Mortality, Functional Status, and Quality of Life after 5 Years of Patients Admitted to Critical Care for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess long-term outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage admitted to the intensive care unit. METHODS: Mortality and Glasgow Outcome Scale, Barthel Index, and 5-level EQ-5D version (EQ-5D-5L) scores were analyzed in a multicenter cohort study of three Spanish hospitals (336 patients). Mortality was also analyzed in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. RESULTS: The median (25th percentile-75th percentile) age was 62 (50-70) years, the median Glasgow Coma Score was 7 (4-11) points, and the median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease Classification System II (APACHE-II) score was 21 (15-26) points. Hospital mortality was 54.17%, mortality at 90 days was 56%, mortality at 1 year was 59.2%, and mortality at 5 years was 66.4%. In the Glasgow Outcome Scale, a normal or disabled self-sufficient situation was recorded in 21.5% of patients at 6 months, in 25.5% of patients after 1 year, and in 22.1% of patients after 5 years of follow-up (4.5% missing). The Barthel Index score of survivors improved over time: 50 (25-80) points at 6 months, 70 (35-95) points at 1 year, and 90 (40-100) points at 5 years (p < 0.001). Quality of life evaluated with the EQ-5D-5L at 1 year and 5 years indicated that greater than 50% of patients had no problems or slight problems in all items (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression). In the MIMIC-III study (N = 1354), hospital mortality was 31.83% and was 40.5% at 90 days and 56.2% after 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: In patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, hospital mortality up to 90 days after admission is very high. Between 90 days and 5 years after admission, mortality is not high. A large percentage of survivors presented a significant deficit in quality of life and functional status, although with progressive improvement over time. Five years after the hemorrhagic stroke, a survival of 30% was observed, with a good functional status seen in 20% of patients who had been admitted to the hospital.

Prognostic Value of Variations in Serum Biomarkers and Prognostic Scores Values Between Admission and Second Day in Intensive Care Unit Septic Patients.

Objective To determinate the prognostic value of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) changes during the first two days of admission to the ICU with sepsis and/or septic shock, and to compare it with changes in Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) and Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) prognostic scores. Methods A single-center prospective observational study was performed. Fifty consecutive patients admitted to the ICU, diagnosed of severe sepsis/septic shock were included. We considered risk factors for infection: diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), previous antibiotic treatment, central intravascular catheter, bladder catheter, active neoplasia. Results Median aged 67(52-75) years with median APACHE-II 19(14-25) points and SOFA scores 7(5-11) points on admission, and 28-day mortality of 42%. When we studied the relationship between mortality and the changes between the day of admission and the second day of the variables studied, we found that APACHE-II (p = 0.001) and SOFA (p = 0.002) between admission and second day raised significantly in no survivors, with no significant changes in CRP and PCT. Multivariate analysis showed that mortality was significantly associated to changes in SOFA score (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-3.86) and to the presence of one or more risk factors for infection (OR, 6.01; 95% CI, 1.01-35.78) but not with PCT changes. Mortality was also related to the variations between the day of admission and the fifth day on APACHE-II (p = 0.002), SOFA (p < 0.001) and PCT (p = 0.012). Conclusions Changes in SOFA and APACHE-II scores between admission and second day in ICU septic patients are more sensitive mortality predictors than the observed changes in CRP and PCT values. Changes in PCT levels between the day of ICU admission and the fifth day are significantly related to mortality and may be useful as an additional marker in patient outcome.

Improvement of quality of life (QOL) between 1 and 3-4 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in ICU patients.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of changes in quality of life (QOL) in ICU patients several years after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not well documented. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in all patients with TBI admitted between 2004 and 2008 to the ICU of Regional Hospital of Malaga (Spain). Functional status was evaluated by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and QOL by PAECC (Project for the Epidemiologic Analysis of Critical Care patients) questionnaire between 0 (normal QOL) to 29 points (worst QOL). RESULTS: A total of 531 patients. Median(Quartile1,Quartile 3) age: 35 (22, 56) years. After 3-4 years, 175 died (33%). Survivor QOL was deteriorated (median total PAECC score: 5 (0, 11) points) although 75.76% of patients who survived showed good functional situation (GOS normal or mild dysfunction). An improvement in QOL scores between 1 and 3-4 years was observed (median PAECC score differences between 3-4 years and 1 year: - 1(- 4, 0) points). QOL score improved during this interval of time: 62.6% of patients. Change in QOL was related by multivariate analysis to admission cranial-computed tomography scan (Marshall's classification), age, and Injury Severity Score (ISS), with the biggest improvement seen in younger patients and with more severe ISS. Basic physiological activities were maintained in the majority of patients. Subjective aspects and working activities improved between 1 and 3-4 years but with a high proportion still impaired in these items after 3-4 years. CONCLUSIONS: ICU patients with TBI after 1 year show improvement in QOL between 1 and 3-4 years, with the biggest improvement in QOL seen in younger patients and in those with more severe ISS.

Validation of the ICH score in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage admitted to the intensive care unit in Southern Spain.

OBJECTIVE: Validation of the intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) score in patients with a diagnosis of spontaneous ICH admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: A multicentre cohort study was conducted in all consecutive patients with ICH admitted to the ICUs of three hospitals with a neurosurgery department between 2009 and 2012 in Andalusia, Spain. Data collected included ICH, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) scores. Demographic data, location and volume of haematoma and 30-day mortality rate were also collated. RESULTS: A total of 336 patients were included. 105 of whom underwent surgery. Median (IQR) age: 62 (50-70) years. APACHE-II: 21(15-26) points, GCS: 7 (4-11) points, ICH score: 2 (2-3) points. 11.1% presented with bilateral mydriasis on admission (mortality rate=100%). Intraventricular haemorrhage was observed in 58.9% of patients. In-hospital mortality was 54.17% while the APACHE-II predicted mortality was 57.22% with a standardised mortality ratio (SMR) of 0.95 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.09) and a Hosmer-Lemenshow test value (H) of 3.62 (no significant statistical difference, n.s.). 30-day mortality was 52.38% compared with the ICH score predicted mortality of 48.79%, SMR: 1.07 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.23), n.s. Mortality was higher than predicted at the lowest scores and lower than predicted in the more severe patients, (H=55.89, p<0.001), Gruppo Italiano per la Valutazione degli Interventi in Terapia Intensiva calibration belt (p<0.001). The area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.74 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: ICH score shows an acceptable discrimination as a tool to predict mortality rates in patients with spontaneous ICH admitted to the ICU, but its calibration is suboptimal.

Survival analysis of surgically evacuated supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with intraventricular extension / Estudio de supervivencia en hemorragia intracerebral espontánea con extensión intraventricular evacuada quirúrgicamente

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a survival study and evaluation of surgical treatment in a cohort of patients with diagnosis of supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included all consecutive patients with supratentorial ICH admitted to the Intensive Care Units of three Spanish hospitals with Neurosurgery Department between 2009 and 2012. Data collected: age, APACHE-II, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and pupillary anomalies on admission, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score, location/volume of hematoma, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), surgical evacuation alone or with additional external ventricular drain, and 30-days survival and at hospital discharge. RESULTS: A total of 263 patients were included. Mean age: 59.74 ± 14.14 years. GCS: 8 ± 4 points, APACHE II: 20.7 ± 7.68 points. ICH Score: 2.32 + 1.04 points. Pupillary anomalies were observed in 30%. The 30-day mortality: 51.3% (45.3% predicted by ICH-score), and 53.2% at hospital discharge. A significant difference (p = 0.004) was observed in hospital mortality rates between surgically treated patients (39.7%, n = 78) versus those conservatively managed (58.9%, n = 185); specifically in those with IVH surgically treated (34.2%, n = 38) versus non-operated IVH (67.2%, n = 125), p < 0.001. No significant difference was found between mortality rates in patients without IVH. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an OR for surgery of 1.04 (95% CI; 0.33-3.22) in patients without IVH versus 0.19 (95% CI; 0.07-0.53) in patients with IVH (decreased mortality with surgical treatment). The propensity score analysis for IVH patients showed improved survival of operated group (OR 0.23, 95% CI; 0.07-0.75), p = 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital mortality was lower in patients who underwent surgery compared to patients conservatively managed, specifically for the subgroup of patients with intraventricular hemorrhag

OBJETIVO: Estudio de supervivencia y evaluación del tratamiento quirúrgico en una cohorte de pacientes con hematoma intracerebral espontáneo supratentorial. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Incluidos todos los pacientes con hematoma cerebral espontáneo supratentorial ingresados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos de 3 hospitales españoles con servicios de neurocirugía (2009-2012). Se recogieron la edad, APACHE-II, escala de coma de Glasgow y alteraciones pupilares al ingreso, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) score, localización/volumen del hematoma, presencia de hemorragia intraventricular (IVH), evacuación quirúrgica±drenaje ventricular externo, supervivencia a los 30 días y hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Doscientos sesenta y tres pacientes, con edad media 59,74 ± 14,14 años, escala de coma de Glasgow: 8 ± 4 puntos e ICH score: 2,32 ± 1,04 puntos. El 30% presentaba alteraciones pupilares. Mortalidad a los 30 días: 51,3% (predicha por ICH score 45,3%) y hospitalaria 53,2%. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,004) entre la mortalidad-hospitalaria de los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente (39,7%; n = 78) frente a los tratados de modo conservador (58,9%; n = 185), y específicamente para los pacientes intervenidos con IVH (34,2%; n = 38) frente a los no operados con IVH (67,2%; n = 125), (p < 0,001). No hubo diferencias en la mortalidad de los pacientes sin IVH. En el análisis de regresión logística múltiple la OR para la cirugía fue 1,04 (IC 95%: 0,33-3,22) en pacientes sin IVH, frente a 0,19 (IC 95%: 0,07-0,53) en pacientes con IVH. El análisis con índice de propensión para pacientes con IVH demostró mejoría en la supervivencia del grupo operado (OR: 0,23; IC 95%: 0,07-0,75), p = 0,01. CONCLUSIÓN: La mortalidad hospitalaria fue menor en los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente en comparación con los tratados de modo conservador, específicamente para el subgrupo de pacientes con IVH

Survival analysis of surgically evacuated supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with intraventricular extension.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a survival study and evaluation of surgical treatment in a cohort of patients with diagnosis of supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included all consecutive patients with supratentorial ICH admitted to the Intensive Care Units of three Spanish hospitals with Neurosurgery Department between 2009 and 2012. DATA COLLECTED: age, APACHE-II, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and pupillary anomalies on admission, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score, location/volume of hematoma, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), surgical evacuation alone or with additional external ventricular drain, and 30-days survival and at hospital discharge RESULTS: A total of 263 patients were included. Mean age: 59.74±14.14 years. GCS: 8±4 points, APACHE II: 20.7±7.68 points. ICH Score: 2.32+1.04 points. Pupillary anomalies were observed in 30%. The 30-day mortality: 51.3% (45.3% predicted by ICH-score), and 53.2% at hospital discharge. A significant difference (p=0.004) was observed in hospital mortality rates between surgically treated patients (39.7%, n=78) versus those conservatively managed (58.9%, n=185); specifically in those with IVH surgically treated (34.2%, n=38) versus non-operated IVH (67.2%, n=125), p<0.001. No significant difference was found between mortality rates in patients without IVH. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an OR for surgery of 1.04 (95% CI; 0.33-3.22) in patients without IVH versus 0.19 (95% CI; 0.07-0.53) in patients with IVH (decreased mortality with surgical treatment). The propensity score analysis for IVH patients showed improved survival of operated group (OR 0.23, 95% CI; 0.07-0.75), p=0.01. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital mortality was lower in patients who underwent surgery compared to patients conservatively managed, specifically for the subgroup of patients with intraventricular hemorrhage.