New Insight on the Formation of Sodium Titanates 1D Nanostructures and Its Application on CO2 Hydrogenation.

The aim of this work is focused on the study of a series of non-traditional catalytic nanomaterials to transform greenhouse CO2 gas into added-value products. We found encouraging results of CO2 hydrogenation activity over sodium titanates with different morphologies. The yield to methanol increases with the increase in the Na incorporated in the nanostructures confirming the proposed mechanism. Samples were prepared at different times of hydrothermal treatment (HTT) with NaOH solutions, and these materials were labeled as Ti-nR-x with x as the hours on the HTT. HRTEM initially showed sphere-shaped nanoparticles in the TiO2 commercial nanopowder, increasing the HTT resulted in morphological changes in which the structures passed from nanosheets and finally to nanorods after 30 h. The X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy results indicated the formation of sodium titanates such as Na2Ti3O7 with short Ti-O bonds and that Na begins to be incorporated into the distorted TiO6 crystalline structure after 5 h of HTT (until 12 wt%). The crystalline and shape transformation resulted in a significant modification on the textural properties passing from 51 m2.g-1 to 150 m2.g-1 and from a pore volume of 0.12 cm3.g-1 to 1.03 cm3.g-1 for Ti-ref and Ti-nR-30 respectively. We also observed differences in the electronic properties as the bandgap presented a blue shift from 3.16 eV on the TiO2 reference nano-powder to 3.44 eV for the Ti-nR-30 calcined sample. This fact coincides with the presence of a more electron-rich state of the Ti4+ and the formation of negative charge layer induced by the presence of Na+ interlayer cations detected by XPS analysis, at the same this helped us to explain the catalytic activity results.

Adjuvant Effect of Molecular Iodine in Conventional Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer. Randomized Pilot Study.

This study analyzes an oral supplement of molecular iodine (I2), alone and in combination with the neoadjuvant therapy 5-fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide or taxotere/epirubicin (FEC/TE) in women with Early (stage II) and Advanced (stage III) breast cancer. In the Early group, 30 women were treated with I2 (5 mg/day) or placebo (colored water) for 7-35 days before surgery. For the Advanced group, 30 patients received I2 or placebo, along with FEC/TE treatment. After surgery, all patients received FEC/TE + I2 for 170 days. I2 supplementation showed a significant attenuation of the side effects and an absence of tumor chemoresistance. The control, I2, FEC/TE, and FEC/TE + I2 groups exhibited response rates of 0, 33%, 73%, and 100%, respectively, and a pathologic complete response of 18%, and 36% in the last two groups. Five-year disease-free survival rate was significantly higher in patients treated with the I2 supplement before and after surgery compared to those receiving the supplement only after surgery (82% versus 46%). I2-treated tumors exhibit less invasive potential, and significant increases in apoptosis, estrogen receptor expression, and immune cell infiltration. Transcriptomic analysis indicated activation of the antitumoral immune response. The results led us to register a phase III clinical trial to analyze chemotherapy + I2 treatment for advanced breast cancer.

[BEHAVIOR OF HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION, HEMATOCRIT AND OXYGEN SATURATION IN COLOMBIAN UNIVERSITY POPULATION AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES]. / COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA CONCENTRACIÓN DE HEMOGLOBINA, EL HEMATOCRITO Y LA SATURACIÓN DE OXÍGENO EN UNA POBLACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA EN COLOMBIA A DIFERENTES ALTURAS.

INTRODUCTION: the development of this research is base on the growing interest in understanding the adaptations to chronic hipoxia mainly in the range of intermediate altitudes (1 500-3 000 m.s.n.m) and the need to establish parameters of normality in the variables [Hb], Hct and SO2 for diagnostic and characterization of the population purposes. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the behavior of the [Hb], Hct and SaO2 at different intermediate altitudes (970 m.s.n.m, 1 520 m.s.n.m, 1 728 m.s.n.m, 1 923 m.s.n.m, 2 180 m.s.n.m and 2 600 m.s.n.m) in order to contribute to the knowledge of the high altitude physiology and the clinical field to support the diagnosis of anemia. METHODS: clinically healthy subjects with low levels of physical activity and food consumption report containing iron. Total of 264 participants of both genders between 18 and 30 years. The blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein and the earlobe and analyzed in a radiometer. A non-parametric statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: with increasing of altitude, [Hb] and Hct values were increased while the SO2 decreased. Men showed higher values than women in [Hb] and Hct, related to lower values of SO2 than women. DISCUSSION: a threshold variable was not found, perhaps because of the small distance between the altitudes. The values reported were similar but not identical to other studies. This difference could be explained by genetic diversity among populations. CONCLUSIONS: this study allows for the first values of characterization of the study population. All altitudes were above the cutoff for the diagnosis of anemia ([Hb] 12 g/dl).

Introducción: el desarrollo de la presente investigación se basa en el creciente interés por comprender las adaptaciones a la hipoxia crónica, principalmente en el rango altitudinal denominado de alturas intermedias (1.500- 3.000 m.s.n.m), con la necesidad de establecer parámetros de normalidad en las variables [Hb], Hct y SO2 con fines diagnósticos y de caracterización de la población. Objetivos: analizar el comportamiento de la [Hb], el Hct y la SaO2 a diferentes alturas intermedias (970 m.s.n.m, 1.520 m.s.n.m, 1.728 m.s.n.m, 1.923 m.s.n.m, 2.180 m.s.n.m y 2.600 m.s.n.m) con el fin de aportar conocimiento sobre la fisiología de la altura y al campo clínico para apoyar el diagnóstico de anemia. Métodos: sujetos clínicamente sanos, con nivel bajo de actividad física y reporte de consumo de alimentos con contenido de hierro. Total de 264 participantes de ambos géneros entre 18 y 30 años. Las muestras se obtuvieron de sangre de la vena antecubital y del lóbulo de la oreja y fueron analizadas en un radiómetro. Se realizó un análisis estadístico no paramétrico. Resultados: con el incremento de la altitud los valores de [Hb] y Hct se incrementaron, mientras la SO2 descendió. Los hombres presentaron valores más altos que las mujeres en [Hb] y Hct, relacionado con valores más bajo de SO2 que las mujeres. Discusión: no se evidenció un umbral de las variables, quizás por la pequeña distancia entre las alturas. Los valores reportados fueron similares pero no iguales a otros estudios, lo que podría deberse a la diversidad genética entre poblaciones. Conclusiones: este estudio permite obtener los primeros valores de caracterización de la población estudiada. Todas las alturas estuvieron por encima del punto de corte para el diagnóstico de anemia ([Hb] 12 g/dl).

Comportamiento de la concentración de hemoglobina, el hematocrito y la saturación de oxígeno en una población universitaria en Colombia a diferentes alturas / Behavior of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and oxygen saturation in colombian university population at different altitudes

Introducción: el desarrollo de la presente investigación se basa en el creciente interés por comprender las adaptaciones a la hipoxia crónica, principalmente en el rango altitudinal denominado de alturas intermedias (1.500- 3.000 m.s.n.m), con la necesidad de establecer parámetros de normalidad en las variables [Hb], Hct y SO2 con fines diagnósticos y de caracterización de la población. Objetivos: analizar el comportamiento de la [Hb], el Hct y la SaO2 a diferentes alturas intermedias (970 m.s.n.m, 1.520 m.s.n.m, 1.728 m.s.n.m, 1.923 m.s.n.m, 2.180 m.s.n.m y 2.600 m.s.n.m) con el fin de aportar conocimiento sobre la fisiología de la altura y al campo clínico para apoyar el diagnóstico de anemia. Métodos: sujetos clínicamente sanos, con nivel bajo de actividad física y reporte de consumo de alimentos con contenido de hierro. Total de 264 participantes de ambos géneros entre 18 y 30 años. Las muestras se obtuvieron de sangre de la vena antecubital y del lóbulo de la oreja y fueron analizadas en un radiómetro. Se realizó un análisis estadístico no paramétrico. Resultados: con el incremento de la altitud los valores de [Hb] y Hct se incrementaron, mientras la SO2 descendió. Los hombres presentaron valores más altos que las mujeres en [Hb] y Hct, relacionado con valores más bajo de SO2 que las mujeres. Discusión: no se evidenció un umbral de las variables, quizás por la pequeña distancia entre las alturas. Los valores reportados fueron similares pero no iguales a otros estudios, lo que podría deberse a la diversidad genética entre poblaciones. Conclusiones: este estudio permite obtener los primeros valores de caracterización de la población estudiada. Todas las alturas estuvieron por encima del punto de corte para el diagnóstico de anemia ([Hb] 12 g/dl) (AU)

Introduction: the development of this research is base on the growing interest in understanding the adaptations to chronic hipoxia mainly in the range of intermediate altitudes (1 500-3 000 m.s.n.m) and the need to establish parameters of normality in the variables [Hb], Hct and SO2 for diagnostic and characterization of the population purposes. Objective: to analyze the behavior of the [Hb], Hct and SaO2 at different intermediate altitudes (970 m.s.n.m, 1520 m.s.n.m, 1 728 m.s.n.m, 1 923 m.s.n.m, 2 180 m.s.n.m and 2600 m.s.n.m) in order to contribute to the knowledge of the high altitude physiology and the clinical field to support the diagnosis of anemia. Methods: clinically healthy subjects with low levels of physical activity and food consumption report containing iron. Total of 264 participants of both genders between 18 and 30 years. The blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein and the earlobe and analyzed in a radiometer. A non-parametric statistical analysis was performed. Results: with increasing of altitude, [Hb] and Hct values were increased while the SO2 decreased. Men showed higher values than women in [Hb] and Hct, related to lower values of SO2 than women. Discussion: a threshold variable was not found, perhaps because of the small distance between the altitudes. The values reported were similar but not identical to other studies. This difference could be explained by genetic diversity among populations. Conclusions: this study allows for the first values of characterization of the study population. All altitudes were above the cutoff for the diagnosis of anemia ([Hb] 12 g/dl) (AU)

Arterial oxygen saturation and hemoglobin mass in postmenopausal untrained and trained altitude residents.

Because of lacking ventilatory stimulation by sex hormones in postmenopausal women (PW), one might expect a lowered arterial oxygen saturation (S(O(2))) in hypoxia and therefore a stronger erythropoietic reaction than in young women (YW). Nine untrained (UTRPW) and 11 trained (TRPW) postmenopausal altitude residents (2600 m) were compared to 16 untrained (UTRYW) and 16 trained young women (TRYW) to check this hypothesis and to study the combined response to hypoxia and training. S(O(2)) was decreased in PW (89.2% +/- 2.2 vs. 93.6 +/- 0.7% in YW, p < 0.01). Hb mass, however, was similar in UT (UTRYW: 9.2 +/- 0.9 g/kg(1), UTRPW: 8.7 +/- 1.0 g/kg). But if body fat rise with age was excluded by relation to fat-free mass, Hb mass was increased in UTRPW (+1.2 g/kg, p < 0.05) compared to UTRYW. Training caused a similar rise of Hb mass in PW and YW (0.3 g/kg per mL/kg x min(1) rise in V(O(2peak))). There was no difference in erythropoietin among the groups. Ferritin was higher in PW than YW. The results show that female hormones and fitness level have to be considered in studies on erythropoiesis at altitude. The role of erythropoietin during chronic hypoxia still has to be clarified.

Blood volume and hemoglobin mass in endurance athletes from moderate altitude.

PURPOSE: To determine whether total hemoglobin (tHb) mass and total blood volume (BV) are influenced by training, by chronic altitude exposure, and possibly by the combination of both conditions. METHODS: Four groups (N = 12, each) either from locations at sea level or at moderate altitude (2600 m) were investigated: 1) sea-level control group (UT-0 m), 2) altitude control group (UT-2600 m), 3) professional cyclists from sea level (C-0 m), and 4) professional cyclists from altitude (C-2600 m). All subjects from altitude were born at about 2600 m and lived all their lives (except during competitions at lower levels) at this altitude. tHb and BV were determined by the CO-rebreathing method. RESULTS: VO2max (mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was significantly higher in UT-0 m (45.3 +/- 3.2) than in UT-2600 m (39.6 +/- 4.0) but did not differ between C-0 m (68.2 +/- 2.7) and C-2600 m (69.9 +/- 4.4). tHb (g x kg(-1)) was affected by training (UT-0 m: 11.0 +/- 1.1, C-0 m: 15.4 +/- 1.3) and by altitude (UT-2600 m: 13.4 +/- 0.9) and showed both effects in C-2600 m (17.1 +/- 1.4). Because red cell volume showed a behavior similar to tHb and because plasma volume was not affected by altitude but by training, BV (mL x kg(-1)) was increased in C-0 m (UT-0 m: 78.3 +/- 7.9; C-0 m: 107.0 +/- 6.2) and in UT-2600 m (88.2 +/- 4.8), showing highest values in the C-2600 m group (116.5 +/- 11.4). CONCLUSION: In endurance athletes who are native to moderate altitude, tHb and BV were synergistically influenced by training and by altitude exposure, which is probably one important reason for their high performance.