Antifungal Activity of Menisporopsin A against Relevant Plant Pathogens.

Current agrochemicals used in crop farming mainly consist of synthetic compounds with harmful effects on the environment and human health. Crop-associated fungal endophytes, which play many ecological roles including defense against pathogens, represent a promising source for bioactive and ecologically safer molecules in agrochemical discovery. The methanolic extract of the endophyte Menisporopsis sp. LCM 1078 was evaluated in vitro against the plant pathogens Boeremia exigua, Calonectria variabilis, Colletotrichum theobromicola, Colletotrichum tropicale, and Mycena cytricolor. Bioassay-guided isolation using chromatographic techniques followed by detailed chemical characterization by NMR and mass spectrometry led to the identification of menisporopsin A, which showed inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner against the five fungal pathogens including an endophytic strain (Colletotrichum tropicale), with MIC values in the range of 0.63-10.0 µg/mL showing a potency equivalent to the broadly employed agrochemical mancozeb.

MINOCA: A Working Diagnosis.

Cases of patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI) without angiographic obstructive CAD are not trivial and have significant prevalence. "The Fourth Universal Definition of MI" (4UDMI) published in 2018 introduced MI with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). The new section was of great importance as it validated the diagnosis by defining its criteria and recognizing its presence in the community and the need for further investigation. Given the nature of the diagnosis of MINOCA, coronary angiography provides limited information about prognosis and risk stratification for future major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Thus, additional imaging to understand the underlying etiology of MINOCA in conjunction with a better understanding of prognostic factors is necessary to expand on the current guidelines and aid in screening for possible complications, risk of MACE, and all-cause mortality. Discerning the etiology of the presentation is crucial, and physiologic studies, as well as additional imaging, are an important part of this evaluation. These modalities include intravascular studies such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), fractional flow reserve (FFR), and imaging in the form of cardiac CT (CCT) and cardiac MRI (CMR). This step is essential to target treatment regimens more efficiently. The purpose of promoting multiple imaging modalities beyond traditional angiography is to address the working MINOCA diagnosis, with the finality of identifying the specific ischemic pathophysiology. MINOCA has multiple causative mechanisms, making it a heterogeneous collection of etiologies, resulting in acute MI: atherosclerotic, and non-atherosclerotic. This literature revision demonstrates that MINOCA prevalence and mortality are not trivial, and the diagnosis affects quality of life. MINOCA presents a definitive risk of MACE without proper stratification and targeted medical therapy. Several prognostic factors of morbidity and mortality in MI-CAD patients have been identified to correlate with MINOCA patients, especially inflammatory markers. MINOCA is not an exclusion diagnosis but a working diagnosis for which further imaging studies should be performed.

Anti-Trypanosomal Bufadienolides from the Oocytes of the Toad Rhinella alata (Anura, Bufonidae).

Amphibians are widely known as a prolific source of bioactive metabolites. In this work, we isolated and characterized compounds with antiparasitic activity from the oocytes of the toad Rhinella alata collected in Panama. Bio-guided isolation and structural elucidation were carried out using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, respectively. The organic extract was subjected to solid phase extraction followed by HPLC purification of the fraction with in vitro activity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. Seven steroids (1-7) of the bufadienolide family were isolated, and their structures were determined using NMR and MS analyses; of these 19-formyl-dyscinobufotalin, (3) is reported as a new natural product. Compounds 1 and 3-7 resulted in a good anti-trypanosomal activity profile. Among these, 16ß-hydroxyl-hellebrigenin (1) and bufalin (7) showed significant selectivity values of >5 and 2.69, respectively, while the positive control benznidazole showed a selectivity of 18.81. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis showed compounds 1, 3 and 7 interact through H-bonds with the amino acid residues GLN-19, ASP-158, HIS-159 and TRP-177 from cruzipain at the catalytic site. Given the lack of therapeutic options to treat American trypanosomiasis, this work can serve as the basis for further studies that aim for the development of bufadienolides or their derivatives as drugs against Chagas disease.

Bufadienolides from the Skin Secretions of the Neotropical Toad Rhinella alata (Anura: Bufonidae): Antiprotozoal Activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.

Toads in the family Bufonidae contain bufadienolides in their venom, which are characterized by their chemical diversity and high pharmacological potential. American trypanosomiasis is a neglected disease that affects an estimated 8 million people in tropical and subtropical countries. In this research, we investigated the chemical composition and antitrypanosomal activity of toad venom from Rhinella alata collected in Panama. Structural determination using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy led to the identification of 10 bufadienolides. Compounds identified include the following: 16ß-hydroxy-desacetyl-bufotalin-3-adipoyl-arginine ester (1), bufotalin (2), 16ß-hydroxy-desacetyl-bufotalin-3-pimeloyl-arginine ester (3), bufotalin-3-pimeloyl-arginine ester (4), 16ß-hydroxy-desacetyl-bufotalin-3-suberoyl-arginine ester (5), bufotalin-3-suberoyl-arginine ester (6), cinobufagin-3-adipoyl-arginine ester (7), cinobufagin-3-pimeloyl-arginine ester (8), cinobufagin-3-suberoyl-arginine ester (9), and cinobufagin (10). Among these, three new natural products, 1, 3, and 5, are described, and compounds 1-10 are reported for the first time in R. alata. The antitrypanosomal activity assessed in this study revealed that the presence of an arginyl-diacid attached to C-3, and a hydroxyl group at C-14 in the structure of bufadienolides that is important for their biological activity. Bufadienolides showed cytotoxic activity against epithelial kidney Vero cells; however, bufagins (2 and 10) displayed low mammalian cytotoxicity. Compounds 2 and 10 showed activity against the cancer cell lines MCF-7, NCI-H460, and SF-268.

Antimicrobial Secretions of Toads (Anura, Bufonidae): Bioactive Extracts and Isolated Compounds against Human Pathogens.

Species of the family Bufonidae, better known as true toads, are widespread and produce bioactive substances in the secretions obtained from specialized skin macroglands. Some true toads have been employed as a folk remedy to treat infectious diseases caused by microbial pathogens. Recent publications based on in silico analysis highlighted the Bufonidae as promising sources of antimicrobial peptides. A review of the literature reveals that Bufonidae skin secretion extracts show inhibitory activity in vitro against clinical isolates of bacteria, resistant and standard strains of bacterial, and fungal and parasitic human pathogens. Secondary metabolites belonging to the classes of alkaloids, bufadienolides, and peptides with antimicrobial activity have been isolated from species of the genera Bufo, Bufotes, Duttaphrynus, and Rhinella. Additionally, some antimicrobial extracts and purified compounds display low cytotoxicity against mammal cells.

19-Hydroxy-bufalin, a major bufadienolide isolated from the parotoid gland secretions of the Panamanian endemic toad Rhinella centralis (Bufonidae), inhibits the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi.

American trypanosomiasis is a parasitic neglected disease, responsible for the death of approximately 10,000 people every year. Amphibians are recognized for producing in their cutaneous glands substances with pharmacological potential against a variety of pathologies. Here we investigated the antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi of bufadienolides isolated from the parotoid glands secretions of the toad Rhinella centralis from Panama. NMR and mass spectrometry analysis led to the identification of the active compound 19-hydroxy-bufalin, for which its antitrypanosomal activity and occurrence in the genus Rhinella are reported for the first time. This compound showed low cytotoxicity and significant selectivity which confers to it a potential role for the treatment of Chagas disease.

Sarcophagid Myiasis in the Bufonid Rhinella alata in Panama.

Rhinella alata is a small terrestrial bufonid that occurs in Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama. Between January 2014 and October 2015, we inspected 339 R. alata from Panama and report myiasis in eight of these toads. All infested toads were male and presented with mobile dark fly larvae visible beneath the ventral skin. At necropsy, we identified the larvae as belonging to the family Sarcophagidae (flesh flies). Flesh flies have been variously considered as predators, parasitoids, and parasites of anurans. There are at least four species of flesh flies that infect adult amphibians in the Neotropics, with the most common and widespread being Lepidodexia bufonivora. Myiasis has only rarely been reported in Panamanian anurans. Anuran cases of sarcophagid myiasis are usually fatal and we suspect myiasis as the cause of death for the R. alata that died in the current study.

Toxins and pharmacologically active compounds from species of the family Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Among amphibians, 15 of the 47 species reported to be used in traditional medicines belong to the family Bufonidae, which demonstrates their potential in pharmacological and natural products research. For example, Asian and American tribes use the skin and the parotoid gland secretions of some common toads in the treatment of hemorrhages, bites and stings from venomous animals, skin and stomach disorders, as well as several types of cancers. OVERARCHING OBJECTIVE: In addition to reviewing the occurrence of chemical constituents present in the family Bufonidae, the cytotoxic and biomedical potential of the active compounds produced by different taxa are presented. METHODOLOGY: Available information on bioactive compounds isolated from species of the family Bufonidae was obtained from ACS Publications, Google, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sciendirect and Springer. Papers written in Chinese, English, German and Spanish were considered. RESULTS: Recent reports show more than 30% of amphibians are in decline and some of bufonid species are considered to be extinct. For centuries, bufonids have been used as traditional folk remedies to treat allergies, inflammation, cancer, infections and other ailments, highlighting their importance as a prolific source for novel drugs and therapies. Toxins and bioactive chemical constituents from skin and parotid gland secretions of bufonid species can be grouped in five families, the guanidine alkaloids isolated and characterized from Atelopus, the lipophilic alkaloids isolated from Melanophryniscus, the indole alkaloids and bufadienolides known to be synthesized by species of bufonids, and peptides and proteins isolated from the skin and gastrointestinal extracts of some common toads. Overall, the bioactive secretions of this family of anurans may have antimicrobial, protease inhibitor and anticancer properties, as well as being active at the neuromuscular level. CONCLUSION: In this article, the traditional uses, toxicity and pharmacological potential of chemical compounds from bufonids have been summarized. In spite of being reported to be used to treat several diseases, neither extracts nor metabolites from bufonids have been tested in such illness like acne, osteoporosis, arthritis and other illnesses. However, the cytotoxicity of these metabolites needs to be evaluated on adequate animal models due to the limited conditions of in vitro assays. Novel qualitative and quantitative tools based on MS spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy is now available to study the complex secretions of bufonids.

Anti-malarial activity and HS-SPME-GC-MS chemical profiling of Plinia cerrocampanensis leaf essential oil.

BACKGROUND: Plinia cerrocampanensis is an endemic plant of Panama. The leaf essential oil of this plant has shown antibacterial activity. However, anti-malarial activity and chemical profiling by HS-SPME-GC-MS of this essential oil have not been reported before. METHODS: Anti-malarial activity of the essential oil (EO) was evaluated in vitro against chloroquine-sensitive HB3 and chloroquine-resistant W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Synergistic effect of chloroquine and the EO on parasite growth was evaluated by calculating the combination index. A methodology involving headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was developed to investigate the composition of Plinia cerrocampanensis EO. RESULTS: Plinia cerrocampanensis EO showed a high anti-malarial activity and a synergistic interaction with chloroquine. The Plinia cerrocampanensis EO inhibited P. falciparum growth in vitro at an IC50 of 7.3 µg/mL. Chloroquine together with the EO decreased the IC50 of chloroquine from 0.1 µg/mL to 0.05 µg/mL, and of the EO from 7.3 µg/mL to 1.1 µg/mL. The measured combination index was 0.58, which clearly indicates that the EO acts synergistically with chloroquine. Since the EO maintained its inhibitory activity on the chloroquine-sensitive strain of the parasite, it could be acting by a different mechanism of action than chloroquine. The best HS-SPME-GC-MS analytical conditions were obtained when the temperature of extraction was 49°C, incubation time 14 min, and the time of extraction 10 min. This method allowed for the identification of 53 volatile constituents in the EO, including new compounds not reported earlier. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-malarial activity exhibited by the Plinia cerrocampanensis EO may lend support for its possible use as an alternative for anti-malarial therapy.

Therapeutic efficacy of voriconazole against a fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate in a vaginal model.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of oral versus intravaginal voriconazole and compare it with fluconazole for the treatment of experimental vaginitis caused by a fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate. METHODS: Mice were treated with voriconazole at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg once a day and 20 mg/kg twice a day or with fluconazole at 20 mg/kg once or twice a day orally. Intravaginal treatments were evaluated with voriconazole and fluconazole at 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg once a day. All treatment regimens were given on days 1-5 post-challenge. One day 6, the vaginas were swabbed to assess treatment effects. RESULTS: Mice treated orally with voriconazole at >or=10 mg/kg and fluconazole at >or=20 mg/kg showed significantly reduced fungal counts over controls (P = 0.0002-0.007). Significant differences were found between the groups that received voriconazole at 20 mg/kg once or twice daily and those that received fluconazole at 20 mg/kg once or twice daily, orally (P = 0.010 and 0.001, respectively). Mice treated with voriconazole or fluconazole administered intravaginally at >or=0.5 mg/kg exhibited a reduced fungal burden when compared with the control group (P = 0.0002-0.007). There was no statistically significant difference in fungal burden between topical treatment with doses of 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg once daily of voriconazole or fluconazole. Sterilization of vaginas was not observed with voriconazole and fluconazole without taking into consideration the therapeutic modality. CONCLUSIONS: Voriconazole could emerge as a new alternative for treatment of vaginal candidosis.