Tratamiento con bloqueo esfenopalatino de la cefalea refractaria por trombosis del seno cavernoso / Treatment with sphenopalatine blockade against refractory headache due to thrombosis of the cavernous sinus

Introducción: Entre las cefaleas secundarias se encuentra la atribuida a flebotrombosis cerebral producida por trombosis séptica del seno cavernoso. El ganglio esfenopalatino interviene en la génesis y mantenimiento de cefaleas unilaterales; pues envía conexiones a la cavidad nasofaríngea y meninges, así desempeña una función importante en la modulación neuronal; el bloqueo de dicho ganglio es un método fácil, seguro, económico y efectivo de tratamiento del dolor irruptivo de algunos tipos de cefalea. Objetivo: Presentar los resultados del bloqueo GEFP en el tratamiento de la cefalea grave refractaria secundaria a trombosis séptica del seno cavernoso. Presentación de caso: Paciente de 71 años de edad, al que se realizó de forma exitosa bloqueo transnasal del ganglio esfenopalatino, para tratamiento de cefalea grave refractaria secundaria a trombosis séptica del seno cavernoso, consiguiéndose analgesia efectiva con disminución progresiva de la cefalea y control total de la misma a las 72 h de tratamiento. Conclusiones: El bloqueo podría constituir una opción en la terapéutica de este tipo de cefalea(AU)

Introduction: Among secondary headaches, one is attributed to cerebral phlebothrombosis produced by septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus. The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) is involved in the genesis and maintenance of unilateral headaches, since it sends connections to the nasopharyngeal cavity and meninges, playing thus an important role in neuronal modulation; therefore; the blockade of this ganglion is an easy, safe, economic and effective method for treating breakthrough pain in some types of headache. Objective: To present the results of SPG blockade in the treatment of refractory severe headache produced by septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus. Case presentation: A 71-year-old male patient is presented, who was successfully performed a transnasal SPG blockade, as a treatment for refractory severe headache caused by septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus. Effective analgesia is achieved, together with progressive decrease of headache until it was totally controlled at 72 hours. Conclusions: Blockade was an option in the therapy of this type of headache(AU)

A Proposed Personalized Spine Care Protocol (SpineScreen) to Treat Visualized Pain Generators: An Illustrative Study Comparing Clinical Outcomes and Postoperative Reoperations between Targeted Endoscopic Lumbar Decompression Surgery, Minimally Invasive TLIF and Open Laminectomy.

Background: Endoscopically visualized spine surgery has become an essential tool that aids in identifying and treating anatomical spine pathologies that are not well demonstrated by traditional advanced imaging, including MRI. These pathologies may be visualized during endoscopic lumbar decompression (ELD) and categorized into primary pain generators (PPG). Identifying these PPGs provides crucial information for a successful outcome with ELD and forms the basis for our proposed personalized spine care protocol (SpineScreen). Methods: a prospective study of 412 patients from 7 endoscopic practices consisting of 207 (50.2%) males and 205 (49.8%) females with an average age of 63.67 years and an average follow-up of 69.27 months was performed to compare the durability of targeted ELD based on validated primary pain generators versus image-based open lumbar laminectomy, and minimally invasive lumbar transforaminal interbody fusion (TLIF) using Kaplan-Meier median survival calculations. The serial time was determined as the interval between index surgery and when patients were censored for additional interventional and surgical treatments for low back-related symptoms. A control group was recruited from patients referred for a surgical consultation but declined interventional and surgical treatment and continued on medical care. Control group patients were censored when they crossed over into any surgical or interventional treatment group. Results: of the 412 study patients, 206 underwent ELD (50.0%), 61 laminectomy (14.8%), and 78 (18.9%) TLIF. There were 67 patients in the control group (16.3% of 412 patients). The most common surgical levels were L4/5 (41.3%), L5/S1 (25.0%), and L4-S1 (16.3%). At two-year f/u, excellent and good Macnab outcomes were reported by 346 of the 412 study patients (84.0%). The VAS leg pain score reduction was 4.250 ± 1.691 (p < 0.001). No other treatment during the available follow-up was required in 60.7% (125/206) of the ELD, 39.9% (31/78) of the TLIF, and 19.7% (12/61 of the laminectomy patients. In control patients, only 15 of the 67 (22.4%) control patients continued with conservative care until final follow-up, all of which had fair and poor functional Macnab outcomes. In patients with Excellent Macnab outcomes, the median durability was 62 months in ELD, 43 in TLIF, and 31 months in laminectomy patients (p < 0.001). The overall survival time in control patients was eight months with a standard error of 0.942, a lower boundary of 6.154, and an upper boundary of 9.846 months. In patients with excellent Macnab outcomes, the median durability was 62 months in ELD, 43 in TLIF, and 31 months in laminectomy patients versus control patients at seven months (p < 0.001). The most common new-onset symptom for censoring was dysesthesia ELD (9.4%; 20/206), axial back pain in TLIF (25.6%;20/78), and recurrent pain in laminectomy (65.6%; 40/61) patients (p < 0.001). Transforaminal epidural steroid injections were tried in 11.7% (24/206) of ELD, 23.1% (18/78) of TLIF, and 36.1% (22/61) of the laminectomy patients. The secondary fusion rate among ELD patients was 8.8% (18/206). Among TLIF patients, the most common additional treatments were revision fusion (19.2%; 15/78) and multilevel rhizotomy (10.3%; 8/78). Common follow-up procedures in laminectomy patients included revision laminectomy (16.4%; 10/61), revision ELD (11.5%; 7/61), and multilevel rhizotomy (11.5%; 7/61). Control patients crossed over into ELD (13.4%), TLIF (13.4%), laminectomy (10.4%) and interventional treatment (40.3%) arms at high rates. Most control patients treated with spinal injections (55.5%) had excellent and good functional outcomes versus 40.7% with fair and poor (3.7%), respectively. The control patients (93.3%) who remained in medical management without surgery or interventional care (14/67) had the worst functional outcomes and were rated as fair and poor. Conclusions: clinical outcomes were more favorable with lumbar surgeries than with non-surgical control groups. Of the control patients, the crossover rate into interventional and surgical care was 40.3% and 37.2%, respectively. There are longer symptom-free intervals after targeted ELD than with TLIF or laminectomy. Additional intervention and surgical treatments are more often needed to manage new-onset postoperative symptoms in TLIF- and laminectomy compared to ELD patients. Few ELD patients will require fusion in the future. Considering the rising cost of surgical spine care, we offer SpineScreen as a simplified and less costly alternative to traditional image-based care models by focusing on primary pain generators rather than image-based criteria derived from the preoperative lumbar MRI scan.

Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis sobre eficacia de las drogas vasoactivas en el shock hemorrágico en animales / Systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of vasoactive drugs in hemorrhagic shock in animals

The objective of this review was to evalúate the efficacy of the use of vasoactive drugs in the initial resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in animals. The search was developed using the databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the database was also included: Clinical Trial.gov; no date restriction of publication or language. We included randomized controlled clinical trials in animals that compared the use of vasoactive drugs with any other resuscitation strategy for hemorrhagic shock. The analysis was developed using of review manager version 5.4, with the random effects model and the Mantel Haenszel method for dichotomous data. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated with the statisgraph I. The strength of evidence was assessed for each outcome according to the statements of the working group for the classification of the quality of the evidence (GRADE). 18 trials (n = 533 participant) were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with control, vasopressors were associated with lower relative risk of mortality during initial resuscitation from hae- morrhagic shock, with an overall risk estimate of 0.53 (0.39, 0.71) 95% confidence interval. There is evidence of the efficacy of vasopressors in resuscitation hemorrhagic shock in animals, this is of moderate to low quality; Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement randomized clinical trials that allow an evaluation of the efficacy and safety of these drugs in humans for their use systematically in patients with hemorrhagic shock.

El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar la eficacia del uso de drogas vasoactivas en la resucitación inicial del hemorrágico en animales. La búsqueda fue desarrollada usando las bases de datos: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, fue incluida además la base de datos: Clinical Trial.gov; sin restricción por fecha de publicación o idioma. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados en animales que compararon el uso de drogas vasoactivas con cualquier otra estrategia de resucitación del hemorrágico. El análisis fue desarrollado con el uso de review manager versión 5.4, con el modelo de efectos aleatorios y el método de Mantel Haenszel para datos dicotómicos. Heterogeneidad estadística fue evaluada con el estadígrafo I. La fuerza de la evidencia fue evaluada para cada resultado acorde a las declaraciones del grupo de trabajo para la clasificación de la calidad de la evidencia (GRADE). 18 ensayos (n = 533 participante) fueron incluidos en este metaanálisis. Comparado con el control, los vasopresores fueron asociados con menor riesgo relativo de mortalidad durante la reanimación inicial del hemorrágico, con una estimación global del riesgo de 0,53 (0,39, 0,71) intervalo de confianza de 95%. Existe evidencia de la eficacia de los vasopresores en la reanimación inicial del hemorrágico en animales, esta es de calidad moderada a baja; por lo que, es necesario desarrollar e implementar ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que permitan una evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de estas drogas en humanos para su uso de manera sistemática en pacientes con hemorrágico.

Rompiendo el efecto ''techo de cristal'' en la generación de evidencia clínica de alto nivel en ortopedia y traumatología / Breaking the "glass ceiling" effect in the generation of high-level clinical evidence in orthopedics and traumatology

Introduction: In clinical studies involving common orthopedic problems and traumatic injuries, randomization methods are difficult to orchestrate. The lack of high-level clinical evidence based on prospective, randomized, double-blind studies is often cited as a major reason for rejecting proposed therapeutic advances in orthopedic surgery. Materials and methods: This opinion document summarizes the limitations of clinical trials in surgical subspecialties. A consensus is presented about how the practicing orthopedic surgeon can produce high-quality clinical evidence and thus make changes to their clinical practice protocols. Results: This literature review revealed that level of evidence classifications vary among surgical subspecialties. Research in orthopedics and traumatology is primarily directed toward diagnosis, preferred treatment, and economic decision analysis, while other prognostic classifications are preferred in other areas, such as plastic surgery. In orthopedics, double-blind controlled studies are rare and often impractical or even unethical. Crossover between randomized surgical trials of study groups is more common. Other difficulties in surgical trials range from: lack of organizational and financial support, institutional approval or ethics committee and registration requirements for clinical trials, and to insufficient time outside of an already busy clinical program to dedicate to this laborious task. uncompensated task. Conclusion: Orthopedic surgery is a subspecialty based on experience and skill. Many innovations begin with enterprising surgeons reporting opinion reports or retrospective cohort studies, many of which are biased. Prospective observational cohort studies with consistent results may offer higher grade clinical evidence than poorly executed randomized trials.

Mirada bioética en la atención al paciente pediátrico frente a la Covid-19 / Bioethical look at pediatric patient care in the face of Covid-19 / Olhar bioético no atendimento ao paciente pediátrico em face da Covid-19

RESUMEN La pandemia causada por la COVID-19 se acompaña de desafíos bioéticos en vínculo con la atención a la salud de la población pediátrica, favorecido por las singularidades del grupo poblacional, la elevada transmisión viral, y el conocimiento aun limitado de las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad en pacientes pediátricos. La presente investigación cumple el propósito de describir elementos teórico-prácticos que conforman la necesidad de una mirada bioética ante los retos multiplicados que se presentan durante la atención al paciente pediátrico en condiciones del nuevo escenario impuesto por la contingencia epidemiológica de la COVID-19. La revisión se realizó con la utilización de motores de búsqueda como el Google Académico, fueron consultados artículos en español e inglés en las bases de SciELO y Pubmed. Se exponen consideraciones bioéticas centradas en el paciente pediátrico y en el equipo de salud, que aportan una perspectiva ético-atencional más ampliada. El dominio y la aplicación práctica de los aspectos abordados permiten establecer cursos de acción que configuran la posibilidad de una atención sanitaria más próxima e integral, en beneficio de una mayor protección a la salud de niños y adolescentes.

ABSTRACT The pandemic caused by COVID-19 is accompanied by bioethical challenges in connection with health care for the pediatric population, favored by the singularities of the population group, high viral transmission, and the still limited knowledge of the clinical manifestations of the disease. disease in pediatric patients. The present research fulfills the purpose of describing theoretical-practical elements that make up the need for a bioethical look at the multiplied challenges that arise during pediatric patient care under the conditions of the new scenario imposed by the epidemiological contingency of COVID-19. The review was carried out using search engines such as Google Scholar, articles in Spanish and English were consulted in the databases of SciELO and Pubmed. Bioethical considerations focused on the pediatric patient and the health team are presented, which provide a broader ethical-attentional perspective. The mastery and practical application of the aspects addressed make it possible to establish courses of action that configure the possibility of closer and more comprehensive health care, for the benefit of greater protection of the health of children and adolescents.

RESUMO A pandemia causada pela COVID-19 ver acompanhada de desafios bioéticos na atenção à saúde da população pediátrica, favorecida pelas singularidades do grupo populacional, alta transmissão viral e o linda limitado conhecimento das manifestaros clínicas da doença. pacientes pediátricos. A presente investigação compra o propósito de descrever elementos teórico-práticos que compõem a necessidade de um olhar bioético para os múltiplos desafios que se colocam durante a assistência ao paciente pediátrico nas condições do novo cenário imposto pela contingência epidemiológica do COVID-19. A revisão foi realizada em buscadores como o Google Scholar, os artigos em espanhol e inglês foram consultados nas bases de dados SciELO e Pubmed. São apresentadas considerações bioéticas voltadas para o paciente pediátrico e a equipe de saúde, que fornecem uma perspectiva ético-atencional mais ampla. O domínio e a aplicação prática dos aspectos abordados permitem estabelecer linhas de ação que configuram a possibilidade de uma atenção à saúde mais próxima e integral, em benefício de uma maior proteção à saúde da criança e do adolescente.

Mirada bioética en la atención al paciente pediátrico frente a la Covid-19 / Bioethical look at pediatric patient care in the face of Covid-19

La pandemia causada por la COVID-19 se acompaña de desafíos bioéticos en vínculo con la atención a la salud de la población pediátrica, favorecido por las singularidades del grupo poblacional, la elevada transmisión viral, y el conocimiento aún limitado de las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad en pacientes pediátricos. La presente investigación cumple el propósito de describir elementos teórico-prácticos que conforman la necesidad de una mirada bioética ante los retos multiplicados que se presentan durante la atención al paciente pediátrico en condiciones del nuevo escenario impuesto por la contingencia epidemiológica de la COVID-19. La revisión se realizó con la utilización de motores de búsqueda como el Google Académico, fueron consultados artículos en español e inglés en las bases de SciELO y Pubmed. Se exponen consideraciones bioéticas centradas en el paciente pediátrico y en el equipo de salud, que aportan una perspectiva ético-atencional más ampliada. El dominio y la aplicación práctica de los aspectos abordados permiten establecer cursos de acción que configuran la posibilidad de una atención sanitaria más próxima e integral, en beneficio de una mayorprotección a la salud de niños y adolescentes(AU)

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 is accompanied by bioethical challenges in connection with health care for the pediatric population, favored by the singularities of the population group, high viral transmission, and the still limited knowledge of the clinical manifestations of the disease in pediatric patients. The present research fulfills the purpose of describing theoretical-practical elements that make up the need for a bioethical look at the multiplied challenges that arise during pediatric patient care under the conditions of the new scenario imposed by the epidemiological contingency of COVID-19. The review was carried out using search engines such as Google Scholar, articles in Spanish and English were consulted in the databases of SciELO and Pubmed. Bioethical considerations focused on the pediatric patient and the health team are presented, which provide a broader ethical-attentional perspective. The mastery and practical application of the aspects addressed make it possible to establish courses of action that configure the possibility of closer and more comprehensive health care, for the benefit of greater protection of the health of children and adolescents(EU)

Dysphagia rates after minimally invasive tubular approach to the anterior cervical spine.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical spine surgery (anterior cervical spine surgery [ACSS]) is a commonly indicated to provide neurological decompression, correct deformity, and preserve stability. Current series report good to excellent results, but a number of patients suffer from dysphagia with reported rates as high as 80%. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort of patients undergoing ACSS (anterior cervical discectomy and fusion [ACDF]; and arthroplasty, total disc replacement [TDR]) from 2013 to 2017 by a single surgeon. We collected demographic data, surgical outcomes, clinical outcomes, and dysphagia incidence and magnitude (visual analog scale [VAS]), we analyzed results with SPSS 22. RESULTS: A total of 81 patients operated from 2013 to 2018, ACDF was performed in 70, and TDR was performed in 11, mean surgical time was 156.8, mean neck pain and radicular pain VAS reduced significantly in both groups (p < 0.01). Dysphagia was encountered in 18 ACDF patients, and one TDR patient. Overall dysphagia rate was 9.1% in day-1 post-operative, with mean 0.27 magnitude (standard deviation [SD] 0.4) in ACDF group and 0.18 (0.6 SD) in TDR group, 1-month follow-up dysphagia rate was 0%. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive techniques may reduce post-operative dysphagia related to soft-tissue trauma, to 9% in day-1 post-operative (as compared to 39%), and to 0% (as compared to 8.5% reported worldwide) by 1-month follow-up.

ANTECEDENTES: La cirugía cervical anterior (CCA) esta comúnmente indicada para proporcionar descompresión neurológica, corregir deformidades y preservar la estabilidad. Las series actuales reportan tasas de disfagia de hasta el 80%. MÉTODO: cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes sometidos a CCA (discectomía y fusión cervical anterior [DFCA], y artroplastia total de disco [ATD]) de 2013 a 2017. Se recopilaron datos demográficos, quirúrgicos, clínicos y de incidencia y magnitud de la disfagia (escala visual analógica [EVA]). Se analizaron los resultados con SPSS 22. RESULTADOS: 81 pacientes operados de 2013 a 2018, ACDF en 70 y ATD en 11, tiempo quirúrgico promedio de 156.8 minutos. La puntuación en la EVA cervical y radicular se redujo significativamente en ambos grupos (p < 0.01). Hubo disfagia en 18 pacientes con DFCA y en uno con ATD. La tasa de disfagia fue del 9.1% en el primer día de posoperatorio, con EVA de 0.27 (desviación estándar [DE]: 0.4) en el grupo DFCA y de 0.18 (DE: 0.6) en el grupo ATD. La tasa de disfagia de seguimiento a 1 mes fue del 0%. CONCLUSIONES: Las técnicas mínimamente invasivas reducen la disfagia posoperatoria en CCA al 9% en el primer día (en comparación con el 39%) y al 0% (en comparación con el 8.5% reportado mundialmente) al mes de seguimiento.

Microsurgical Resection of Intraspinal Benign Tumors Using Non-Expansile Tubular Access.

BACKGROUND: Intraspinal tumors are 10 to 15 times less common than brain tumors. The midline approach with extensive laminectomies represents the current gold-standard for resection, causing instability, muscle damage, and kyphosis among other well-known complications. Minimally invasive series reported their results using retractor-based systems. We analyzed a patient series treated with a non-expansile tubular approach, describing the technique, grade of resection, and clinical outcomes. METHODS: A series of consecutive cases operated between 2016 and October 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. The database included age, sex, clinical presentation, intraspinal location (intra/extradural), number of laminotomies, grade of resection, surgical time, bleeding, and follow-up. The initial and follow-up clinical condition was analyzed using the Frankel scale. RESULTS: A total of 13 patients underwent surgery: 3 intraspinal/extradural (23%), 8 intradural/extramedullary (61.5%), and 2 intramedullary tumors (15.3%); these were classified as 5 meningiomas (38.4%), 4 neurofibromas (30.7%), 2 schwannomas (15.3%), 1 hemangioblastoma (7.6%), and 1 astrocytoma (7.6%). Eleven (84.61%) patients had complete motor improvement, 1 patient had partial improvement, and 1 patient had no improvement (7.6% each). An 18-mm working channel tube was used for extramedullary lesions and 20-mm tubes for intramedullary injuries. Total tumor resection was achieved in 11 patients (84.6%) and subtotal in 2 patients (15.38%) corresponding to intramedullary tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study consisted of a small series, we have shown the possibility of resecting intraspinal tumors (some intradural-intramedullary) with non-expansile tubes in a safe and effective way with no complications. Most of the patients had complete neurological improvement at the end of follow-up.

Assessment of Paraspinal Muscle Atrophy Percentage after Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Unilateral Instrumentation Using a Novel Contralateral Intact Muscle-Controlled Model.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective comparative clinical study. PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess paraspinal muscle atrophy in patients who underwent minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) and unilateral pedicle screw fixation using a novel contralateral intact muscle-controlled model. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: The increased incidence of paravertebral lumbar muscle injuries after open techniques has raised the importance of implementing minimally invasive spine surgical techniques using tubular retractors and minimally invasive screw placement. The functional cross-sectional area (FCSA) represents the lean muscle mass; furthermore, FCSA is a useful marker of the contractile ability of a muscle following a spine surgery. However, the benefits of unilateral fixation and MI-TLIF on paraspinal muscles have not been defined. METHODS: We performed a retrospective imagenological review on eleven patients who underwent unilateral MI-TLIF and unilateral transpedicular screw lumbar placement. FCSAs of the multifidus and erector spinae were measured 1 year after surgery at adjacent levels and were compared to the contralateral intact muscles. Measurement differences between the surgical and nonsurgical sites were compared. The interobserver reliability was calculated using an intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The mean FCSA at the surgical site was 20.97±5.07 cm2 at the superior level and 8.89±2.87 cm2 at the inferior level. The mean FCSA at the contralateral nonsurgical site was 20.15±5.95 cm2 at the superior level and 9.20±2.66 cm2 at the inferior level was. The superior and inferior FCSA measurements showed no significant difference between the surgical and nonsurgical sites (p=0.5, p=0.922, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Using a mini-open tubular approach through the sulcus between the longissimus and iliocostalis, MI-TLIF and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation produced minimal paraspinal muscle damage at the superior and inferior adjacent levels.

Learning curve in single-level minimally invasive tlif: experience of a neurosurgeon / Curva de aprendizagem em tlif minimamente invasiva em um nível: experiência de um neurocirurgião / Curva de aprendizaje en tlif por mínima invasión de un nivel: experiencia de un neurocirujano

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the learning curve that shows the progress of a single neurosurgeon when performing single-level MI-TLIF. Methods: We included 99 consecutive patients who underwent single-level MI-TLIF by the same neurosurgeon (JASS). Patient's demographic characteristics were analyzed. In addition, surgical time, intraoperative blood loss and hospital stay were evaluated. The learning curves were calculated with a piecewise regression model. Results: The mean age was 54.6 years. The learning curves showed an inverse relationship between the surgical experience and the variable analyzed, reaching an inflection point for surgical time in case 43 and for blood loss in case 48. The mean surgical time was 203.3 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] 150-240 minutes), intraoperative bleeding was 97.4ml (IQR 40-100ml) and hospital stay of four days (IQR 3-5 days). Conclusions: MI-TLIF is a very frequent surgical procedure due to its effectiveness and safety, which has shown similar results to open procedure. According to this study, the required learning curve is slightly higher than for open procedures, and is reached after about 45 cases.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a curva de aprendizagem que mostra o progresso de um único neurocirurgião na realização de MI-TLIF em um só nível. Métodos: Foram incluídos 99 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a MI-TLIF de um só nível pelo mesmo neurocirurgião (JASS). Foram analisadas as características demográficas dos pacientes. Além disso, avaliou-se o tempo operatório, a perda de sangue intraoperatória e o tempo de internação hospitalar. As curvas de aprendizagem foram realizadas com um modelo de regressão segmentada. Resultados: A média de idade foi 54,6 anos. As curvas de aprendizagem mostraram uma relação inversa entre a experiência cirúrgica e a variável analisada, atingindo um ponto de inflexão para o tempo de cirurgia no caso 43 e da perda sanguínea no caso 48. O tempo médio de cirurgia foi de 203,3 minutos (amplitude interquartil [IQR] 150 - 240 minutos), de sangramento intraoperatório foi 97,4 ml (IQR 40-100 ml) e de internação hospitalar foi de quatro dias (IQR 3-5 dias). Conclusões: O MI-TLIF é um procedimento realizado com muita frequência devido à sua eficácia e segurança, que tem mostrado resultados comparáveis com o procedimento aberto. De acordo com este estudo, a curva de aprendizagem necessária é ligeiramente maior do que para os procedimentos abertos, sendo que é atingida depois de cerca de 45 casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la curva de aprendizaje que muestre el progreso de un sólo neurocirujano para la realización de MI-TLIF de un sólo nivel. Métodos: Se incluyeron 99 pacientes consecutivos sometidos a MI-TLIF en un solo nivel por un mismo neurocirujano (JASS). Se analizaron las características demográficas de los pacientes. Además se evaluó el tiempo quirúrgico, sangrado transoperatorio y tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Las curvas de aprendizaje se realizaron con un modelo de regresión dividida en segmentos. Resultados: Se obtuvo un promedio de edad de 54,6 años. Las curvas de aprendizaje mostraron una relación inversa entre la experiencia quirúrgica y la variable analizada, alcanzando un punto de inflexión para tiempo quirúrgico en el caso 43 y para el sangrado en el caso 48. El promedio de tiempo quirúrgico fue de 203,3 minutos (amplitud intercuartil [IQR] 150 - 240 minutos), del sangrado transoperatorio fue 97,4 ml (IQR 40 - 100 ml) y de la estancia hospitalaria fue de cutro días (IQR 3 - 5 días). Conclusiones: El MI-TLIF es un procedimiento realizado con gran frecuencia debido a su efectividad y seguridad y que ha demostrado resultados equiparables con el procedimiento abierto. De acuerdo a este estudio la curva de aprendizaje requerida es discretamente mayor que para procedimientos abiertos, alcanzándola aproximadamente tras 45 casos.

Minimally invasive single-door plate laminoplasty with lateral mass screw fixation for the unstable segment. report of two cases with long follow-up / Laminoplastia em porta aberta minimamente invasiva com fixação com parafusos de massa lateral para o segmento instável. relato de dois casos com acompanhamento prolongado / Laminoplastía en puerta abierta mínimamente invasiva y fijación com tornillo de masa lateral para o segmento inestable. reporte de dos casos con seguimiento a largo plazo

ABSTRACT Objective: To report two cases of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy with monosegmental instability, in which we performed a minimally invasive microsurgical transmuscular approach with tubular retractors to create a single-door plate laminoplasty combined with fixation of the unstable segment with lateral mass screws. Methods: The surgical procedures were performed by the senior author. In both patients, the follow-up was performed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the Visual Analogue Scale for neck and radicular pain (radVAS, neckVAS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Short Form 36 (SF-36), in the preoperative (preop) and postoperative (postop) periods, and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. A radiological evaluation also was performed, which included AP, lateral and flexion-extension films at 6, 12 and 24 months and CT-scan at 12 months. Results: Case 1 - preop ODI: 40%, 24 months postop ODI: 4%; preop radVAS: 7, 24 months radVAS: 0; preop neckVAS: 8, postop 24 months neckVAS: 0; preopNDI: 43%, 24 months PostopNDI: 8%; SF-36 - preop Physical Functioning (PF): 40, preop Vitality (VT): 40, preop Emotional role functioning (RE): 33.3, Bodily pain (BP): 51, General Health (GH): 57, Social Functioning (SF): 75; postop PF: 95, VT: 95, RE: 100, BP: 74, GH: 87, SF: 100. Case 2 - preopODI: 46%, 24 months postopODI: 10%; preop radVAS: 7, 24m radVAS: 0; preop neckVAS: 9, postop 24 months neckVAS: 0; preopNDI: 56%, 24 months PostopNDI: 15%; SF-36 - preop PF: 39, VT: 45, RE: 33.3, BP: 50, GH: 49, SF: 70; postop PF: 90, VT: 100, RE: 100, BP: 82, GH: 87, SF: 100. No complications, cervical instability or signs of failed surgery were found trough and at final follow-up at 24 months. We found significant clinical improvement in both patients. Conclusions: Minimally invasive cervical laminoplasty combined with lateral mass screw fixation for the unstable segment is a useful technique in cases with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy associated with monosegmental instability. Additional comparative studies are needed to establish its efficacy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar dois casos de mielopatia espondilótica cervical em múltiplos níveis com instabilidade de um só segmento, nos quais realizamos uma microcirurgia minimamente invasiva por via transmuscular com retratores tubulares para criar uma laminoplastia em porta aberta com fixação do segmento instável com parafusos de massa lateral. Métodos: Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram realizados pelo autor principal. Em ambos os pacientes, o acompanhamento foi realizado usando Índice de Incapacidade de Oswestry (ODI), Escala Visual Analógica para dor cervical e radicular (EVAc e EVArad), Índice de Incapacidade Relacionada ao Pescoço (NDI) e o Short Form 36 (SF-36) nos períodos pré-operatório (pré-op) e pós-operatório (pós-op) e em 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 e 24 meses. Realizou-se também a avaliação radiológica, que incluiu vistas AP, laterais e de flexão-extensão aos 6, 12 e 24 meses e TC aos 12 meses. Resultados: Caso 1 - ODI pré-op: 40%, ODI 24 meses pós-op: 4%; pré-op EVArad: 7, EVArad 4 meses: 0; EVAc pré-op: 8, EVAc pós-op 24 meses: 0; NDI pré-op: 43%, NDI pós-op 24 meses: 8%; SF-36 - capacidade funcional (CF) pré-op: 40, vitalidade (VT) pré-op: 40, aspectos emocionais (AE) pré-op: 33,3, dor (D): 51, estado geral da saúde (ES): 57, aspectos sociais (AS): 75; CF : 95, VT: 95, AE: 100, D: 74, ES: 87, AS: 100 pós-op. Caso 2 - ODI pré-op: 46%, ODI 24 meses pós-op: 10%; EVArad pré-op : 7, EVArad 24 meses: 0; EVAc pré-op: 9, EVAc 24 meses pós-op: 0; NDI pré-op: 56%, NDI 24 meses pós-op: 15%; SF-36 pré-op: CF: 39, VT: 45, AE: 33,3, D: 50, ES: 49, AS: 70; CF: 90, VT: 100, AE: 100, D: 82, ES: 87, AS: 100 pós-op. Não houve complicações, instabilidade cervical ou sinais de falha da cirurgia durante o acompanhamento de 24 meses. Ambos os pacientes apresentaram melhoras significativas. Conclusões: A laminoplastia cervical minimamente invasiva combinada com fixação de parafuso de massa lateral do segmento instável é uma técnica útil nos casos com mielopatia espondilótica cervical em vários níveis associada à instabilidade de um só segmento. É necessário realizar estudos comparativos adicionais para estabelecer a eficácia do procedimento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Relatar dos casos de mielopatía espondilótica cervical en múltiples niveles con inestabilidad de un solo segmento, en los que realizamos una microcirugía mínimamente invasiva por vía transmuscular con retractores tubulares para crear una laminoplastia en puerta abierta con fijación del segmento inestable con tornillos de masa lateral. Métodos: Los procedimientos quirúrgicos fueron realizados por el autor principal. En ambos pacientes, el seguimiento fue realizado usando Índice de Discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI), Escala Visual Analógica para dolor en el cuello y radicular (EVAc y EVArad), Índice de Discapacidad Cervical (NDI) y el Short Form 36 (SF-36) en los períodos preoperatorio (preop) y postoperatorio (posop) y en 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 y 24 meses. Se realizó también la evaluación radiológica, que incluyó proyecciones AP, laterales y de flexión-extensión a los 6, 12 y 24 meses y TC a los 12 meses. Resultados: Caso 1 - ODI preop: 40%, ODI 24 meses posop: 4%; EVArad preop: 7, EVArad 4 meses: 0; EVAc preop: 8, EVAc posop 24 meses: 0; NDI preop: 43%, NDI posop 24 meses: 8%; SF-36 - función física (FF) preop: 40, vitalidad (VT) preop: 40, rol emocional (RE) preop: 33,3, dolor corporal (DC): 51, salud general (SG): 57, función social (FS): 75; FF: 95, VT: 95, RE: 100, DC: 74, SG: 87, FS: 100 posop. Caso 2 - ODI preop: 46%, ODI 24 meses posop: 10%; EVArad preop: 7, EVArad 24 meses: 0; EVAc preop: 9, EVAc 24 meses posop: 0; NDI preop: 56%, NDI 24 meses posop: 15%; SF-36 preop: FF: 39, VT: 45, RE: 33,3, D: 50, SG: 49, FS: 70 preop; FF: 90, VT 100, RE 100, DC 82, SG: 87, FS: 100 posop. No hubo complicaciones, inestabilidad cervical o signos de falla de la cirugía durante el seguimiento de 24 meses. Ambos pacientes presentaron mejoras significativas. Conclusiones: La laminoplastia cervical mínimamente invasiva combinada con fijación de tornillo de masa lateral del segmento inestable es una técnica útil en los casos con mielopatía espondilótica cervical en múltiples niveles asociada a la inestabilidad de un solo segmento. Es necesario realizar estudios comparativos adicionales para establecer la eficacia del procedimiento.

Anestesia epidural y control posoperatorio de la tensión arterial en pacientes con preeclampsia grave cesareadas / Epidural anesthesia and postoperative control of arterial pressure in patients with serious preeclampsia and who have undergone cesarean section

Introducción: La preeclampsia en Cuba tiene una incidencia de 10 a 12 y una mortalidad neonatal de 35 por ciento. Hay escasa evidencia acerca de si es adecuado el tratamiento estándar. Se acepta el uso de anestesia epidural en la preeclampsia grave porque, entre otros beneficios, estabiliza la presión arterial. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la anestesia epidural continua como coadyuvante en el control posoperatorio de la tensión arterial en pacientes con preeclampsia grave. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental en el hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto en el periodo 2013-2016. Se incluyeron 180 gestantes entre 15 y 40 años con preeclampsia grave intervenidas por cesárea, ASA III; asignadas aleatoriamente a un grupo de estudio y otro de control. En ambos se procedió según la norma cubana de obstetricia para el tratamiento de la preeclampsia. El grupo control recibió analgesia posoperatoria según recomendaciones del protocolo hospitalario, mientras se empleó anestesia epidural continua con 12,5 mg/h de bupivacaína al 0,125 por ciento en el grupo de estudio. Se midió la tensión arterial sistólica, diastólica y media durante las ocho primeras horas posoperatorias: Resultados: La tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica se controló en 93 por ciento y 88 por ciento, respectivamente. En el grupo control, 47 por ciento necesitó tres drogas antihipertensivas, 6 por ciento evolucionó hacia la eclampsia. Se controlaron los síntomas en el 97 por ciento del grupo de estudio. La taquicardia fue el efecto secundario esperado más frecuente de la anestesia epidural. Conclusiones: La anestesia epidural con bupivacaína al 12,5 mg/h es eficaz como coadyuvante en el control de la tensión arterial en el posoperatorio de pacientes con preeclampsia grave(AU)

Introduction: Preeclampsia in Cuba has an incidence of 10 to 12 and a neonatal mortality of 35 percent. There is little evidence about the standard treatment. The use of epidural anesthesia in severe preeclampsia is accepted because, among other benefits, it stabilizes blood pressure. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of continuous epidural anesthesia as an adjuvant in the postoperative control of blood pressure in patients with severe preeclampsia. Method: An experimental study was performed at Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital in the period 2013-2016. We included 180 pregnant women aged 15-40 and with severe preeclampsia undergoing cesarean section (ASA III), randomly assigned to a study group and a control group. In both cases, we used the Cuban obstetrical standard for treating preeclampsia. The control group received postoperative analgesia according to the recommendations of the hospital protocol, while continuous epidural anesthesia was used with 12.5 mg/h of bupivacaine 0.125 percent in the study group. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure were measured during the first eight postoperative hours. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was controlled in 93 percent and 88 percent, respectively. In the control group, 47 percent needed three antihypertensive drugs, while 6 percent evolved towards eclampsia. Symptoms were controlled in 97 percent of the study group. Tachycardia was the most common expected side effect of epidural anesthesia. Conclusions: Epidural anesthesia with 12.5 mg/h of bupivacaine is effective as an adjuvant in controlling postoperative blood pressure in patients with severe preeclampsia(AU)

A prospective clinical study comparing MI-TLIF with unilateral versus bilateral transpedicular fixation in low grade lumbar spondylolisthesis.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) has become one of the standard techniques for approaching ipsilateral decompression, anterior column fusion, and posterior stabilization. This procedure is usually accompanied by the placement of bilateral transpedicular screws in the corresponding segment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of unilateral screw fixation compared with bilateral fixation in patients diagnosed with low-grade symptomatic lumbar spondylolisthesis who underwent an MI-TLIF technique. METHODS: A prospective and comparative study was performed in 67 patients with grade 1 symptomatic lumbar spondylolisthesis. The sample was allocated on both unilateral fixation group (n=33) and bilateral fixation group (n=34). Clinical outcomes were evaluated using Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analogue scale (VAS) for leg and back pain, and Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), preoperatively, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Changes over time and differences between the groups were analyzed. Statistical analyses included: Friedman test, Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney's U. A two-tailed P value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: During 1-year of evaluation there were no significant clinical differences between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with grade 1 symptomatic lumbar spondylolisthesis treated with MI-TLIF with unilateral screw fixation had similar clinical results than those treated with bilateral fixation at 12 months postoperatively.

Microscopy-assisted interspinous tubular approach for lumbar spinal stenosis.

Various minimally invasive techniques have been reported as an alternative to conventional lumbar decompression. The major advantage of these minimally invasive procedures lies in their reduction of unnecessary exposure and tissue trauma. Our objective was to describe a minimally invasive procedure for lumbar spinal stenosis decompression by enlarging the lumbar interspinous space, approaching it with a tubular retractor, and assisting with microscopy. Thoracolumbar fascia and paravertebral muscles are preserved throughout the whole procedure. Iatrogenic instability of the spine can be avoided if during the procedure both joints are just undercut in order to decompress the subarticular space. The approach described in this manuscript could be used as an alternate minimally invasive surgical procedure for the treatment of central and lateral lumbar spinal stenosis.

Análisis bibliométrico sobre publicaciones científicas de temas pediátricos en Multimed. 2012-2016 / Bibliometric analysis on scientific publications of pediatric topics in Multimed. 2012-2016

La investigación científica en el área pediátrica asume características distintivas que exigen una responsabilidad multiplicada y sustentan la necesidad de los estudios bibliométricos. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal mediante el análisis bibliométrico de toda la producción científica sobre temas pediátricos publicada en la Revista Multimed de Granma, Cuba, entre enero 2012 y diciembre 2016. Se trabajó con 64 artículos. Se estudiaron las variables: volúmenes de la revista, números por volumen, año de publicación, cantidad de artículos por año, tasa de crecimiento anual, número de artículos por año, cantidad de autores por artículo, índice de colaboración anual, tipología documental, temas abordados, productividad por instituciones y especialidades, actualidad e idioma de las referencias bibliográficas. Se emplearon métodos teóricos analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo y se calculó el índice de Price. Se encontró una tendencia de crecimiento progresivo durante el quinquenio, con un pico máximo en el 2015. El índice de colaboración científica tuvo un valor máximo de 4,61 y mínimo de 3,50; alcanzados en los años 2016 y 2013 respectivamente. Predominaron los artículos originales (n=56; 87,5 por ciento). Las infecciones (29,7 por ciento), la salud bucal y afecciones estomatológicas (12,5 por ciento) resultaron los temas pediátricos más abordados. Las especialidades de pediatría, psicología-psicopedagogía y estomatología fueron las de mayor productividad. El valor promedio del índice de Price fue de 0,23. Los resultados advierten la necesidad de centrar la atención en las variables métricas en aras de alcanzar un mejor posicionamiento de la revista y de la ciencia que se produce en esta área(AU)

Scientific research in the pediatric area assumes distinctive characteristics that demand a multiplied responsibility and support the need for bibliometric studies. A cross-sectional descriptive investigation was carried out through the bibliometric analysis of all the scientific production on pediatric subjects published in the Multimed Journal of Granma province, Cuba, from January 2012 to December 2016. Sixty-four (64) articles were evaluated. Variables studied were: volumes of the journal, numbers by volume, year of publication, number of articles per year, annual growth rate, number of articles per year, number of authors per article, annual collaboration index, documentary typology, topics addressed, productivity by institutions and specialties, current and language of the bibliographical references. Analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive theoretical methods were used and the Price index was calculated. A trend of progressive growth was found during the five-year period, with a maximum peak in 2015. The scientific collaboration index had a maximum value of 4.61 and a minimum of 3.50; achieved in the years 2016 and 2013 respectively. Original articles predominated (n = 56, 87.5 percent). Infections (29.7 percent), oral health and stomatological conditions (12.5 percent) were the most frequently addressed pediatric issues. The specialties of Pediatrics, Psychology-Psychopedagogy and Stomatology were those of greater productivity. The average value of the Price index was 0.23. The results warn the need to focus attention on the metric variables in order to achieve a better positioning of the journal and the science that occurs in this area(EU)

[Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst: A case report and review of literature]. / Quiste aracnoideo extradural espinal: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND: Arachnoid cysts of spine are a very rare occurrence. The aetiology still remains unclear, but the most accepted explanation is the existence of areas of weakness in the spinal dura. Symptoms depend on the location in the spine. Magnetic resonance imaging is used for its diagnosis. Management depends of clinical presentation, and the surgery is reserved for patients with neurological impairment. CLINICAL CASE: A case is described of 67 year-old male with myelopathy and radiculopathy symptoms, both diagnosed simultaneously. The magnetic resonance imaging was used to diagnose a thoracolumbar extradural arachnoid cyst from T12-L2 and lumbar spinal canal stenosis. The patient was treated with a puncture procedure to empty the cyst and decompress the neural elements. There was a clinical improvement of myelopathy syndrome after puncture procedure. One month later, the patient underwent a minimally invasive surgical approach to decompress the neural elements in lumbar spine, achieving improvement of the radiculopathy syndrome and neurogenic claudication in both legs. CONCLUSION: There is currently no standard minimally invasive approach to surgically treat these cysts, but if the patient has mild symptoms, clinical observation is recommended.

Caracterización tomográfica de la enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda de causa hipertensiva acorde al diagnóstico clínico / Tomography characterization of acute cerebrovascular disease derived from hypertension according to the clinical diagnostic

La enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda se distingue como causa frecuente de ingreso hospitalario por urgencia neurológica. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de pacientes con el diagnóstico de enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda de causa hipertensiva, que ingresaron en el Hospital General Universitario Carlos Manuel de Céspedes de Bayamo en el período de abril a noviembre del 2014 con el objetivo de realizar la caracterización tomográfica de la entidad acorde al diagnóstico clínico. La muestra estuvo constituida por 83 casos. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos como el inductivo deductivo y el análisis síntesis. Se determinaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas. El 57.9 por ciento ingresó con el diagnóstico clínico de Infarto Cerebral Isquémico. El diagnóstico post tomografía aportó predominio del Infarto Cerebral Isquémico en el 27.7 por ciento seguido de la Hemorragia Intraparenquimatosa. Existió correspondencia clínico tomográfica en 54.2 por ciento de la muestra. Dentro de los hallazgos tomográficos predominó la dilatación ventricular. Se evidenció la utilidad de la tomografía en la precisión diagnóstica y el seguimiento de los casos(AU)

Acute cerebrovascular disease is distinguished as a frequent cause of hospitalization by neurological emergency. It was carried out a descriptive prospective study of patients with the diagnosis of acute cerebrovascular disease derived from hypertension that was admitted in Carlos Manuel de Céspedes hospital in Bayamo in the period April to November 2014, with the objective to perform the tomography characterization according to the clinical diagnostic. The sample consisted of 83 cases. Theoretical methods such as inductive deductive and synthesis analysis were applied. Absolute and relative frequencies were determined. The 57.9 percent were admitted with the clinical diagnostic of cerebral ischemic attack. The post tomography diagnostic contributed prevailing in 27.7 percent of the cerebral ischemic attack followed by the intraparenchymal hemorrhage. There was clinical tomography correspondence in the 54.2 percent of the samples. Within the tomography findings the ventricular dilatation was predominated. The tomography usefulness in the precision diagnostic and the follow-up of the cases were evidenced(EU)

Vilma Espín Guillois: mujer símbolo del pueblo / Vilma Espin Guillois: A woman who is a symbol of the people

La trayectoria de la mujer cubana adopta rasgos distintivos en cada época histórica, expresión de la actitud asumida en beneficio social. Se distingue la vida y obra de Vilma Lucila Espín Guillois al ocupar por derecho propio un espacio excepcional en la historia de la patria. Se realizó un estudio de revisión de fuentes bibliográficas actualizadas que permitió seleccionar 13 referentes ilustrativos de la temática, con el objetivo de caracterizar la trayectoria que identifica la figura de Vilma como un símbolo del pueblo. Como método teórico se utilizó el histórico-biográfico, mediante la aplicación de análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción y enfoque histórico-lógico. La investigación ayuda a comprender las esencialidades que caracterizan a sus principales contribuciones sociales y el valor del legado de su pensamiento y conducta para el modelo cubano del profesional de las ciencias médicas(AU)

The trajectory of the Cuban woman adopts distinctive traits in each historical epoch, an expression of the attitude assumed in social behalf. It is honored the life and work of Vilma Lucila Espín Guillois because she occuies an exceptional space in the history of the country. It was performed a review of updated bibliographic sources that allowed to select 13 illustrative references of the topic, with the aim of characterizing the path that identifies Vilma as a symbol of the country. As a theoretical method it was used the historical-biographical, by applying the analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and historical-logical approach. The research helps usunderstand the principles that characterize the main social contributions and the value of the legacy of her thought and behavior to the Cuban model of medical science professionals(EU)

Monitoreo de la oxigenación en ancianos intervenidos de próstata con anestesia subaracnoidea, según Índice SpO2/FiO 2 / Monitoreo of the oxygenation in intervened old men of prostate with anesthesia subaracnoidea, according to index SpO2/FiO 2

Introducción: durante la anestesia regional, técnica aplicada con mayor frecuencia para las intervenciones prostáticas, también se ha estudiado la variación de la saturación de la hemoglobina como parámetro de oxigenación, informándose niveles de desaturación de la hemoglobina considerados leves y moderados. Objetivo: determinar la utilidad de una forma no invasiva para medir la hipoxia remplazando la razón presión parcial de oxigeno (PaO2 )/fracción inspirada de oxigeno (FiO2) por la razón saturación parcial de oxigeno (SpO2)/FiO2 en el paciente intervenido con anestesia espinal subaracnoidea de adenoma de próstata. Método: se estudiaron 102 pacientes entre enero de 2012 a enero del 2015 con edades entre 58 y 89 años, ASA II, III. Se realizó un estudio correlacional, transversal empleándose pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas (Kendall y Spearman) para comparar si hay relación entre las variables de estudio (SpO2/ FiO2 y PaO2/ FiO2).Resultados: de acuerdo con las observaciones realizadas, la correlación fue de (r = 0,293) para Kendall y (r = 0,349) para Spearman; cuando los pacientes se estaban ventilando con FIO2 entre 0,31 y 0,50. Conclusiones: existe fuerte correlación entre los índices (SpO2)/FiO2, por lo que debe concebirse como una alternativa no invasiva para el monitoreo de la ventilación(AU)

Introduction: during the regional anesthesia, technique applied with more frequency for the interventions prostáticas, it has also been studied the variation of the saturation of the hemoglobin like oxygenation parameter, informing you levels of desaturación of the light and moderate considered hemoglobin. Objective: to determine the utility in a way non invasiva to measure the hipoxia remplazando the reason partial pressure of I oxygenate (PaO2) / inspired fraction of I oxygenate (FiO2) for the reason partial saturation of I oxygenate (SpO2)/FiO2 in the patient intervened with anesthesia spinal subaracnoidea of prostate adenoma. Method: 102 patients were studied among January from 2012 to January of the 2015 with ages between 58 and 89 years, it ROASTS II, III. He/she was carried out a study correlacional, traverse using you statistical tests not parametric (Kendall and Spearman) to compare if there is relationship among the study variables (SpO2 / FiO2 and PaO2 / FiO2). Results: in accordance with the carried out observations, the correlation was of (r = 0,293) for Kendall and (r = 0,349) for Spearman; when the patients were ventilating with FIO2 between 0,31 and 0,50. Conclusions: strong correlation exists among the indexes (SpO2)/FiO2, for what should be conceived like an alternative non invasiva for the monitoreo of the ventilation(AU)