucemizado em felino coinfectado com os vírus da imunodeficiência felina e da leucemia felina: relato de caso / Lymphoma in leukemic phase in feline coinfected with feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus: case report

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo relatar um caso de linfoma leucemizado em um felino coinfectado com os vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e o da leucemia felina (FeLV). Foram realizados exames de hemograma, contagem de reticulócitos, mielograma, bioquímica, teste de imunocromatografia para FIV e FeLV, imunofluorescência indireta (IFA) para FeLV, radiografia torácica e citologia renal. Esse último exame revelou um linfoma extranodal. Foi determinante para a conclusão diagnóstica a associação dos sinais clínicos corroborados com a infiltração de elevada quantidade de células linfoblásticas na medula óssea, exibindo critérios citomorfológicos de malignidade, como mitoses atípicas, relacionadas à presença de corpúsculos linfoglandulares e material hematopoiético inter-relacionado. O linfoma é uma neoplasia relativamente comum em felinos, entretanto, a apresentação leucemizada é rara, podendo representar um desafio diagnóstico clínico, o que torna fundamental a inclusão da citologia medular na prática clínica dessa espécie.(AU)

The present study aimed to report a case of lymphoma in leukemic phase in feline coinfected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Blood counts, reticulocyte counts, bone marrow avaluation, biochemistry, immunochromatography assay for FIV and FeLV, indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) for FeLV, thoracic radiography and renal citology were performed. This last examination revealed extranodal lymphoma. The association of the clinical signs with the infiltration of a high number of lymphoblastic cells in the bone marrow with cytomorphological criteria of malignancy, atypical mitoses, lymphoglandular corpuscles and hematopoietic material were determinant for the diagnostic conclusion. Lymphoma is a relatively common neoplasm in felines, however the leukemic phase is rare and may represent a clinical diagnostic challenge, making it essential to include bone marrow cytology in the clinical practice of this species.(AU)

Adsorption of Methylene Blue by ultrasonic surface modified chitin.

HYPOTHESIS: Chitin is a biopolymer which can be used as a low-cost and eco-friendly material for dyes adsorption. The use of chitin for dyes removal is little investigated, due its low surface area, porosity and high crystallinity. So, an ultrasonic surface modified chitin (USM-chitin) was prepared and used for Methylene Blue (MB) adsorption. EXPERIMENTS: Chitin was obtained from shrimp wastes and its surface was modified by an ultrasound-assisted treatment. USM-chitin was characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms (BET surface area, total pore volume), infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption of MB on USM-chitin was studied by kinetic, equilibrium, thermodynamic, interactions analysis, desorption and mass transfer aspects. FINDINGS: USM-chitin presented surface area 25 times higher than raw chitin. The porosity was increased and the crystallinity was decreased. The general order model was suitable to represent the adsorption kinetics and the Langmuir model was adequate for the equilibrium. The maximum adsorption capacity was 26.69 mg g(-1). The adsorption was spontaneous, favorable and exothermic. USM-chitin can be used seven times maintaining the same adsorption capacity.

Estimating the gasoline components and formulations toxicity to microalgae (Tetraselmis chuii) and oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) embryos: an approach to minimize environmental pollution risk.

Even though petrochemical contamination frequently occurs in the form of oil spills, it is thought that a greater danger to coastal habitats is posed by chronic petrochemical toxicity associated with urban run-off, in which gasoline water-soluble-fraction (WSF) plays an important role. The hypothesis of the entrepreneurs, who were associated to the scientists uncharged of this research, was that recycled petrochemical waste may provide different gasoline formulations, having different toxic properties; the correlation between the gasoline formulations and their components' toxicological effects might contribute to the reformulation of the products, in such a way that the gasoline generated could be less toxic and less harmful to the environment. The aim of this research was to determine the toxic effects of 14 different types of gasoline (formulated, in accordance with National Petroleum Agency standards, from petrochemical waste), on Tetraselmis chuii (microalgae culture) and Crassostrea rhizophorae (embryos). Microalgae and oyster embryos were exposed to different gasoline formulations water-soluble fractions (WSF) at a range of concentrations (0%, 4.6%, 10.0%, 22.0%, 46.0%, and 100%), for 96 and 24h, respectively. The tests were carried out under controlled conditions. End-points have been CI50-96h (concentration causing 50% growth inhibition in microalgae cultures) and EC50-24h (concentration causing abnormalities on 50% of the exposed embryos). Through these procedures, gasoline formulations, which represent the lowest environmental risk, were selected. Bioassays carried out on the 8 different gasoline components aimed to correlate gasoline toxicity with the toxic potential of its components. The analysis of principal components showed that the C9DI, a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons of 9 carbon atoms, had the highest level of toxic potential, followed by C9S (a mixture of aromatics with 9-11 carbon atoms) and heavy naphtha. The results showed gasoline formulations 1-4 (monoaromatic hydrocarbons being the most conspicuous components) to be the least toxic, whilst formulations 12-14 (having higher content of C9DI, C9S and naphtha) were found to be the most harmful to organisms. This study led to the identification of the most toxic WSF gasoline components (C9DI and C9S), and to the possibility of developing more eco-compatible gasoline formulations.