ABSTRACT
RESUMO Neste trabalho, analisou-se a eficiência de um sistema de exaustão de material particulado em um processo real de eletrofusão. Particularmente, realizaram-se análises de distribuição granulométrica em diferentes estágios do processo. Utilizando os dados da análise granulométrica, avaliou-se a eficiência do ciclone comparando-a com a eficiência de projeto - adicionalmente, a eficiência do ciclone foi também calculada com base no balanço de massa de todo o processo. Apesar de algumas medidas tomadas pela empresa a fim de melhorar a eficiência do sistema de exaustão, resultados indicam eficiência do ciclone da ordem de 50%, e perda de material particulado para atmosfera da ordem de 1 t a cada batelada do processo. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se detalhadamente as etapas da análise de eficiência do sistema de exaustão, particularmente do ciclone, e a proposta de redimensionamento do ciclone.
ABSTRACT In this work, we analyzed the performance of a particulate matter exhaust system of a real electrofusion production process. Particularly, we performed particle size distribution analysis at different stages of the process. Using particle size distribution data, cyclone operation efficiency was evaluated by comparing it with design efficiency - in addition, cyclone efficiency was also calculated based on the mass balance of the entire process. Despite some measures taken by the company in order to improve the exhaust system efficiency, results indicate cyclone efficiency of around 50%, and particulate matter loss to atmosphere of 1t at each batch of the process. This paper presented in detail the steps of the efficiency analysis of the exhaust system, particularly the cyclone, and the proposed cyclone resizing.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO O declínio de anfíbios no mundo está cada vez maior e a perda de riqueza, muitas vezes, está associada a áreas agrícolas. O uso de agrotóxicos, em especial daqueles à base de glifosato, é cada vez maior e novas formulações estão sendo desenvolvidas. O presente trabalho avaliou a toxicidade aguda de um composto comercial com o princípio ativo glifosato e os efeitos comportamentais e morfológicos em girinos de Physalaemus cuvieri e Rhinella icterica. O primeiro mostrou-se mais sensível em relação ao formulado comercial do que o segundo e não houve diferenças significativas em relação às mudanças comportamentais e o aumento das concentrações do formulado entre as espécies, porém houve alterações morfológicas de peso e comprimento dos girinos de ambas espécies.
ABSTRACT The decline of amphibians in the world is increasing and the loss of wealth is often associated with agricultural areas. The use of pesticides, especially those based on glyphosate is increasing and new formulations are being developed. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of a commercial compound with glyphosate and behavioral and morphological effects on Physalaemus cuvieri and Rhinella icterica tadpoles; the former was more sensitive to the commercially formulated compound than R. icterica and there were no significant differences in relation to behavioral changes and increase compound concentrations among species, but there were morphological changes of weight and length of tadpoles of both species.
ABSTRACT
Commuting in urban environments accounts for a large fraction of the daily dose of inhaled air pollutants, especially in countries where vehicles have old technologies or run on dirty fuels. We measured black carbon (BC) concentrations during bus, walk and bicycle commutes in a Brazilian city and found a large spatial variability across the surveyed area, with median values between 2.5 and 12.0 µg m-3. Traffic volume on roadways (especially the number of heavy-duty diesel vehicles), self-pollution from the bus tailpipe, number of stops along the route and displacement speed were the main drivers of air pollution on the buses. BC concentrations increased abruptly at or close to traffic signals and bus stops, causing in-cabin peaks as large as 60.0 µg m-3. BC hotspots for the walk mode coincided with the locations of bus stops and traffic signals, whilst measurements along a cycle lane located 12 m from the kerb were less affected. The median BC concentrations of the two active modes were significantly lower than the concentrations inside the bus, with a bus/walk and bus/bicycle ratios of up to 6. However, the greater inhalation rates of cyclist and pedestrians yielded larger doses (2.6 and 3.5 µg on a 1.5-km commute), suggesting that the greater physical effort during the active commute may outweigh the reduction in exposure due to the shift from passive to active transport modes.
Subject(s)
Bicycling , Cities , Inhalation Exposure , Motor Vehicles , Soot , Transportation , Vehicle Emissions , Air Pollutants/analysis , Brazil , Carbon , Humans , Soot/analysis , Vehicle Emissions/analysisABSTRACT
Three instrumented bicycles were used to measure black carbon (BC) and PM2.5 concentrations in a midsized city in southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to map the spatial distribution of BC and PM2.5, to identify air pollution hotspots and to assess factors that may affect the concentrations of these pollutants, e.g. traffic volume, number of heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV), position of traffic signals and street incline. The cyclists collected data in the city centre along streets of different traffic density during nine sampling sessions in the weekday morning and afternoon rush hours, between March 13 and April 28, 2015. The sampling by bicycle covered an area of 2.70 km2, over variable elevation, and travelled a total distance of 215 km. BC and PM2.5 exhibited a large spatial variability on a scale of tens of metres and the concentrations were positively correlated with traffic counts, but exhibited a stronger relationship with the number of HDDV. These results imply that older buses and diesel-powered trucks may be the main driver behind the high pollution levels in the city's inner core. We observed a strong relationship between BC concentrations at junctions managed by traffic signals and the quantity of HDDV. The mean BC concentration was found to be 8.10 µg m-3 near traffic signals located on an inclined street (HDDV > 100 vehicles h-1) compared to traffic signals on flat terrain (6.00 µg m-3), which can be attributed to the higher acceleration required at the start of motion. This pattern was less evident for PM2.5 concentrations.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/analysis , Particulate Matter/analysis , Soot/analysis , Vehicle Emissions/analysis , Air Pollution/analysis , Brazil , Cities , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Motor VehiclesABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consumo, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e aviabilidade econômica da utilização de cana de açúcar in natura e da silagem de capim mombaçana terminação de novilhos Brangus inteiros e castrados.Utilizaram-se 140 bovinos Brangus, commédia de 21 meses e 355 kg de peso vivo, identificados e distribuídos aleatoriamente nostratamentos: T1, 37 animais inteiros e T2, 37 animais castrados, ambos recebendo cana-de-açúcar(Saccharum officinarum) triturada in natura; T3, 33 animais inteiros e T4, 33 animais castrados,ambos recebendo silagem de capim mombaça (Panicum maximum cv mombaça).Para avaliaçãoeconômica, levantaram-se os custos completos para a produção dos volumosos oriundos daprópria fazenda, foram consideradas também despesas com alimentos concentrados, diesel, mão de-obra,manutenção de equipamentos e controle de parasitas. O peso final dos animais inteiros foi maior (P<0,05) que dos animais castrados, e a conversão alimentar foi maior nos animais castrados, o que indica que os animais inteiros foram mais eficientes na transformação do alimento em ganho de peso. A maior receita líquida observada nos animais inteiros (mombaça) se justifica pelo maior ganho de peso e menor custo das dietas. Os animais da dieta contendo silagem de capim mombaça apresentaram maior viabilidade econômica do que os submetidos adieta com cana-de-açúcar.(AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio, carcass quality and economic viability of using fresh sugar cane and mombaça grass silage in Brangus castrated and intact males on termination. We used 140 Brangus cattle, with an average of 21 months and 355 kg live weight, identified and randomly assigned to treatments: T1, 37 intac males and T2, 37 castrated animals receiving both fresh sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum ) crushed;T3, 33 intact males and T4, 33 castrated animals, both fed mombaça grass silage (Panicum maximum cv mombaça). For economic evaluation, it was estimated the production costs of bulky coming from the farm costs, expenses concentrates, diesel, hand labor, equipment maintenance and control of parasites were also considered. The final weight of the entire animal was higher (P 0.05) than castrated animals. And feed conversion was higher in castrated animals, indicating that the bulls were more efficient in converting food into weight gain. The higher net revenue observed in intact males (mombaça) is justified by the greater weight gain and lower diet costs. Animals that received diet with mombaça grass silage had greater economic feasibility of that received diet with sugar cane.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Saccharum , Silage , Panicum , Weight Gain , Animal Feed , Costs and Cost AnalysisABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consumo, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e aviabilidade econômica da utilização de cana de açúcar in natura e da silagem de capim mombaçana terminação de novilhos Brangus inteiros e castrados.Utilizaram-se 140 bovinos Brangus, commédia de 21 meses e 355 kg de peso vivo, identificados e distribuídos aleatoriamente nostratamentos: T1, 37 animais inteiros e T2, 37 animais castrados, ambos recebendo cana-de-açúcar(Saccharum officinarum) triturada in natura; T3, 33 animais inteiros e T4, 33 animais castrados,ambos recebendo silagem de capim mombaça (Panicum maximum cv mombaça).Para avaliaçãoeconômica, levantaram-se os custos completos para a produção dos volumosos oriundos daprópria fazenda, foram consideradas também despesas com alimentos concentrados, diesel, mão de-obra,manutenção de equipamentos e controle de parasitas. O peso final dos animais inteiros foi maior (P<0,05) que dos animais castrados, e a conversão alimentar foi maior nos animais castrados, o que indica que os animais inteiros foram mais eficientes na transformação do alimento em ganho de peso. A maior receita líquida observada nos animais inteiros (mombaça) se justifica pelo maior ganho de peso e menor custo das dietas. Os animais da dieta contendo silagem de capim mombaça apresentaram maior viabilidade econômica do que os submetidos adieta com cana-de-açúcar.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio, carcass quality and economic viability of using fresh sugar cane and mombaça grass silage in Brangus castrated and intact males on termination. We used 140 Brangus cattle, with an average of 21 months and 355 kg live weight, identified and randomly assigned to treatments: T1, 37 intac males and T2, 37 castrated animals receiving both fresh sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum ) crushed;T3, 33 intact males and T4, 33 castrated animals, both fed mombaça grass silage (Panicum maximum cv mombaça). For economic evaluation, it was estimated the production costs of bulky coming from the farm costs, expenses concentrates, diesel, hand labor, equipment maintenance and control of parasites were also considered. The final weight of the entire animal was higher (P 0.05) than castrated animals. And feed conversion was higher in castrated animals, indicating that the bulls were more efficient in converting food into weight gain. The higher net revenue observed in intact males (mombaça) is justified by the greater weight gain and lower diet costs. Animals that received diet with mombaça grass silage had greater economic feasibility of that received diet with sugar cane.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Weight Gain , Panicum , Animal Feed , Saccharum , Silage , Costs and Cost AnalysisABSTRACT
As capivaras são roedores diurnos, vivendo próximos a cursos dágua e com complexas relações sociais. A expansão das atividades humanas tem avançado sobre áreas de uso de capivaras. A adaptação das capivaras a ambientes antropizados é um novo desafio para a ciência do comportamento e esse estudo visou avaliar o padrão comportamental de um grupo de 22 capivaras livres na cidade de Viçosa-MG. As observações dos comportamentos coletivos e individuais foram por varredura instantânea em períodos diurno e noturno durante 12 meses. Os comportamentos mais observados foram: forrageamento, repouso em terra, paradas após perturbação, deslocamento após perturbação e conflitos. Houve menor atividade durante as horas do dia em contraste com maior atividade durante o período noturno. Os resultados sugerem que capivaras podem trocar o turno das atividades em função das condições locais. O grupo estudado indicou maior atividade noturna, o que difere de outros estudos com animais sem influência antrópica.(AU)
The capybara is a diurnal rodent who lives near to streams and has a complex social hierarchy. The expansion of human activities have advanced on areas of use of capybaras. The adaptation of the capybara to anthropized environments is a new challenge to the science of behavior and this study aimed to assess the behavioral pattern of a group of 22 free-living capybaras in the city of Viçosa-MG. The observations of individual and collective behaviors were made by the method of instantaneous scanning in daytime and evening for 12 months. The most common behaviors observed were: foraging, rest on land, stop after disturbance, move after disturbance and conflict. There was less activity during the daytime hours in contrast with most activity during the night. The results suggest that capybaras may change the turn of activities based on local conditions. The studied group showed greater nocturnal activity, which differs from other studies in animals without human influence.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rodentia/psychology , Behavior, Animal , Urban AreaABSTRACT
As capivaras são roedores diurnos, vivendo próximos a cursos dágua e com complexas relações sociais. A expansão das atividades humanas tem avançado sobre áreas de uso de capivaras. A adaptação das capivaras a ambientes antropizados é um novo desafio para a ciência do comportamento e esse estudo visou avaliar o padrão comportamental de um grupo de 22 capivaras livres na cidade de Viçosa-MG. As observações dos comportamentos coletivos e individuais foram por varredura instantânea em períodos diurno e noturno durante 12 meses. Os comportamentos mais observados foram: forrageamento, repouso em terra, paradas após perturbação, deslocamento após perturbação e conflitos. Houve menor atividade durante as horas do dia em contraste com maior atividade durante o período noturno. Os resultados sugerem que capivaras podem trocar o turno das atividades em função das condições locais. O grupo estudado indicou maior atividade noturna, o que difere de outros estudos com animais sem influência antrópica.
The capybara is a diurnal rodent who lives near to streams and has a complex social hierarchy. The expansion of human activities have advanced on areas of use of capybaras. The adaptation of the capybara to anthropized environments is a new challenge to the science of behavior and this study aimed to assess the behavioral pattern of a group of 22 free-living capybaras in the city of Viçosa-MG. The observations of individual and collective behaviors were made by the method of instantaneous scanning in daytime and evening for 12 months. The most common behaviors observed were: foraging, rest on land, stop after disturbance, move after disturbance and conflict. There was less activity during the daytime hours in contrast with most activity during the night. The results suggest that capybaras may change the turn of activities based on local conditions. The studied group showed greater nocturnal activity, which differs from other studies in animals without human influence.