ABSTRACT
Hydrodesulfurized kerosine (HDS kerosine), applied dermally, was tested for reproductive and developmental toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats, using a modified OECD Guideline 421, Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity Screening Protocol. A preliminary acute dermal irritancy test demonstrated that dilution of HDS kerosine in either a light (100 Saybolt universal seconds, SUS) or moderate viscosity (340 SUS) USP mineral oil reduced irritation of the neat material comparably. Similar dermal absorption was observed in vitro for neat HDS kerosine or diluted in either of the mineral oils. HDS kerosine diluted to 494 (60%), 330 (40%), or 165 (20%) mg/kg/day in Squibb mineral oil (340 SUS) was applied daily at 1 ml/kg to the shaved backs of rats for 7 wk (premating, mating to d 19 of gestation) to females and 8 wk to males. Dams and litters were sacrificed on postpartum d 4 and males were sacrificed within the following week. HDS kerosine produced slight to moderate skin irritation at the highest dose in both sexes but no apparent maternal, reproductive, or developmental toxicity. No clinical signs of toxicity and no effects on body weight, food consumption, or absolute organ weights were observed. Relative kidney weights were heavier in male rats at the high dose. Skin changes were observed microscopically in male rats in all groups and in females at the high dose. No microscopic changes were observed in reproductive organs of parental animals. There were no differences in mean number of corpora lutea, implantation sites, and live pups per litter, and no gross anomalies were observed. Pups born from treated dams showed comparable body weights and weight gains to controls. The viability index on postpartum d 4 was > or = 93%. In conclusion, the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for HDS kerosine for reproductive and developmental toxicity in rats is 494 mg/kg/d.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced , Kerosene/toxicity , Administration, Topical , Animals , Birth Weight/drug effects , Body Weight/drug effects , Corpus Luteum/drug effects , Female , In Vitro Techniques , Kerosene/analysis , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/pathology , Litter Size/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Liver/pathology , Male , Mineral Oil , No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level , Organ Size/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reproduction/drug effects , Sex Factors , Skin Absorption , Sulfur/analysisABSTRACT
The effects of a relaxation technique (RT) on anxiety, vital signs, procedure length, and amount of diazepam given were examined in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization (CC). Forty patients were randomly assigned to an experimental (RT) or a control (no RT) group. No significant differences were found between groups in pre-CC or post-CC State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores, vital signs, or procedure length. The experimental group received significantly less diazepam, and their STAI scores declined significantly.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Catheterization/nursing , Patient Education as Topic/standards , Relaxation Therapy , Adult , Aged , Cardiac Catheterization/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nursing Evaluation Research , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
A total of 368 episodes of Klebsiella bacteremia occurred in 330 cancer patients, representing a rate of four episodes per 1000 hospital admissions. Eighty-eight percent of these infections were acquired nosocomically and 58% of the patients received antibiotics during the preceding 10-day period. There was pulmonary infection in 24% of the patients, shock in 25%, and disseminated intravascular coagulation in 7%. The overall response rate was 69%. Response rates were significantly lower among patients with shock (25% versus 83%), hemorrhage (29% versus 76%), and pneumonia (37% versus 79%). The combination of a cephalosporin plus an aminoglycoside produced the highest response rate (79%). Klebsiella sp continue to be an important cause of infection in patients with cancer.
