ABSTRACT
Based on both static (extended Köhler) and dynamic modelling, we investigate the influence of temperature, humidity, HNO(3) initial concentration, as well as of the particle concentration, on the efficiency of HNO(3)-mediated laser-induced condensation. This mechanism is most efficient for low temperatures, high HNO(3) concentration, and relative humidities. It is, however, still active up to 30 °C, down to 70% relative humidity, and below the ppm level of HNO(3). Furthermore, lower particle concentration minimizing the depletion of both HNO(3) and water vapor is more favourable to particle growth.
Subject(s)
Nitric Acid/chemistry , Humidity , Lasers , Models, Chemical , Nitrates/chemistry , Particle Size , Temperature , Thermodynamics , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
Because of the potential impact on agriculture and other key human activities, efforts have been dedicated to the local control of precipitation. The most common approach consists of dispersing small particles of dry ice, silver iodide, or other salts in the atmosphere. Here we show, using field experiments conducted under various atmospheric conditions, that laser filaments can induce water condensation and fast droplet growth up to several µm in diameter in the atmosphere as soon as the relative humidity exceeds 70%. We propose that this effect relies mainly on photochemical formation of p.p.m.-range concentrations of hygroscopic HNO(3), allowing efficient binary HNO(3)-H(2)O condensation in the laser filaments. Thermodynamic, as well as kinetic, numerical modelling based on this scenario semiquantitatively reproduces the experimental results, suggesting that particle stabilization by HNO(3) has a substantial role in the laser-induced condensation.
