ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Diabetes Education Programs (DEP) that improve metabolic control are applied to a wide variety of patient types. The aim is to test whether DEPs work differently depending on the patient profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six type 1 diabetics participated. They were divided into four groups according to their haemoglobin levels (range: 7-13 %) and into two groups according to the presence or absence of complications. The ECODI scale for assessing diabetes knowledge and the Frequency of Self-Care scale were completed by all patients. RESULTS: The results showed that HbA1c decreased after the DEP, with some areas of self-care also improving. There were no changes, however, to diet or exercise. CONCLUSIONS: DEP appear to work better in patients with worse control and with complications, suggesting that they have a certain role to play in prevention. Their lack of impact on diet or exercise, would suggest that the DEPs require improvement to include psychological strategies that motivate lasting lifestyle changes.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Patient Education as Topic , Adult , Chronic Disease , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Fundamento: Los programas de Educación Diabetológica (PED) mejoran el control metabólico pero son aplicados a pacientes de muy diversa índole. El objetivo es comprobar si un PED funciona de manera diferente según el perfil del paciente. Material y Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 36 pacientes diagnosticados de diabetes tipo 1. Fueron segmentados en cuatro grupos según niveles de hemoglobina (rango de 7-13%) y en dos, según la presencia o no de complicaciones. Todos cumplimentaron la Escala ECODI y la de Frecuencia de Auto-Cuidado. Resultados: Se comprueba cómo tras el PED existe una disminución de la Hb1Ac y algunas áreas del auto-cuidado también mejoran, pero no hay cambios en dieta ni en el ejercicio. Conclusiones: El PED parece funcionar mejor en los pacientes con peor control y con complicaciones, y se discute, por tanto, su papel preventivo. Se concluye sobre la necesidad de mejorar la intervención, ya que no hay cambios en aspectos relativos a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, incluyendo estrategias psicológicas que motiven un cambio real en el estilo de vida (AU)
Background: Diabetes Education Programs (DEP) that improve metabolic control are applied to a wide variety of patient types. The aim is to test whether DEPs work differently depending on the patient profile. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six type 1 diabetics participated. They were divided into four groups according to their haemoglobin levels (range: 7-13 %) and into two groups according to the presence or absence of complications. The ECODI scale for assessing diabetes knowledge and the Frequency of Self-Care scale were completed by all patients. Results: The results showed that HbA1c decreased after the DEP, with some areas of self-care also improving. There were no changes, however, to diet or exercise. Conclusions: DEP appear to work better in patients with worse control and with complications, suggesting that they have a certain role to play in prevention. Their lack of impact on diet or exercise, would suggest that the DEPs require improvement to include psychological strategies that motivate lasting lifestyle changes (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood , Patient Education as Topic , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Chronic Disease , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed on a set of pyridinone derivatives. A molecular alignment obtained by docking of compounds into the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor binding site of HIV-1 was used. Good correlations between the calculated binding free energies and experimental inhibitory activities suggest that the binding conformations of these inhibitors are reasonable. Robust and predictive 3D-QSAR models were obtained with q2 values of 0.706 and 0.723 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. The models were validated by an external test set obtaining r2 pred values of 0.720 and 0.750 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. The CoMFA, CoMSIA and docking results help to understand the type of interactions that occur between pyridinone derivatives with the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor binding pocket, and explain the viral resistance to pyridinone derivatives upon mutation of amino acids Tyr181 and Tyr188. The results obtained provide information for a better understanding of the drug resistant mechanisms. The 3D-QSAR models derived will be used to guide the design of pyridinone derivatives active against mutant strains of reverse transcriptase.
Subject(s)
Pyridones/chemistry , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemistry , Computer Simulation , Ligands , Models, Molecular , Nevirapine/chemistry , Pyridones/metabolism , SoftwareABSTRACT
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a water-soluble, neutral pH, colorless compound, is widely used in oral hygiene products to inhibit bacteria responsible for plaque. Previously, researchers have demonstrated that CPC not only reduces Salmonella typhimurium on poultry but also prevents cross-contamination. To determine the effectiveness of CPC against pathogens associated with lean and adipose beef surfaces, several spray-washing experiments (862 kPa, 15 s, 35 degrees C) with 1% (wt/vol) CPC were conducted. On lean beef surfaces, CPC immediately reduced 5 to 6 log10 CFU/cm2 of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium to virtually undetectable levels (0 log10 CFU/cm2), as well as after 35 days of refrigerated (4 degrees C), vacuum-packaged storage. On adipose beef surfaces, 5 log10 CFU/cm2 Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 were reduced immediately (>2.5 log10 CFU/cm2) with 1% CPC; by day 35 the reduction was <1.3 log10 CFU/cm2. Further plate overlay analyses indicated that the effectiveness of CPC against pathogens on adipose surfaces was not hampered by the presence of meat components or fatty acids. Additional chemical and microbiological analyses of 1% CPC-treated beef surfaces subjected to a secondary water wash (following contact times of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 30 min) or grinding did reduce pathogenic bacteria and CPC levels. However, residual CPC levels following any of the treatments were considered excessive for human consumption. Despite the residual levels, this study is the first to demonstrate the effect of CPC on pathogenic bacteria associated with beef surfaces immediately after treatment and also after long-term, refrigerated, vacuum-packaged storage.