ABSTRACT
The development of the poultry industry in the central west region of Brazil have provided considerable quantities of organic waste, poultry litter, which have potential for use in agriculture. However there are few studies about the release dynamics of the poultry litter nutrients, what makes it difficult to define the dose as well the form of application of this organic residue. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of poultry litter, with two forms of application, on growth and yield of soybean. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme 5 x 2 + 2, being factors doses of poultry litter (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 t ha-1) and application forms, broadcast and band. On the control treatments were applied mineral fertilizer, one broadcast and one band. The variables plant height, shoot dry matter and chlorophyll were measured in stage R2 and yield at the end of the crop cycle. The increase in rates of poultry litter increases linearly the plant height while the shoot dry matter and yield had a quadratic response. The form of poultry litter application did not influence the yield and dry matter, affecting only plant height and leaf chlorophyll. The band application of poultry litter provides increased plant growth. The organic fertilization with poultry litter can replace mineral fertilizers on soybean.
O desenvolvimento da indústria avícola na região centro oeste têm disponibilizado quantidades consideráveis de resíduos orgânicos, cama de aves, que apresentam potencial para utilização na agricultura. Entretanto ainda há poucos trabalhos sobre a dinâmica da disponibilização dos nutrientes, o que dificulta a definição da dose e a forma de aplicação desse resíduo orgânico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de cama de aves, a lanço e no sulco de plantio, sobre desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura da soja. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial de 5 x 2 + 2, sendo os fatores doses de cama de aves (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 t ha-1) e formas de aplicação, a lanço e no sulco de semeadura. As testemunhas foram adubadas com fertilizante mineral, uma a lanço e outra no sulco de semeadura. Foram avaliadas a altura de plantas, matéria seca da parte aérea e clorofila foliar no estádio R2 e a produtividade no final do ciclo da cultura. O acréscimo nas doses de cama de aves aumenta a altura de plantas linearmente enquanto que a matéria seca e produtividade com resposta quadrática. A forma de aplicação da cama de aves não influencia a produtividade e matéria seca, afetando apenas a altura de plantas e clorofila foliar, com a aplicação no sulco de plantio proporcionando maior crescimento das plantas. A adubação orgânica com cama de aves pode substituir a adubação mineral na cultura da soja.
Subject(s)
Poultry , Glycine max , Garbage , FertilizersABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Histological study of vascularization between a cecal pedicle flap and the testicle of Wistar rats. METHODS: Fifty-three rats were studied. G1: submitted to celiotomy (a), mobilization of the right testicle (RT) to the abdomen (b), cecal flap suture to the RT (d) and cavity closure. G1: procedures a, b and d and fixation of RT into abdomen. G3: procedures a, b and d, exposition of RT to air and reposition into scrotum. G4: not operated. Euthanasia and histology was done after 20 days. Histometry and lesions score classification was done. Testicular vascularization was studied with comparison between G1 and G3. A p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The G1 RT diameters were not different to G2 RT and all have decreased size in comparison with RT of G3 and G4. The lesions score in the RT was 5.83 in G1 and 3.3 in G2 without statistical difference. The vascularization's average in G1 was 16.9 vessels in 400X field in the RT. In the G3 this average was 0.96 to the RT and 0.92 to left testicles. The weight's average in G1 was similar with G2 but different of G3 and G4. CONCLUSION: A significant increase of vascularization was observed between the intestinal flap and the rat testicle.(AU)
OBJETIVOS: Estudar histologicamente a vascularização entre um retalho cecal e o testículo de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e três ratos foram estudados. G1, submetidos a (a) celiotomia, (b) mobilização do testículo direito (TD) para o abdome, (c) sutura do retalho cecal ao TD, (d) fechamento da cavidade. G2, procedimentos (a, b e d), com o TD fixado no abdome. G3, procedimentos (a, b e d), com exposição do TD ao ar e retorno ao escroto. G4 não operados. Após 20 dias, eutanásia e histologia. Realizou-se histometria e classificação segundo escore de lesão. Avaliou-se a vascularização testicular, comparando-se os grupos 1 e 3. Considerou-se significativo um p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Diâmetros dos TD no G1, iguais ao G2 e diferentes de G3 e G4. O escore de lesão nos TD foi de 5,83 pontos para o G1, de 3,3 pontos para o G2, não havendo diferença significativa, porém diferentes de G3 e G4 (sem lesão). A vascularização no G1 teve média de 16,9 vasos por campo de grande aumento no TD. No G3 a média foi de 0,96 no TD e 0,92 no TE, com diferença significativa. O peso médio do G1 foi igual ao G2 e diferente de G3 e G4. CONCLUSÃO: Houve aumento significativo da vascularização entre o retalho e o testículo do rato.(AU)
Subject(s)
Rats , Testis/anatomy & histology , Testis/blood supply , Tissue Transplantation/adverse effects , Tissue Transplantation/veterinary , Vascular Surgical Procedures/methodsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Histological study of vascularization between a cecal pedicle flap and the testicle of Wistar rats. METHODS: Fifty-three rats were studied. G1: submitted to celiotomy (a), mobilization of the right testicle (RT) to the abdomen (b), cecal flap suture to the RT (d) and cavity closure. G1: procedures a, b and d and fixation of RT into abdomen. G3: procedures a, b and d, exposition of RT to air and reposition into scrotum. G4: not operated. Euthanasia and histology was done after 20 days. Histometry and lesions score classification was done. Testicular vascularization was studied with comparison between G1 and G3. A p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The G1 RT diameters were not different to G2 RT and all have decreased size in comparison with RT of G3 and G4. The lesions score in the RT was 5.83 in G1 and 3.3 in G2 without statistical difference. The vascularization's average in G1 was 16.9 vessels in 400X field in the RT. In the G3 this average was 0.96 to the RT and 0.92 to left testicles. The weight's average in G1 was similar with G2 but different of G3 and G4. CONCLUSION: A significant increase of vascularization was observed between the intestinal flap and the rat testicle.
OBJETIVOS: Estudar histologicamente a vascularização entre um retalho cecal e o testículo de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e três ratos foram estudados. G1, submetidos a (a) celiotomia, (b) mobilização do testículo direito (TD) para o abdome, (c) sutura do retalho cecal ao TD, (d) fechamento da cavidade. G2, procedimentos (a, b e d), com o TD fixado no abdome. G3, procedimentos (a, b e d), com exposição do TD ao ar e retorno ao escroto. G4 não operados. Após 20 dias, eutanásia e histologia. Realizou-se histometria e classificação segundo escore de lesão. Avaliou-se a vascularização testicular, comparando-se os grupos 1 e 3. Considerou-se significativo um p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Diâmetros dos TD no G1, iguais ao G2 e diferentes de G3 e G4. O escore de lesão nos TD foi de 5,83 pontos para o G1, de 3,3 pontos para o G2, não havendo diferença significativa, porém diferentes de G3 e G4 (sem lesão). A vascularização no G1 teve média de 16,9 vasos por campo de grande aumento no TD. No G3 a média foi de 0,96 no TD e 0,92 no TE, com diferença significativa. O peso médio do G1 foi igual ao G2 e diferente de G3 e G4. CONCLUSÃO: Houve aumento significativo da vascularização entre o retalho e o testículo do rato.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Intestines/surgery , Surgical Flaps/blood supply , Testis/blood supply , Testis/surgery , Cryptorchidism/surgery , Neovascularization, Physiologic , Rats, Wistar , Statistics, Nonparametric , Vascular Surgical ProceduresABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Histological study of vascularization between a cecal pedicle flap and the testicle of Wistar rats. METHODS: Fifty-three rats were studied. G1: submitted to celiotomy (a), mobilization of the right testicle (RT) to the abdomen (b), cecal flap suture to the RT (d) and cavity closure. G1: procedures a, b and d and fixation of RT into abdomen. G3: procedures a, b and d, exposition of RT to air and reposition into scrotum. G4: not operated. Euthanasia and histology was done after 20 days. Histometry and lesions score classification was done. Testicular vascularization was studied with comparison between G1 and G3. A p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The G1 RT diameters were not different to G2 RT and all have decreased size in comparison with RT of G3 and G4. The lesions score in the RT was 5.83 in G1 and 3.3 in G2 without statistical difference. The vascularization's average in G1 was 16.9 vessels in 400X field in the RT. In the G3 this average was 0.96 to the RT and 0.92 to left testicles. The weight's average in G1 was similar with G2 but different of G3 and G4. CONCLUSION: A significant increase of vascularization was observed between the intestinal flap and the rat testicle.