Biogeography of Argylia D. Don (Bignoniaceae): Diversification, Andean Uplift and Niche Conservatism.

Andean uplift and the concomitant formation of the Diagonal Arid of South America is expected to have promoted species diversification through range expansions into this novel environment. We evaluate the evolution of Argylia, a genus belonging to the Bignoniaceae family whose oldest fossil record dates back to 49.4 Ma. Today, Argylia is distributed along the Andean Cordillera, from 15°S to 38.5°S and from sea level up to 4,000 m.a.s.l. We ask whether Argylia's current distribution is a result of a range expansion along the Andes Cordillera (biological corridor) modulated by climatic niche conservatism, considering the timing of Andean uplift (30 Ma - 5 Ma). To answer this question, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of Argylia species, estimated divergence times, estimated the realized climatic niche of the genus, reconstructed the ancestral climatic niche, evaluated its evolution, and finally, performed an ancestral range reconstruction. We found strong evidence for climatic niche conservatism for moisture variables, and an absence of niche conservatism for most of the temperature variables considered. Exceptions were temperature seasonality and winter temperature. Results imply that Argylia had the capacity to adapt to extreme temperature conditions associated with the Andean uplift and the new climatic corridor produced by uplift. Ancestral range reconstruction for the genus showed that Argylia first diversified in a region where subtropical conditions were already established, and that later episodes of diversification were coeval with the of Andean uplift. We detected a second climatic corridor along the coastal range of Chile-Peru, the coastal lomas, which allowed a northward range expansion of Argylia into the hyperarid Atacama Desert. Dating suggests the current distribution and diversity of Argylia would have been reached during the Late Neogene and Pleistocene.

Descripción clínica y hallazgos polisomnográficos en tres pacientes con Síndrome de Treacher Collins / Clinical description and polysomnographic findings in three patients with Treacher Collins

El Síndrome de Treacher Collins (STC) es una enfermedad congénita del desarrollo craneofacial, siendo una complicación frecuente la obstrucción de la vía aérea. Objetivo: Describir clínicamente tres casos de STC y sus hallazgos polisomnográficos. Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Revisión de fichas clínicas y polisomnografías (PSG). Resultados: Se incluyeron tres pacientes con STC, de 1, 17 y 20 años, dos hombres. Todos presentaron malformaciones faciales compatibles con el STC. El paciente menor tuvo apneas desde el nacimiento. En las PSG, todos presentaron eficiencia del sueño disminuida e índice de microdespertares aumentado. Solo un paciente tuvo diagnóstico de Síndrome de Apnea/Hipoapnea Obstructiva del Sueño (SAHOS) severo. Conclusiones: Aún cuando las anomalías craneofaciales no difirieron entre los pacientes, hubo sólo un caso de SAHOS severo. Las otras alteraciones descritas en la PSG afectan la calidad de vida, siendo relevante la búsqueda activa de trastornos respiratorios del sueño en estos pacientes.

Treacher Collins Syndrome (STC) is a congenital craniofacial disorder, being the airway obstruction a frequent complication. Objective: To describe clinical and polysomnographic findings of three cases with STC. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study. Review of clinical records and nocturnal polysomnography was carried out. Results: Three patients with STC were included of 1, 17 and 20 years old, two were males. All of them with facial malformations compatible with STC. Only the youngest presented apneas since birth. All patients had decreased sleep efficiency and increased arousal index. Only one patient presented with severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Conclusions: Despite the fact that all the patients had similar craniofacial anomalies, only one presented with severe OSAS. The other abnormalities described in the polysomnography affect the quality of life, being relevant performing an active screening of breathing-related sleep disorders in these patients.

Oral health needs of athletes with intellectual disability in Southern Europe: Greece, Italy and Spain.

AIMS: The population with intellectual disabilities (ID) has been reported to be a vulnerable population in terms of oral health. The aims of this study were to evaluate the oral condition and treatment needs of Special Olympics (SO) athletes from Greece, Italy and Spain. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional study was performed with data collected in annual SO events held in Greece, Italy and Spain, between 2010 and 2012. The recorded parameters were the presence/absence of edentulism, untreated decay, filled or missing teeth, sealants, tooth injury and signs of gingival disease. Among the main findings, the prevalence of untreated decay was 57.0% in Greece, 48.8% in Italy and 41.7% of the Spanish athletes. The prevalence of signs of gingival disease was 61.1% in Greece, 60.6% in Italy and 66.1% in Spain. While the majority of the athletes were in need of dental treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Oral disease is an unresolved problem among athletes with ID in these Mediterranean countries. Therefore efforts should be directed to meet their treatment needs and to prevent oral disease.

Oral health needs of athletes with intellectual disability in Eastern Europe: Poland, Romania and Slovenia.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate the oral condition and treatment needs of Special Olympics (SO) athletes from Poland, Romania and Slovenia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with data collected through standardised oral screening of athletes who participated in the annual SO events held in Poland, Romania and Slovenia, between 2011 and 2012. The data were compiled and transferred to an SPSS data file for analysis using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 3,545 athletes participated in the study. Among the main findings, the prevalence of untreated decay was 41% in Poland and 61% in Slovenia, whilst 70% of the Romanian athletes had signs of gingival disease and only 3.8% presented molar fissure sealants. In addition, 47% of Polish athletes were in need of urgent treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the results obtained following screening showed comparable oral health needs of athletes with intellectual disability among countries. Exploration of the oral health systems of the countries revealed similar significant co-payments and lack of incentive for dentists to treat patients with special needs. The results from Romania, Poland and Slovenia demonstrated the need for a structured system in which a special population is a target for oral-health-related education programmes and system-included preventive, restorative and maintenance interventions.

Embarazo en las adolescentes de la comuna de Curepto / Pregnancy in adolescents at Curepto

Dentro de la comuna de Curepto el embarazo en adolescentes es un problema, por lo cual es importante estudiarlo. Se analizaron los partos de la comuna entre los años 1994 y 1996, con un total de 439 pacientes, obteniéndose edad materna, domicilio, paridad y estado civil. Los resultados muestran que del total de partos el 24,4 por ciento correspondió a menores de 20 años, las que porcentualmente son más importantes en los sectores rurales, el parto eutócico es el más frecuente (60 por ciento), el 64,5 por ciento de las adolescentes son solteras y en casi un 80 por ciento primíparas. Como conclusiones podemos observar que las adolescentes embarazadas son un grupo importante dentro del total, son más frecuentes en términos porcentuales en las zonas de mayor ruralidad, en su mayoría solteras y los partos distócicos aumentan en las menores de 19 años

Medicina y odontología del síndrome de Sjögren: reporte caso clínico / Medicine and odontology in Sjögren syndrome: clinical case report

El caso presentado reúne todas las características del Síndrome de Sjogreng. Ojos secos (queratoconjuntivitis sicca), donde la paciente relata la sensación de tener arena en los ojos asociada a una irritación y quemazón. Marcada xerostomía asociada además con una sensación de quemazón de boca y garganta conllevando esto a una voz ronca y débil. También se observa una dificultad al tragar los alimentos, ya que estos se adhieren a los tejidos. Aumento de tamaño de las glándulas salivales. Sensación permanente de ardor lingual y labios partidos, además de la imperiosa necesidad de beber permanentemente agua cuando habla. Caries múltiples y enfermedad periodontal que se relacionan directamente con su sequedad bucal debido a que la ausencia de saliva en cantidad normal, nos lleva a una disminución del efecto buffer y de arratre bacteriano de ésta, aumentando así la acidez del medio bucal y favoreciendo la acción de bacterias patógenas para dientes encías. Presenta hinchazón debajo de la mandíbula. Marcada sequedad vaginal que se asocia don dispareunia. Sensación de decaimiento y cansancio general casi permanente. Presenta dolores difusos y generalizados