An Asymmetric SN2 Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.

The SN2 reaction exhibits the classic Walden inversion, indicative of the stereospecific backside attack of the nucleophile on the stereogenic center. Observation of the inversion of the stereocenter provides evidence for an SN2-type displacement. However, this maxim is contingent on substitution proceeding on a discrete stereocenter. Here we report an SN2 reaction that leads to enantioenrichment of product despite starting from a racemic mixture of starting material. The enantioconvergent reaction proceeds through a dynamic Walden cycle, involving an equilibrating mixture of enantiomers, initiated by a chiral aminocatalyst and terminated by a stereoselective SN2 reaction at a tertiary carbon to provide a quaternary carbon stereocenter. A combination of computational, kinetic, and empirical studies elucidates the multifaceted role of the chiral organocatalyst to provide a model example of the Curtin-Hammett principle. These examples challenge the notion of enantioenriched products exclusively arising from predefined stereocenters when operating through an SN2 mechanism. Based on these principles, examples are included to highlight the generality of the mechanism. We anticipate the asymmetric SN2 dynamic kinetic resolution to be used for a variety of future reactions.

Umpolung Strategy for α-Functionalization of Aldehydes for the Addition of Thiols and other Nucleophiles.

Nucleophile-nucleophile coupling is a challenging transformation in organic chemistry. Herein we present a novel umpolung strategy for α-functionalization of aldehydes with nucleophiles. The strategy uses organocatalytic enamine activation and quinone-promoted oxidation to access O-bound quinol-intermediates that undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions. These quinol-intermediates react with different classes of nucleophiles. The focus is on an unprecedented organocatalytic oxidative α-thiolation of aldehydes. The reaction scope is demonstrated for a broad range of thiols and extended to chemoselective bioconjugation, and applicable to a large variety of aldehydes. This strategy can also encompass organocatalytic enantioselective coupling of α-branched aldehydes with thiols forming quaternary thioethers. Studies indicate a stereoselective formation of the intermediate followed by a stereospecific nucleophilic substitution reaction at a quaternary stereocenter, with inversion of configuration.

Prevalence of Diarylprolinol Silyl Ethers as Catalysts in Total Synthesis and Patents.

Diarylprolinol silyl ethers are among the most utilized stereoselective organocatalysts for the construction of complex molecules. With their debut in 2005, these catalysts have been applied in numerous method developments primarily leveraging enamine and iminium-ion catalysis. These strategies have extended into the preparation of complex molecules in both academic and industrial settings. This Review intends to give an overview of the application of the diarylprolinol silyl ether catalysts in total synthesis. Furthermore, integration of these catalysts in patent literature is also disclosed highlighting the versatility of the catalytic system.

Enantioselective Oxidative Coupling of Carboxylic Acids to α-Branched Aldehydes.

A new reactivity in organocatalysis is proposed to account for the coupling of carboxylic acids to α-branched aldehydes by combining primary amine catalysis and an oxidant. The developed methodology is an enantioselective α-coupling of aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids to α-branched aldehydes and proceeds in high yields (up to 97%) and for most examples good enantioselectivities (up to 92% ee). On the basis of experimental and mechanistic observations, the role of the primary amine catalyst is discussed.

Rapid-Acting Antidepressants.

BACKGROUND: Conventional antidepressants are thought to produce their impact on clinical symptoms by increasing the central availability of biogenic amine neurotransmitters (the monoamine hypothesis of depression). These drugs continue to be the primary medicines used in major depressive disorder. Although they have biological effects after acute dosing, full antidepressant response generally takes weeks of daily administration. Lack of rapid onset is a large limitation in antidepressant therapy (e.g., suicide, lack of medication compliance, difficulty switching medications). METHODS: The present review of the literature discusses the preclinical and clinical findings on compounds that can produce immediate symptom relief. RESULTS: These compounds include ketamine, scopolamine, and mechanistically-related drugs. Newer additions to the list of potential rapid-acting agents include antagonists of metabotropic (mGlu) 2/3 receptors, negative allosteric modulators of α5-containing GABAA receptors, and psychedelic compounds. An additional benefit of these compounds is that they have demonstrated large effect sizes and, importantly, demonstrated efficacy in patient's refractory to other treatments. A drawback of some of these compounds, to date, is finding ways to expand the duration of clinical efficacy. In addition, for some compounds, the side-effect profile requires management. A primary mechanism by which rapid effects might be produced is through the amplification of excitatory neurotransmission through activation of AMPA receptors. The extracellular efflux of glutamate induced by these drugs has been documented and provides the hypothesized triggering mechanism for AMPA receptor amplification. CONCLUSION: The preclinical and clinical literature strongly suggests that rapid-acting antidepressants are the current focus of antidepressant drug discovery. Promising clinical findings exist for several compounds including ketamine and other NMDA receptor antagonists, scopolamine, and psilocybin. Two compounds are in late stage clinical development: GLYX-13 (Rapastinel) and eskekamine.

Direct Enantio- and Diastereoselective Oxidative Homocoupling of Aldehydes.

A novel strategy for the direct enantioselective oxidative homocoupling of α-branched aldehydes is presented. The methodology employs open-shell intermediates for the construction of chiral 1,4-dialdehydes by forming a carbon-carbon bond connecting two quaternary stereogenic centers in good yields and excellent stereoselectivities for electron-rich aromatic aldehydes. The 1,4-dialdehydes were transformed into synthetically valuable chiral pyrrolidines. Experimental mechanistic investigations based on competition experiments combined with computational studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through a radical cation intermediate and that reactivity and stereoselectivity follow different trends.

Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide-Mediated Enolization of Acylated Oxazolidinones: Solvent, Cosolvent, and Isotope Effects on Competing Monomer- and Dimer-Based Pathways.

Lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS)-mediated enolization of (+)-4-benzyl-3-propionyl-2-oxazolidinone in THF-hydrocarbon mixtures shows unusual sensitivity to the choice of hydrocarbon cosolvent (hexane versus toluene) and to isotopic labeling. Four mechanisms corresponding to monosolvated monomers, trisolvated dimers, octasolvated monomers, and octasolvated dimers were identified. Even under conditions in which the LiHMDS monomer was the dominant observable form, dimer-based metalation was significant. The mechanism-dependent isotope and cosolvent effects are discussed in the context of ground-state stabilization and transition-state tunneling.

Selectivity and isotope effects in hydronation of a naked aryl anion.

An aryl anion is produced by rapid addition of iodide to the p-benzyne diradical formed by cycloaromatization of an enediyne. The aryl anion is then hydronated (protonated or deuteronated) to form 1-iodotetrahydronaphthalene. Hydrons can be incorporated not only from water but also from such weak acids as dimethyl sulfoxide and acetonitrile. The relative reactivity of each pair of hydron donors is evaluated from competition experiments. A low selectivity is observed and taken as evidence for a high basicity of the aryl anion. Moreover, the same relative reactivities are obtained with Bu4NI as with LiI; therefore the species that undergoes hydronation is not an aryllithium but a naked aryl anion. These studies thus characterize the reactivity of a naked aryl anion in solution and contrast it with the reactivity of an aryllithium or an aryl Grignard.