A potential association between COVID-19 vaccination and development of alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: The challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic extend to concerns about vaccine side effects, particularly potential links to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AIM: This study investigates the association between COVID-19 vaccination and the onset of AD and its prodromal state, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN: A nationwide, retrospective cohort study leveraging data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service was conducted. METHODS: The study, conducted in Seoul, South Korea, analyzed data from a random 50% sample of city residents aged 65 and above, totaling 558,017 individuals. Participants were divided into vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, with vaccinations including mRNA and cDNA vaccines. The study focused on AD and MCI incidences post-vaccination, identified via ICD-10 codes, using multivariable logistic and Cox regression analyses. Patients with vascular dementia or Parkinson's disease served as controls. RESULTS: Findings showed an increased incidence of MCI and AD in vaccinated individuals, particularly those receiving mRNA vaccines, within three months post-vaccination. The mRNA vaccine group exhibited a significantly higher incidence of AD (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.225; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.025-1.464; p = 0.026) and MCI (OR: 2.377; CI: 1.845-3.064; p < 0.001) compared to the unvaccinated group. No significant relationship was found with vascular dementia or Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence suggests a potential link between COVID-19 vaccination, particularly mRNA vaccines, and increased incidences of AD and MCI. This underscores the need for further research to elucidate the relationship between vaccine-induced immune responses and neurodegenerative processes, advocating for continuous monitoring and investigation into the vaccines' long-term neurological impacts.

Comparison of tau spread in people with Down syndrome versus autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In people with genetic forms of Alzheimer's disease, such as in Down syndrome and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease, pathological changes specific to Alzheimer's disease (ie, accumulation of amyloid and tau) occur in the brain at a young age, when comorbidities related to ageing are not present. Studies including these cohorts could, therefore, improve our understanding of the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and be useful when designing preventive interventions targeted at disease pathology or when planning clinical trials. We compared the magnitude, spatial extent, and temporal ordering of tau spread in people with Down syndrome and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, we included participants (aged ≥25 years) from two cohort studies. First, we collected data from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network studies (DIAN-OBS and DIAN-TU), which include carriers of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease genetic mutations and non-carrier familial controls recruited in Australia, Europe, and the USA between 2008 and 2022. Second, we collected data from the Alzheimer Biomarkers Consortium-Down Syndrome study, which includes people with Down syndrome and sibling controls recruited from the UK and USA between 2015 and 2021. Controls from the two studies were combined into a single group of familial controls. All participants had completed structural MRI and tau PET (18F-flortaucipir) imaging. We applied Gaussian mixture modelling to identify regions of high tau PET burden and regions with the earliest changes in tau binding for each cohort separately. We estimated regional tau PET burden as a function of cortical amyloid burden for both cohorts. Finally, we compared the temporal pattern of tau PET burden relative to that of amyloid. FINDINGS: We included 137 people with Down syndrome (mean age 38·5 years [SD 8·2], 74 [54%] male, and 63 [46%] female), 49 individuals with autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease (mean age 43·9 years [11·2], 22 [45%] male, and 27 [55%] female), and 85 familial controls, pooled from across both studies (mean age 41·5 years [12·1], 28 [33%] male, and 57 [67%] female), who satisfied the PET quality-control procedure for tau-PET imaging processing. 134 (98%) people with Down syndrome, 44 (90%) with autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease, and 77 (91%) controls also completed an amyloid PET scan within 3 years of tau PET imaging. Spatially, tau PET burden was observed most frequently in subcortical and medial temporal regions in people with Down syndrome, and within the medial temporal lobe in people with autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. Across the brain, people with Down syndrome had greater concentrations of tau for a given level of amyloid compared with people with autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. Temporally, increases in tau were more strongly associated with increases in amyloid for people with Down syndrome compared with autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. INTERPRETATION: Although the general progression of amyloid followed by tau is similar for people Down syndrome and people with autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease, we found subtle differences in the spatial distribution, timing, and magnitude of the tau burden between these two cohorts. These differences might have important implications; differences in the temporal pattern of tau accumulation might influence the timing of drug administration in clinical trials, whereas differences in the spatial pattern and magnitude of tau burden might affect disease progression. FUNDING: None.

α-Synuclein seed amplification assay detects Lewy body co-pathology in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease late in the disease course and dependent on Lewy pathology burden.

INTRODUCTION: Amyloid beta and tau pathology are the hallmarks of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). However, Lewy body pathology (LBP) is found in ≈ 50% of AD and ADAD brains. METHODS: Using an α-synuclein seed amplification assay (SAA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from asymptomatic (n = 26) and symptomatic (n = 27) ADAD mutation carriers, including 12 with known neuropathology, we investigated the timing of occurrence and prevalence of SAA positive reactivity in ADAD in vivo. RESULTS: No asymptomatic participant and only 11% (3/27) of the symptomatic patients tested SAA positive. Neuropathology revealed LBP in 10/12 cases, primarily affecting the amygdala or the olfactory areas. In the latter group, only the individual with diffuse LBP reaching the neocortex showed α-synuclein seeding activity in CSF in vivo. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that in ADAD LBP occurs later than AD pathology and often as amygdala- or olfactory-predominant LBP, for which CSF α-synuclein SAA has low sensitivity. HIGHLIGHTS: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) detects misfolded α-synuclein in ≈ 10% of symptomatic autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) patients. CSF RT-QuIC does not detect α-synuclein seeding activity in asymptomatic mutation carriers. Lewy body pathology (LBP) in ADAD mainly occurs as olfactory only or amygdala-predominant variants. LBP develops late in the disease course in ADAD. CSF α-synuclein RT-QuIC has low sensitivity for focal, low-burden LBP.

One-Year Longitudinal Changes in Tau Accumulation on [18F]PI-2620 PET in the Alzheimer Spectrum.

We investigated the longitudinal changes in cortical tau accumulation and their association with cognitive decline in patients in the Alzheimer disease (AD) continuum using 2-(2-([18F]fluoro)pyridin-4-yl)-9H-pyrrolo[2,3-b:4,5c']dipyridine ([18F]PI-2620) PET. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 52 participants (age, 69.7 ± 8.4 y; 18 men and 34 women): 7 with normal cognition, 28 with mild cognitive impairment, and 17 with AD. They all completed the [18F]PI-2620 and [18F]florbetaben PET, MRI, and neuropsychologic tests at baseline and, excepting the [18F]florbetaben PET, at the 1-y follow-up. Amyloid-ß (Aß) PET images were visually scored as positive (+) or negative (-). Patients on the AD continuum, including Aß+ mild cognitive impairment and AD, were classified into early-onset (EO+) (<65 y old) or late-onset (LO+) (≥65 y old) groups. [18F]PI-2620 PET SUV ratios (SUVRs) were determined by calculating the cerebral-to-inferior cerebellar ratio. Cortical volumes were calculated using 3-dimensional T1-weighted MRI. The correlation between tau accumulation progression and cognitive decline was also investigated. Results: The global [18F]PI-2620 PET SUVRs were 1.04 ± 0.07 in 15 Aß- patients, 1.18 ± 0.21 in 20 LO+ patients (age, 76.7 ± 3.8 y), and 1.54 ± 0.38 in 17 EO+ patients (age, 63.4 ± 5.4 y; P < 0.001) at baseline. The global SUVR increased over 1 y by 0.05 ± 0.07 (3.90%) and 0.13 ± 0.22 (8.41%) in the LO+ and EO+ groups, respectively, whereas in the Aß- groups, it remained unchanged. The EO+ group showed higher global and regional tau deposition than did the Aß- and LO+ groups (P < 0.05 for each) and rapid accumulation in Braak stage V (0.15 ± 0.25; 9.10% ± 12.27%; P = 0.016 and 0.008), Braak stage VI (0.08 ± 0.12; 7.16% ± 10.06%; P < 0.006 and 0.005), and global SUVR (P = 0.013) compared with the Aß- group. In the EO+ group, the changes in SUVR in Braak stages II-VI were strongly correlated with the baseline and changes in verbal memory (P < 0.03). The LO+ group showed higher tau accumulation in Braak stage I-IV areas than did the Aß- group (P < 0.001 for each). In the LO+ group, the change in SUVR in Braak stages III and IV moderately correlated with the change in attention (P < 0.05), and the change in SUVR in Braak stages V and VI moderately correlated with the change in visuospatial function (P < 0.005). Conclusion: These findings suggest that [18F]PI-2620 PET can be a biomarker to provide regional and chronologic information about tau pathology in the AD continuum.

Do radiomics or diffusion-tensor images provide additional information to predict brain amyloid-beta positivity?

The aim of the present study was to predict amyloid-beta positivity using a conventional T1-weighted image, radiomics, and a diffusion-tensor image obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We included 186 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who underwent Florbetaben positron emission tomography (PET), MRI (three-dimensional T1-weighted and diffusion-tensor images), and neuropsychological tests at the Asan Medical Center. We developed a stepwise machine learning algorithm using demographics, T1 MRI features (volume, cortical thickness and radiomics), and diffusion-tensor image to distinguish amyloid-beta positivity on Florbetaben PET. We compared the performance of each algorithm based on the MRI features used. The study population included 72 patients with MCI in the amyloid-beta-negative group and 114 patients with MCI in the amyloid-beta-positive group. The machine learning algorithm using T1 volume performed better than that using only clinical information (mean area under the curve [AUC]: 0.73 vs. 0.69, p < 0.001). The machine learning algorithm using T1 volume showed better performance than that using cortical thickness (mean AUC: 0.73 vs. 0.68, p < 0.001) or texture (mean AUC: 0.73 vs. 0.71, p = 0.002). The performance of the machine learning algorithm using fractional anisotropy in addition to T1 volume was not better than that using T1 volume alone (mean AUC: 0.73 vs. 0.73, p = 0.60). Among MRI features, T1 volume was the best predictor of amyloid PET positivity. Radiomics or diffusion-tensor images did not provide additional benefits.

Change in Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau Microtubule Binding Region Detects Symptom Onset, Cognitive Decline, Tangles, and Atrophy in Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying cerebrospinal fluid measures of the microtubule binding region of tau (MTBR-tau) species that reflect tau aggregation could provide fluid biomarkers that track Alzheimer's disease related neurofibrillary tau pathological changes. We examined the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) MTBR-tau species in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease (DIAD) mutation carriers to assess the association with Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers and clinical symptoms. METHODS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal CSF from 229 DIAD mutation carriers and 130 mutation non-carriers had sequential characterization of N-terminal/mid-domain phosphorylated tau (p-tau) followed by MTBR-tau species and tau positron emission tomography (tau PET), other soluble tau and amyloid biomarkers, comprehensive clinical and cognitive assessments, and brain magnetic resonance imaging of atrophy. RESULTS: CSF MTBR-tau species located within the putative "border" region and one species corresponding to the "core" region of aggregates in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) increased during the presymptomatic stage and decreased during the symptomatic stage. The "border" MTBR-tau species were associated with amyloid pathology and CSF p-tau; whereas the "core" MTBR-tau species were associated stronger with tau PET and CSF measures of neurodegeneration. The ratio of the border to the core species provided a continuous measure of increasing amounts that tracked clinical progression and NFTs. INTERPRETATION: Changes in CSF soluble MTBR-tau species preceded the onset of dementia, tau tangle increase, and atrophy in DIAD. The ratio of 4R-specific MTBR-tau (border) to the NFT (core) MTBR-tau species corresponds to the pathology of NFTs in DIAD and change with disease progression. The dynamics between different MTBR-tau species in the CSF may serve as a marker of tau-related disease progression and target engagement of anti-tau therapeutics. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:1158-1172.

Genetic Screening in Korean Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia Syndrome.

Background: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases. Pathogenic variants in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), and progranulin (GRN) genes are mainly associated with genetic FTD in Caucasian populations. Objective: To understand the genetic background of Korean patients with FTD syndrome. Methods: We searched for pathogenic variants of 52 genes related to FTD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, familial Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias, and hexanucleotide repeats of the C9orf72 gene in 72 Korean patients with FTD using whole exome sequencing and the repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results: One likely pathogenic variant, p.G706R of MAPT, in a patient with behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) and 13 variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) in nine patients with FTD were identified. Of these VUSs, M232R of the PRNP gene, whose role in pathogenicity is controversial, was also found in two patients with bvFTD. Conclusions: These results indicate that known pathogenic variants of the three main FTD genes (MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72) in Western countries are rare in Korean FTD patients.

[18F]THK-5351 PET Patterns in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Negative Amyloid PET Findings.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Alzheimer's disease (AD) does not always mean amyloid positivity. [18F]THK-5351 has been shown to be able to detect reactive astrogliosis as well as tau accompanied by neurodegenerative changes. We evaluated the [18F]THK-5351 retention patterns in positron-emission tomography (PET) and the clinical characteristics of patients clinically diagnosed with AD dementia who had negative amyloid PET findings. METHODS: We performed 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging, [18F]THK-5351 PET, and amyloid PET in 164 patients with AD dementia. Amyloid PET was visually scored as positive or negative. [18F]THK-5351 PET were visually classified as having an intratemporal or extratemporal spread pattern. RESULTS: The 164 patients included 23 (14.0%) who were amyloid-negative (age 74.9±8.3 years, mean±standard deviation; 9 males, 14 females). Amyloid-negative patients were older, had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, and had better visuospatial and memory functions. The frequency of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele was higher and the hippocampal volume was smaller in amyloid-positive patients. [18F]THK-5351 uptake patterns of the amyloid-negative patients were classified into intratemporal spread (n=10) and extratemporal spread (n=13). Neuropsychological test results did not differ significantly between these two groups. The standardized uptake value ratio of [18F]THK-5351 was higher in the extratemporal spread group (2.01±0.26 vs. 1.61±0.15, p=0.001). After 1 year, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores decreased significantly in the extratemporal spread group (-3.5±3.2, p=0.006) but not in the intratemporal spread group (-0.5±2.8, p=0.916). The diagnosis remained as AD (n=5, 50%) or changed to other diagnoses (n=5, 50%) in the intratemporal group, whereas it remained as AD (n=8, 61.5%) or changed to frontotemporal dementia (n=4, 30.8%) and other diagnoses (n=1, 7.7%) in the extratemporal spread group. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 70% of the patients with amyloid-negative AD showed abnormal [18F]THK-5351 retention. MMSE scores deteriorated rapidly in the patients with an extratemporal spread pattern.

The impact of subthreshold levels of amyloid deposition on conversion to dementia in patients with amyloid-negative amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: About 40-50% of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are found to have no significant Alzheimer's pathology based on amyloid PET positivity. Notably, conversion to dementia in this population is known to occur much less often than in amyloid-positive MCI. However, the relationship between MCI and brain amyloid deposition remains largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the influence of subthreshold levels of amyloid deposition on conversion to dementia in amnestic MCI patients with negative amyloid PET scans. METHODS: This study was a retrospective cohort study of patients with amyloid-negative amnestic MCI who visited the memory clinic of Asan Medical Center. All participants underwent detailed neuropsychological testing, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and [18F]-florbetaben (FBB) positron emission tomography scan (PET). Conversion to dementia was determined by a neurologist based on a clinical interview with a detailed neuropsychological test or a decline in the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination score of more than 4 points per year combined with impaired activities of daily living. Regional cortical amyloid levels were calculated, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for conversion to dementia was obtained. To increase the reliability of the results of the study, we analyzed the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset together. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 36% (39/107) of patients converted to dementia from amnestic MCI. The dementia converter group displayed increased standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) values of FBB on PET in the bilateral temporal, parietal, posterior cingulate, occipital, and left precuneus cortices as well as increased global SUVR. Among volume of interests, the left parietal SUVR predicted conversion to dementia with the highest accuracy in the ROC analysis (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.762, P < 0.001). The combination of precuneus, parietal cortex, and FBB composite SUVRs also showed a higher accuracy in predicting conversion to dementia than other models (AUC = 0.763). Of the results of ADNI data, the SUVR of the left precuneus SUVR showed the highest AUC (AUC = 0.596, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that subthreshold amyloid levels may contribute to conversion to dementia in patients with amyloid-negative amnestic MCI.

Patterns of Focal Amyloid Deposition Using 18F-Florbetaben PET in Patients with Cognitive Impairment.

Accumulation of aggregated amyloid-ß (Aß) in the brain is considered the first pathological event within the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is difficult to accurately identify the initial brain regions of Aß accumulation due to the time-lag between the start of the pathophysiology and symptom onset. However, focal regional amyloid uptake on amyloid PET scans may provide insights into this. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the topographic distribution of amyloid deposition in patients with cognitive impairment and to identify the starting order of amyloid accumulation in the brain using conditional probability. We enrolled 58 patients composed of 9 normal cognition (NC), 32 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 17 dementia showing focal regional amyloid deposition corresponding to a brain amyloid plaque load (BAPL) score of 2 among those who visited the Memory Clinic of Asan Medical Center and underwent an 18F-florbetaben PET scan (March 2013 to April 2019). Regions of interest (ROI) included the frontal, parietal, lateral temporal, and occipital cortices, the posterior cingulate/precuneus, and the striatum. The most frequent occurrence of Aß deposition was in the posterior cingulate/precuneus (n = 41, 68.3%). The second most frequent site was the lateral temporal cortex (n = 24, 40.0%), followed by the lateral parietal cortex (n = 21, 35.6%) and other lesions, such as the frontal and occipital cortices. The striatum was the least frequently affected. Our study found that the posterior cingulate/precuneus and the lateral temporal and parietal cortices may be the earliest areas to be affected by Aß accumulation. Longitudinal follow-up of focal brain amyloid deposition may help elucidate the evolutionary pattern of Aß accumulation in the brain of people with AD continuum.

Survival in Korean Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia Syndrome: Association with Behavioral Features and Parkinsonism.

We investigated the survival time of each clinical syndrome of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and the impacts of behavioral and motor features on survival of FTD. A total of 216 patients with FTD [82 behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), 78 semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), 43 non-fluent/agrammatic variant PPA (nfvPPA), 13 FTD-motor neuron disease (MND)] were enrolled from 16 centers across Korea. Behaviors and parkinsonism were assessed using the Frontal Behavioral Inventory and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for the survival analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model was applied for analysis of the effect of behavioral and motor symptoms on survival, after controlling vascular risk factors and cancer. An overall median survival of FTD was 12.1 years. The survival time from onset was shortest for FTD-MND and longest for svPPA. The median survival time of patients with bvFTD was unavailable but likely comparable to that of patients with nfvPPA. In the bvFTD group, negative behavioral symptoms and akinetic rigidity were significantly associated with survival. In the nfvPPA group, the presence of dysarthria had a negative impact on survival. These findings provide useful information to clinicians planning for care.

18F-THK5351 PET Positivity and Longitudinal Changes in Cognitive Function in ß-Amyloid-Negative Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.

PURPOSE: Neuroinflammation is considered an important pathway associated with several diseases that result in cognitive decline. 18F-THK5351 positron emission tomography (PET) signals might indicate the presence of neuroinflammation, as well as Alzheimer's disease-type tau aggregates. ß-amyloid (Aß)-negative (Aß-) amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) may be associated with non-Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Accordingly, we investigated associations between 18F-THK5351 PET positivity and cognitive decline among Aß- aMCI patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included 25 amyloid PET negative aMCI patients who underwent a minimum of two follow-up neuropsychological evaluations, including clinical dementia rating-sum of boxes (CDR-SOB). The patients were classified into two groups: 18F-THK5351-positive and -negative groups. The present study used a linear mixed effects model to estimate the effects of 18F-THK5351 PET positivity on cognitive prognosis among Aß- aMCI patients. RESULTS: Among the 25 Aß- aMCI patients, 10 (40.0%) were 18F-THK5351 positive. The patients in the 18F-THK5351-positive group were older than those in the 18F-THK5351-negative group (77.4±2.2 years vs. 70.0±5.5 years; p<0.001). There was no difference between the two groups with regard to the proportion of apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers. Interestingly, however, the CDR-SOB scores of the 18F-THK5351-positive group deteriorated at a faster rate than those of the 18F-THK5351-negative group (B=0.003, p=0.033). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that increased 18F-THK5351 uptake might be a useful predictor of poor prognosis among Aß- aMCI patients, which might be associated with increased neuroinflammation (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02656498).

Role of White Matter Abnormalities in the Relationship Between Microbleed Burden and Cognitive Impairment in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) often presents as cognitive impairment, but the mechanism of cognitive decline is unclear. Recent studies showed that number of microbleeds were associated with cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate how microbleeds contribute to cognitive impairment in association with white matter tract abnormalities or cortical thickness in CAA. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study involved patients with probable CAA according to the Boston criteria (Aß+ CAA) and patients with Alzheimer's disease (Aß+ AD), all of whom showed severe amyloid deposition on amyloid PET. Using mediation analysis, we investigated how FA or cortical thickness mediates the correlation between the number of lobar microbleeds and cognition. RESULTS: We analyzed 30 patients with Aß+ CAA (age 72.2±7.6, female 53.3%) and 30 patients with Aß+ AD (age 71.5±7.6, female 53.3%). The two groups showed similar degrees of cortical amyloid deposition in AD-related regions. The Aß+ CAA group had significantly lower FA values in the clusters of the posterior area than did the Aß+ AD group(family-wise error-corrected p < 0.05). The correlation between the number of lobar microbleeds and visuospatial function was indirectly mediated by white matter tract abnormality of right posterior thalamic radiation (PTR) and tapetum, while lobar microbleeds and language function was indirectly mediated by the abnormality of left PTR and sagittal stratum. Cortical thickness did not mediate the association between lobar microbleeds and cognition. CONCLUSION: This result supports the hypothesis that microbleeds burden leads to white matter tract damage and subsequent cognitive decline in CAA.

Regional Comparison of Imaging Biomarkers in the Striatum between Early- and Late-onset Alzheimer's Disease.

Striatal changes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood yet. We compared structural and functional image differences in the striatum between patients with early onset AD (EOAD) and late onset AD (LOAD) to investigate whether EOAD harbors autosomal dominant AD like imaging findings. The clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging biomarkers of 77 probable AD patients and 107 elderly subjects with normal cognition (NC) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)-2 dataset were analyzed. Enrolled each subject completed a 3-Tesla MRI, baseline 18F-FDG-PET, and baseline 18F-AV-45 (Florbetapir) amyloid PET studies. AD patients were divided into two groups based on the onset age of clinical symptoms (EOAD <65 yrs; LOAD ≥65 yrs). A standardized uptake value ratio of the striatum and subcortical structures was obtained from both amyloid and FDG-PET scans. Structural MR imaging analysis was conducted using a parametric boundary description protocol, SPHARM-PDM. Of the 77 AD patients, 18 were EOAD and 59 were LOAD. Except for age of symptom onset, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in demographics and detailed neuropsychological test results. 18F-AV-45 amyloid PET showed marked ß-amyloid accumulation in the bilateral caudate nucleus and left pallidum in the EOAD group. Intriguingly, the caudate nucleus and putamen showed maintained glucose metabolism in the EOAD group compared to the LOAD group. Our image findings in the striatum of EOAD patients suggest that sporadic EOAD may share some pathophysiological changes noted in autosomal dominant AD.

Clinical Implications of Amyloid-Beta Accumulation in Occipital Lobes in Alzheimer's Continuum.

A substantial amount of amyloid-beta (Aß) accumulates in the occipital cortices; however, it draws less attention. We investigated the clinical implications of Aß accumulation in the occipital lobes in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. [18F]-Florbetaben amyloid PET scans were performed in a total of 121 AD or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. Of the 121 patients, 74 Aß positive patients were divided into occipital Aß positive (OCC+) and occipital Aß negative (OCC-) groups based on Aß accumulation in the bilateral occipital lobes. The OCC+ group (41/74, 55.4%) was younger and had a younger age at onset than the OCC- group. The OCC+ group also had an increased standard uptake value ratio in the occipital lobes and greater cortical thinning in relevant areas. The OCC+ group had a higher global deterioration scale, lower performance for the copy, immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition in Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure tests than the OCC- group, although both groups had similar disease durations. AD or aMCI patients in the OCC+ group exhibited features noted in early onset AD with relevant neuropsychological and image findings. Occipital Aß positivity in amyloid PET scans need to be considered as an underestimated marker of early onset AD continuum.

Increased telomere length in patients with frontotemporal dementia syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences of TTAGGG at the ends of chromosomes. Many studies have shown that telomere shortening is associated with aging-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies. However, changes in telomere length (TL) in patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) syndrome are unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we assessed TL in blood samples from patients with FTD syndrome. METHODS: Absolute TL was measured in peripheral blood leukocytes from 53 patients with FTD syndromes (25 with behavioral variant FTD, 19 with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia [PPA], six with nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA, and three with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS] plus) and 28 cognitively unimpaired (CU) controls using terminal restriction fragment analysis. RESULTS: TL was significantly longer in the FTD group than in the CU group. All FTD subtypes had significantly longer TL than controls. There were no significant differences in TL among FTD syndromes. No significant correlations were found between TL and demographic factors in the FTD group. CONCLUSIONS: Longer telomeres were associated with FTD syndrome, consistent with a recent report demonstrating that longer telomeres are related to ALS. Therefore, our results may support a shared biology between FTD and ALS. More studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

Combination of automated brain volumetry on MRI and quantitative tau deposition on THK-5351 PET to support diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Imaging biomarkers support the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to determine whether combining automated brain volumetry on MRI and quantitative measurement of tau deposition on [18F] THK-5351 PET can aid discrimination of AD spectrum. From a prospective database in an IRB-approved multicenter study (NCT02656498), 113 subjects (32 healthy control, 55 mild cognitive impairment, and 26 Alzheimer disease) with baseline structural MRI and [18F] THK-5351 PET were included. Cortical volumes were quantified from FDA-approved software for automated volumetric MRI analysis (NeuroQuant). Standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) was calculated from tau PET images for 6 composite FreeSurfer-derived regions-of-interests approximating in vivo Braak stage (Braak ROIs). On volumetric MRI analysis, stepwise logistic regression analyses identified the cingulate isthmus and inferior parietal lobule as significant regions in discriminating AD from HC and MCI. The combined model incorporating automated volumes of selected brain regions on MRI (cingulate isthmus, inferior parietal lobule, hippocampus) and SUVRs of Braak ROIs on [18F] THK-5351 PET showed higher performance than SUVRs of Braak ROIs on [18F] THK-5351 PET in discriminating AD from HC (0.98 vs 0.88, P = 0.033) but not in discriminating AD from MCI (0.85 vs 0.79, P = 0.178). The combined model showed comparable performance to automated volumes of selected brain regions on MRI in discriminating AD from HC (0.98 vs 0.94, P = 0.094) and MCI (0.85 vs 0.78; P = 0.065).

18F-THK-5351, Fluorodeoxyglucose, and Florbetaben PET Images in Atypical Alzheimer's Disease: A Pictorial Insight into Disease Pathophysiology.

The recent advance of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers as biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) provides more insight into pathophysiology, preclinical diagnosis, and further therapeutic strategies. However, synergistic processes or interactions between amyloid and tau deposits are still poorly understood. To better understand their relationship in focal brain changes with clinical phenotypes, we focused on region-specific or atypical AD characterized by focal clinical presentations: Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lpvPPA). We compared three different PET images with 18F-THK-5351 (tau), 18F-Florbetaben (amyloid beta, Aß), and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (glucose metabolism) to investigate potential interactions among pathologies and clinical findings. Whereas the amyloid accumulations were widespread throughout the neocortex, tau retentions and glucose hypometabolism showed focal changes corresponding to the clinical features. The distinctly localized patterns were more prominent in tau PET imaging. These findings suggest that tau pathology correlates more closely to the clinical symptoms and the neurodegenerative processes than Aß pathology in AD.

Effects of Cognitive Reserve in Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitively Unimpaired Individuals.

The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) has been proposed as a protective factor that modifies the effect of brain pathology on cognitive performance. It has been characterized through CR proxies; however, they have intrinsic limitations. In this study, we utilized two different datasets containing tau, amyloid PET, and T1 magnetic resonance imaging. First, 91 Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum subjects were included from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 3. CR was conceptualized as the residual between actual cognition and estimated cognition based on amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration. The proposed marker was tested by the correlation with CR proxy and modulation of brain pathology effects on cognitive function. Second, longitudinal data of baseline 53 AD spectrum and 34 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants in the MEMORI dataset were analyzed. CR marker was evaluated for the association with disease conversion rate and clinical progression. Applying our multimodal CR model, this study demonstrates the differential effect of CR on clinical progression according to the disease status and the modulating effect on the relationship between brain pathology and cognition. The proposed marker was associated with years of education and modulated the effect of pathological burden on cognitive performance in the AD spectrum. Longitudinally, higher CR marker was associated with lower disease conversion rate among prodromal AD and CU individuals. Higher CR marker was related to exacerbated cognitive decline in the AD spectrum; however, it was associated with a mitigated decline in CU individuals. These results provide evidence that CR may affect the clinical progression differentially depending on the disease status.