Prevalence of mental distress and factors associated with symptoms of major depression among people living with HIV in Norway.

For people living with HIV (PLHIV) who can access lifesaving treatment, HIV has become a chronic lifelong condition; however, PLHIV have more mental and somatic comorbidities than their HIV-negative peers. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the prevalence of mental distress and identified factors associated with major depression among 244 well-treated PLHIV residing in Norway. Participants completed validated questionnaires covering mental and somatic health. The prevalence of mental distress, defined as a score on the Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 >1.75, was 32%, and that of symptoms of major depression, defined as a score on the Beck Depression Inventory-II ≥20, was 15%. The factors associated with major depressive symptoms identified using logistic regression were risk of drug abuse (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 15.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.28, 69.3), fatigue (AOR 12.5, 95% CI 3.90, 40.0), trouble sleeping (AOR 7.90, 95% CI 2.85, 21.9), African origin (AOR 3.90, 95% CI 1.28, 11.9), low education (AOR 3.31, 95% CI 1.18, 9.30), and non-disclosure (AOR 3.22, 95% CI 1.04, 10.0). Our findings indicate that the prevalence rates of mental distress and major depressive symptoms are higher among well-treated PLHIV residing in Norway than in the general population. These conditions are under-diagnosed and under-treated, and increased awareness is needed.

Factors associated with health-related quality of life in people living with HIV in Norway.

BACKGROUND: Despite the advances in the treatment of HIV, people living with HIV (PLHIV) still experience impairment of health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The aim of the study was to explore factors associated with HRQOL in a well-treated Norwegian HIV population. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-five patients were recruited from two outpatient clinics to participate in this cross-sectional study of addiction, mental distress, post-traumatic stress disorder, fatigue, somatic health, and HRQOL. The latter was measured using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the adjusted associations between demographic and disease-related variables and HRQOL. RESULTS: The study population was virologically and immunologically stable. Their mean age was 43.8 (SD = 11.7) years, 131 (54%) were men, and 33% were native Norwegians. Compared with the general population (published in previous studies), patients reported worse SF-36 scores for five of eight domains: mental health, general health, social function, physical role limitation, and emotional role limitation (all p < 0.001). Compared with men, women reported better SF-36 scores within the domains vitality (63.1 (23.6) vs. 55.9 (26.7), p = 0.026) and general health (73.4 (23.2) vs. 64.4 (30.1), p = 0.009). In the multivariate analyses, higher SF-36- physical component score values were independently associated with young age (p = 0.020), being employed, student, or pensioner (p = 0.009), low comorbidity score (p = 0.015), low anxiety and depression score (p = 0.015), being at risk of drug abuse (p = 0.037), and not being fatigued (p < 0.001). Higher SF-36-mental component score values were independently associated with older age (p = 0.018), being from a country outside Europe or from Norway (p = 0.029), shorter time since diagnosis, low anxiety and depression score (p < 0.001), answering 'no' regarding alcohol abuse (p = 0.013), and not being fatigued (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HRQOL was poorer in PLHIV than in the general population in Norway. It is important to focus on somatic and mental comorbidities when delivering health-care services in the ageing population of PLHIV to improve HRQOL even among a well-treated group of PLHIV as found in Norway.

Developing Symptom Lists for People with Cancer Treated with Targeted Therapies.

BACKGROUND: Targeted therapies (TTs) have revolutionised cancer treatment with their enhanced specificity of action. Compared with conventional therapies, TTs are delivered over a longer period and often have unusual symptom profiles. Patient-reported outcome measures such as symptom side-effect lists need to be developed in a time-efficient manner to enable a rapid and full evaluation of new treatments and effective clinical management OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a set of TT-related symptoms and identify the optimal method for developing symptom lists. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Symptoms from TT treatment in the context of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML), HER2-positive breast cancer, or Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST) were identified through literature reviews, interviews with healthcare professionals (HCPs) and patients, and patient focus groups. The symptom set was then pilot tested in patients across the three cancer diagnoses: The number of items derived from each source (literature, patients, or HCPs) were compared. RESULTS: A total of 316 patients and 86 HCPs from 16 countries participated. An initial set of 209 symptoms was reduced to 61 covering 12 symptom categories. Patient interviews made the greatest contribution to the item set. CONCLUSIONS: Symptom lists should be created based on input from patients. The item set described will be applicable to the assessment of new TTs, and in monitoring treatment.

Does age matter? A comparison of health-related quality of life issues of adolescents and young adults with cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) concerns of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 14-25 years were compared with those of older adults (26-60 years) with cancer. METHODS: AYAs and older adults receiving curative intent treatment or supportive palliative care for cancer were recruited from eight research centres across Europe. Participants used a rating scale to score the relevance and importance of a list of 77 issues covering 10 areas of HRQoL concern: symptoms; activity restrictions; social; emotional; body image; self-appraisals; outlook on life; lifestyle; treatment-related and life beyond treatment. RESULTS: HRQoL issues were reviewed by 33 AYAs and 25 older adults. Several issues were recognised as relevant and important across all age groups: symptoms, emotional impact, outlook on life, lifestyle and treatment-related. A number of issues were more relevant or important to AYAs including interrupted education, greater motivation to achieve academic goals, increased maturity, boredom, fertility and change in living situation. CONCLUSION: While there is overlap in several of the HRQoL concerns across the age span, it is important that HRQoL measures used with AYAs capture the diverse and unique psychosocial aspects of this developmental stage.

A Life Put on Pause: An Exploration of the Health-Related Quality of Life Issues Relevant to Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer.

PURPOSE: In recent years, the assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been recognized as particularly informative to healthcare providers. For adolescents and young adults (AYAs), the impact of a cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment is likely to be distinct from other age groups given the unique and complex physical and psychosocial challenges of this developmental phase. The objective of this study was to capture the HRQoL issues described by AYAs with cancer using thematic analysis. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 45 AYAs aged 14-25 years from six countries. RESULTS: The most prevalent cancers presented were leukemia (n = 12) and lymphoma (n = 8). AYAs' descriptive accounts were analyzed and 12 categories identified: Symptoms (i.e., pain, nausea, vomiting) (84% AYAs); activity limitations (education, leisure time activities) (87%); disrupted life plans (29%); social (loss of friends, family life) (91%); emotional (depression, anxiety) (64%); body image (conscious of changed appearance) (36%); self-appraisals (greater maturity, braver) (47%); outlook on life (altered priorities, increased motivation to achieve) (33%); lifestyle (restricted diet, avoidance of infections) (18%), treatment-related (absence of age-appropriate information, treatment burden) (31%); fertility (24%); and financial concerns (13%). CONCLUSIONS: A wide spectrum of both negative and positive issues were described. Several of these issues, such as disrupted life plans and difficulty establishing romantic relationships, are likely to be more common to AYAs with cancer and might not be captured by existing HRQoL measures. Recognition of these issues and finding ways of addressing them should be seen as an essential component of AYA-tailored cancer care.

Systematic review of the health-related quality of life issues facing adolescents and young adults with cancer.

PURPOSE: For adolescents and young adults (AYAs), the impact of a cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment is likely to be distinct from other age groups given the unique and complex psychosocial challenges of this developmental phase. In this review of the literature, we report the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) issues experienced by AYAs diagnosed with cancer and undergoing treatment. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO and the Cochrane Library Databases were searched for publications reporting HRQoL of AYAs. Issues generated from interviews with AYAs or from responses to patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) were extracted. RESULTS: 166 papers were reviewed in full and comprised 72 papers covering 69 primary studies, 49 measurement development or evaluation papers and 45 reviews. Of the 69 studies reviewed, 11 (16%) used interviews to elicit AYAs' descriptions of HRQoL issues. The majority of the PROMs used in the studies represent adaptations of paediatric or adult measures. HRQoL issues were organised into the following categories: physical, cognitive, restricted activities, relationships with others, fertility, emotions, body image and spirituality/outlook on life. CONCLUSION: The HRQoL issues presented within this review are likely to be informative to health care professionals and AYAs. The extensive list of issues suggests that the impact of a cancer diagnosis and treatment during adolescence and young adulthood is widespread and reflects the complexities of this developmental phase.

The ability of hand digital X-ray radiogrammetry to identify middle-aged and elderly women with reduced bone density, as assessed by femoral neck dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

In this study, we evaluate the ability of digitized digital X-ray radiogrammetry (DXR) bone mineral density (BMD) to identify women with reduced BMD at femoral neck, assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The study population contained women with recent low-energy distal radius fracture and women recruited from the general population, all aged 50 yr or older. The correlation between hand BMD and femoral neck BMD was r=0.65 (p<0.001). We used a triage approach where 2 cutoffs for DXR T-score were defined at which patients with 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity could be identified to have or not have reduced BMD at femoral neck, defined as T-score ≤-2.5 standard deviation (SD). The upper and lower DXR T-score cutoffs were -1.2 and -2.7, respectively. Applying the triage approach in the whole cohort, 32% would require a central DXA assessment to determine the presence or absence of femoral neck T-score ≤-2.5 SD. Our data suggest that DXR can be used to reduce the numbers of patients in need of DXA femoral neck and may, thus, be of clinical value where access to DXA is limited.