Reversal of cupping em glaucoma juvenil tratado com análogo de prostaglandina tópica / Reversal of cupping in juvenile glaucoma treated with topical prostaglandin analogue

Resumo A reversão da escavação é uma entidade rara que se refere à redução da escavação do disco óptico em resposta à diminuição sustentada dos níveis de pressão intra-ocular (PIO), em cerca de 25% da PIO basal. A ocorrência deste fenômeno apenas com o tratamento clínico é pouco relatada na literatura, Este estudo relata um caso de um paciente com glaucoma juvenil, que apresentou à gonioscopia ângulo aberto e tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) com uma diminuição significativa na camada de fibras nervosas retinianas em ambos os olhos. Após um ano utilizando análogos de prostaglandina tópica e manutenção de níveis baixos de PIO, ocorreu diminuição da escavação do nervo óptico, que foi confirmada pelos padrões topográficos da OCT. O "reversal of cupping" é um sinal da diminuição da tensão ao nível da lâmina crivosa e está provavelmente associada a uma redução do risco para a progressão do glaucoma a longo prazo, sem melhora da função visual.

Abstract Reversal of cupping is a rare entity, characterized by the reduction of optical disc cupping in response to sustained decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) levels by 25% of the basal IOP. The occurrence of this phenomenon with clinical treatment is rarely reported in the literature. This study reports a case of a patient with juvenile glaucoma with augmented cupping, significant decrease in the retinal nerve fiber layer in both eyes and altered topografic measures in optical coherence tomography (OCT). After one year using topical prostaglandin analog and keeping low IOP levels, a decrease in optic nerve cupping was detected in rethinography, confirmed by the improvement of OCT topographic measures. Reversal of cupping is a sign of decreased tension at the level of the lamina cribosa and is probably associated with a reduced risk for long-term progression of glaucoma without improvement of visual function.

Lipid accumulation product index in HIV-infected patients: a marker of cardiovascular risk

ABSTRACT The lipid accumulation product (LAP) index is an emerging cardiovascular risk marker. We aimed to assess the accuracy of this index as a marker of cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study of 133 HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral drugs and 20 non-infected controls was conducted at the outpatient clinic of a referral center of infectious and parasitic diseases. Evaluations included LAP index, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, glucose tolerance test, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Body mass index (BMI) was similar in both groups; however, waist circumference was greater in the HIV-infected patients. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) and HDL cholesterol levels were lower in HIV-infected patients (p < 0.001). Plasma glucose (p = 0.01) and insulin (p = 0.005) levels two hours after a glucose load, HOMA-IR index (p < 0.001) and LAP index (p < 0.001) were higher in the HIV-infected patients. A positive and significant correlation was found between HOMA-IR index and LAP (r = 0.615; p < 0.01), BMI (r = 0.334; p < 0.01) and waist circumference (r = 0.452; p < 0.01) in the HIV-infected patients. In male HIV-infected patients and controls, ROC curve analyses revealed that the best cut-off value of LAP to define the presence of insulin resistance was 64.8 (sensitivity 86%, specificity 77% and area under the curve 0.824). These results confirm that insulin resistance is more common in HIV-patients on antiretroviral drugs than in HIV-negative controls. A positive and significant correlation was found between the LAP index and the HOMA index, with LAP ≥ 64.8 constituting an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease in male HIV patients.

Lipid accumulation product index in HIV-infected patients: a marker of cardiovascular risk.

The lipid accumulation product (LAP) index is an emerging cardiovascular risk marker. We aimed to assess the accuracy of this index as a marker of cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study of 133 HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral drugs and 20 non-infected controls was conducted at the outpatient clinic of a referral center of infectious and parasitic diseases. Evaluations included LAP index, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, glucose tolerance test, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Body mass index (BMI) was similar in both groups; however, waist circumference was greater in the HIV-infected patients. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) and HDL cholesterol levels were lower in HIV-infected patients (p<0.001). Plasma glucose (p=0.01) and insulin (p=0.005) levels two hours after a glucose load, HOMA-IR index (p<0.001) and LAP index (p<0.001) were higher in the HIV-infected patients. A positive and significant correlation was found between HOMA-IR index and LAP (r=0.615; p<0.01), BMI (r=0.334; p<0.01) and waist circumference (r=0.452; p<0.01) in the HIV-infected patients. In male HIV-infected patients and controls, ROC curve analyses revealed that the best cut-off value of LAP to define the presence of insulin resistance was 64.8 (sensitivity 86%, specificity 77% and area under the curve 0.824). These results confirm that insulin resistance is more common in HIV-patients on antiretroviral drugs than in HIV-negative controls. A positive and significant correlation was found between the LAP index and the HOMA index, with LAP≥64.8 constituting an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease in male HIV patients.