Keeping Citizens Informed and Engaged During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using #YoMeInformoPMA: A Case from Latin America.

Social media platforms contribute to the dissemination of information and encourage communication between health agencies and the public, especially during health crises. Public health agencies must engage in carefully crafted educational, communicative, and interactive practices to be effective in their messaging to build relationships with the public. Using quantitative content, social network, and thematic analysis, this study examined 2,500 tweets from April to August 2020 that included the hashtag #YoMeInformoPMA. Panama's Public Health Ministry created the #YoMeInformoPMA hashtag to keep citizens informed and engaged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research on social media use and implementation in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic, to inform and engage the public, is limited. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to analyze strategies, themes, multimedia formats, key actors, and overall communications patterns of a Latin American health community hashtag. Our results determined that actors using the hashtag #YoMeInformoPMA mainly used an interactive strategy, a message that aims to promote casual conversations, advice, and problem-solving. Findings highlighted evidence of a communication strategy by specific actors in this network, supporting recent studies that indicate engagement between the public and health agencies can take place on social media. Practical implications and recommendations for communication preparation via social media for future health crises are discussed.

Bystander CPR occurrences in out of hospital cardiac arrest between sexes.

BACKGROUND: Bystander CPR (B-CPR) is known to be a critical action in treating out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Immediate CPR may double a patient's chance of survival. Only 40% of OHCA patients receive B-CPR (Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival1). Civilians may be more comfortable performing CPR on male than female victims based on stereotyped training and the culture of cardiac disease treatment. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that of OHCA patients receiving B-CPR, there is a gender disparity favoring males. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) dataset. 149,734 cases were included in this analysis. Primary outcome was frequency of B-CPR between genders. Secondary analysis included gender disparity in AED pad placement, and subsets divided by type of bystander. RESULTS: Among 149,734 OHCA, 78,738 received B-CPR. 28,485 of 55,215 females (51.59%) received B-CPR, compared to 50,253 of 94,519 males (53.17%, p < 0.001). Of OHCA with bystander AED pad placement, 22.9% of females had AED pads applied, compared to 24.6% of males (p < 0.001). In OHCA witnessed by family member, 57.80% of females versus 61.70% of males received B-CPR (p < 0.001). In OHCA witnessed by layperson, 62.50% of females versus 69.00% of males received B-CPR (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a significantly lower rate of B-CPR in women experiencing OCHA in the population sample analyzed. Continued education and research are needed on the topic to address gender-specific differences in OHCA.

Utilizing End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide to Diagnose Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Prehospital Patients with Hyperglycemia.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) may improve clinical outcomes. Prior studies suggest exhaled end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) provides a non-invasive, real-time method to screen for DKA in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: This a retrospective cohort study among patients who activated Emergency Medical Services (EMS) during a one-year period. Initial out-of-hospital vital signs documented by EMS personnel, including ETCO2 and first recorded blood glucose level (BGL), as well as in-hospital records, including laboratory values and diagnosis, were collected. The main outcome was the association between ETCO2 and the diagnosis of DKA. RESULTS: Of the 118 patients transported with hyperglycemia (defined by BGL >200), six (5%) were diagnosed with DKA. The mean level of ETCO2 in those without DKA was 35mmHg (95% CI, 33-38mmHg) compared to mean levels of 15mmHg (95% CI, 8-21mmHg) in those with DKA (P <.001). The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve (AUC) for ETCO2 identifying DKA was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.92-1.00). The correlation coefficient between ETCO2 and serum bicarbonate (HCO3) was 0.436 (P <.001) and the correlation coefficient between ETCO2 and anion gap was -0.397 (P <.001). CONCLUSION: Among patients with hyperglycemia, prehospital levels of ETCO2 were significantly lower in patients with DKA compared to those without and were predictive of the diagnosis of DKA. Furthermore, out-of-hospital ETCO2 was significantly correlated with measures of metabolic acidosis.

Safety and Efficacy of Prehospital Diltiazem for Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AFIB) with rapid ventricular response (RVR) is a common tachydysrhythmia encountered by Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Current guidelines suggest rate control in stable, symptomatic patients. PROBLEM: Little is known about the safety or efficacy of rate-controlling medications given by prehospital providers. This study assessed a protocol for prehospital administration of diltiazem in the setting of AFIB with RVR for provider protocol compliance, patient clinical improvement, and associated adverse events. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cohort study of patients who were administered diltiazem by providers in the Orange County EMS System (Florida USA) over a two-year period. The protocol directed a 0.25mg/kg dose of diltiazem (maximum of 20mg) for stable, symptomatic patients in AFIB with RVR at a rate of >150 beats per minute (bpm) with a narrow complex. Data collected included patient characteristics, vital signs, electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm before and after diltiazem, and need for rescue or additional medications. Adverse events were defined as systolic blood pressure <90mmHg or administration of intravenous fluid after diltiazem administration. Clinical improvement was defined as a heart rate decreased by 20% or less than 100bmp. Original prehospital ECG rhythm interpretations were compared to physician interpretations performed retrospectively. RESULTS: Over the study period, 197 patients received diltiazem, with 131 adhering to the protocol. The initial rhythm was AFIB with RVR in 93% of the patients (five percent atrial flutter, two percent supraventricular tachycardia, and one percent sinus tachycardia). The agreement between prehospital and physician rhythm interpretation was 92%, with a Kappa value of 0.454 (P <.001). Overall, there were 22 (11%) adverse events, and 112 (57%) patients showed clinical improvement. When diltiazem was given outside of the existing protocol, the patients had higher rates of adverse events (18% versus eight percent; P = .033). Patients who received diltiazem in adherence with protocols were more likely to show clinical improvement (63% versus 46%; P = .031). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that prehospital diltiazem administration for AFIB with RVR is safe and effective when strict protocols are followed.Rodriguez A, Hunter CL, Premuroso C, Silvestri S, Stone A, Miller S, Zuver C, Papa L. Safety and efficacy of prehospital diltiazem for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(3):297-302.

Prehospital sepsis alert notification decreases time to initiation of CMS sepsis core measures.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if prehospital identification of sepsis will affect time to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS) sepsis core measures and improve clinical outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study among septic patients who were identified as "sepsis alerts" in the emergency department (ED). Metrics including time from ED registration to fluid resuscitation, blood cultures, serum lactate draws, and antibiotics administration were compared between those who had pre-arrival notification by EMS versus those that did not. Additionally, outcomes such as mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 272 total patients, 162 had pre-arrival notification (prehospital sepsis alerts) and 110 did not. The prehospital sepsis alert group had significantly lower times to intravenous fluid administration (6 min 95%CI 4-9 min vs 41 min 95%CI 24-58 min, p < 0.001), blood cultures drawn (12 min 95%CI 10-14 min vs 34 min 95%CI 20-48 min, p = 0.003), lactate levels drawn (12 min 95%CI 10-15 min vs 34 min 95%CI 20-49 min, p = 0.003), and administration of antibiotics (33 min 95%CI 26-40 min vs 61 min 95%CI 44-78 min, p = 0.004). Patients with prehospital sepsis alerts also had a higher admission rate (100% vs 95%, p = 0.006), and a lower ICU admission rate (33% vs 52%, p = 0.003). There was no difference in mortality (11% vs 14%, p = 0.565) between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prehospital sepsis alert notification may decrease time to specific metrics shown to improve outcomes in sepsis.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: rare presentation in the knee joint space.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is a malignant cartilage tumor that rarely presents in the joint space. This article presents a case of a man who presented with a 1-year history of continuous growth of a mass over the medial aspect of his right knee. Radiographs demonstrated osteoarthritis, and arthroscopy was performed for degenerative joint disease. At the time of surgery, an intra-articular mass was encountered and an unplanned biopsy was performed. Pathological analysis revealed the mass to be a primary extraskeletal, intra-articular chondrosarcoma. He had no history of malignancy. He underwent extra-articular resection of the lesion and reconstruction with endoprosthesis. The patient's clinical course required multiple re-operations, and pulmonary metastases developed. A gastrocnemius flap was performed for wound coverage in proximity to the resected arthroscopy portals. This case emphasizes the importance of proper preoperative imaging and planning for lesion biopsies. Proper initial management may have led to lesser overall morbidity. Review of the literature reveals that this is the only reported case of a primary intra-articular extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma.