ABSTRACT
Este estudo comparou a ingestão de flúor (F) através da dieta e do dentifrício bem como a excreção urinária de F de 24 horas de crianças recebendo diferentes fontes de F sistêmico: água artificialmente fluoretada (A-Bauru, SP-Brasil, 0,6-0,8 mgF/L, água naturalmente fluoretada (B-Brejo dos Santos, PB-Brasil, 0,6-0,9 mgF/L), sal fluoretado (C-Lima, Peru, 180-200 mgF/Kg) e leite fluoretado (D-Trujillo, Peru, 250 mL de leite contendo 1,0 mgF/L). Crianças de 4-6 anos (n=21-26) participaram em cada comunidade. Uma comunidade com água não fluoretada ( < 0,1 mgF/L) (E-Pirajuí, SP-Brasil) foi incluída como controle (n=24). A quantidade de F ingerida através da dieta foi determinada pela "dieta duplicada", considerando seus diferentes constituintes (água, outros líquidos e sólidos). A ingestão de F através do dentifrício foi determinada pela escovação simulada. A excreção urinária de F de 24 h e a concentração de F das unhas das mãos e dos pés também foram avaliadas. O F foi analisado por eletrodo, depois de difusão facilitada por hexametildiloxano ou após tamponameno com TISAB. A análise estatística foi feita pelos teste de Kruskall-Wallis, Dunn e regressão linear (p < 0,05). A média (±DP) da ingestão total de F (mg/Kg peso corporal/ dia) foi 0,065 0,030a,, 0,084 0,029a, 0,088 0044a,, 0,088 0,052a e 0,027 0,022b para A, B, C, D e E, respectivamente. Considerando somente a dieta, a média foi de 0,042 0,012b, 0,058 0,016a,b, 0,048 0,023a,b, 0,059 0,012a e 0,007 0,004c, respectivamente. A maior contribuição através da dieta para A/B e C/D/E foram a água e os sólidos, respectivamente. A média da quantidade F ingerida através do dentifrício variou entre 0,020 (E) e 0,040 (C) mg/Kg peso corporal/ dia e não foi significativamente diferente entre as comunidades. A média ( DP) da excreção urinária de F (mg) de 24 horas foi 0,693 0,198a, 0,625 0,297a,b, 0,808 0,305a, 0,666 0,194a e 0,478 0,321b para A, B, C, D e E, respectivamente. Houve uma correlação significativa entre a ex...
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Fluorine/administration & dosage , Fluorine/urine , Halogenation , Milk , Sodium Chloride, DietaryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of fluoride supplied daily in the meals given in 44 public kindergarten schools in Bauru, Brazil. In addition, the fluoride concentration of water supplies and its impact on the amount of fluoride found in the meal samples were also investigated. METHODS: Meal samples and water were collected during 2 weeks (10 working days) in public kindergarten schools. Samples of meals were homogenized with known volumes of deionized water. Fluoride present in meal samples was analyzed with the ion-specific electrode (Orion 9609), after hexamethyldisilazane-facilitated diffusion. Fluoride in water samples was analyzed with the same electrode, after buffering with TISAB II. All the analyses were made in duplicate. RESULTS: Fluoride analyzed (mean+/-SD) was 0.50+/-0.20 microg/ml, ranging from nondetectable to 1.42 microg/ml for water samples (n=424) and 0.067+/-0.059 mg, ranging from 0.007 to 0.580 mg for meal samples (n=431). A weak but significant correlation was observed between the amount of fluoride in meals and fluoride concentration in water supplies (r=0.139, P=0.0042). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the seemingly small role played by school meals in the total daily fluoride intake, they can contribute to the total fluoride intake of children on a chronic basis, when in association with other fluoride products. Additionally, the impact of fluoridated public water supply on the final fluoride concentration of the school meals analyzed may be regarded as low.
Subject(s)
Cariostatic Agents/analysis , Fluorides/analysis , Food Analysis , Animals , Beverages/analysis , Brazil , Cariostatic Agents/administration & dosage , Child, Preschool , Fabaceae/chemistry , Fluorides/administration & dosage , Food Services , Fruit/chemistry , Humans , Ion-Selective Electrodes , Meat/analysis , Milk/chemistry , Oryza/chemistry , Schools, Nursery , Vegetables/chemistry , Water Supply/analysisSubject(s)
Fluorine , Biomarkers , Nails/ultrastructure , Dentifrices/classification , Fluorides , Fluorosis, Dental , Preventive DentistryABSTRACT
Given that increasing numbers of people are consuming beverages instead of water, fluoride (F) intake should not be determined solely upon the concentration of the drinking water, but should also consider the amount of different beverages consumed and their fluoride content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride content of (A) 12 infusion black tea (Camellia sinensis); (B) 15 ready-to-drink teas; (C) 10 powdered juices; (D) 3 powdered tea-containing juices; and (E) 4 ready-to-drink juices found in Brazil. Samples of A were prepared by infusion of a bag in 80mL of boiling deionized water, for 3 minutes. Powdered juices were prepared with deionized water, following the manufacturer's instructions. F analysis was made in triplicate using the ion-specific electrode (Orion 96-09). The mean F concentration ± SD (amplitude; unit mg/mL) were 2.57±0.99 (1.07-3.99); 0.37±0.20 (0.08-0.81); 0.02±0.05 (0-0.03); 1.10±0.15 (0.99-1.22); 0.30±0.18 (0.12-0.52), for A, B, C, D and E, respectively. All the A, 2 of the B and all of the D samples showed a F concentration higher than 0.7 mg/mL. Regarding the juices, only the D could significantly contribute to the daily maximum recommended F intake (0.07 mg/Kg body weight). However, if the other juices were reconstituted with fluoridated water they could also contribute. It was concluded that some products analyzed may be important contributors to the total daily F intake. Their consumption by children at the age of risk to dental fluorosis should be avoided. The [F] in these products should be informed on their labels
