ABSTRACT
The relationships between genome wide association study-identified and replicated genetic variants associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and disease progression or therapeutic responses in AD patients are almost unexplored. Seven hundred and one AD patients with at least 3 different cognitive evaluations and genotypic information for APOE and 6 genome wide association study-significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms were selected for this study. Mean differences in Global Deterioration Score and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) were evaluated using nonparametric tests, general linear model and mixed models for repeated measurements. Each chart was also reviewed for evidence of treatment with any cholinesterase inhibitor, memantine, or both. Relationships between therapeutic protocols, genetic markers, and progression were explored using stratified analysis looking for specific effects on progression in each therapeutic category separately. Neither calculation rendered a Bonferroni-corrected statistically significant difference in any genetic marker. Mixed model results suggested differences in the average point in MMSE test for patients carrying PICALM GA or AA genotype compared with GG carriers at the end of the follow-up (MMSE mean difference = -0.57; 95% confidence interval, -1.145 to 0.009; p = 0.047). This observation remained unaltered after covariate adjustments although it did not achieve predefined multiple testing significance threshold. The PICALM single-nucleotide polymorphism also displayed a significant effect protecting against rapid progression during pharmacogenetic assays although its observed effect displayed heterogeneity among AD therapeutic protocols (p = 0.039). None of the studied genetic markers were convincingly linked to AD progression or drug response. However, by using different statistical approaches, the PICALM rs3851179 marker displayed consistent but weak effects on disease progression phenotypes.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Disease Progression , Genetic Markers/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Genetic Association Studies , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
En este estudio se analizaron las creencias de una muestra de jóvenes universitarias sobre las estrategias que se consideraban efectivas para el control del peso y, por otra parte, sobre el valor nutricional de los alimentos y los que tienen más capacidad para promover incrementos de peso. Los resultados indicaron que la mayor parte de la población entrevistada cree, acertadamente, que las estrategias extremas que se han popularizado para el control del peso como el vómito, el uso de laxantes o las dietas monoalimentarias no son útiles. Sin embargo, un porcentaje de jóvenes que en ningún caso supera el 8% admite como adecuadas tales prácticas. En relación al valor nutricional de los alimentos, tan sólo se mantiene el tópico erróneo por más del 70% de las encuestadas sobre el valor hipercalórico del pan y las patatas (AU)
Believes about the strategies for weight control. In this study the believes about effective strategies for weight control and the knowledge about of the food nutritional value was analyzed in sample of universitary students. The results point out that more than half of the population know that the vomiting, laxatives, and diets including only one kind of food are no adequate for weight control. However, about 8% of young people believe that these practices are healthy and useful. In relation to nutritional value of the food, most of the people believe that bread and potatoes are responsible of weight gain (AU)
