[High performance of an implantable Holter monitor in the detection of concealed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke and a suspected embolic mechanism]. / Altorendimiento del holter implantable en la detecciónde fibrilación auricular paroxística oculta en pacientescon ictus criptogénico y sospecha de mecanismo embólico.

INTRODUCTION: Implantable loop recorders (ILR) may allow detection of occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke. However, optimal selection algorithm and ideal duration of monitoring remain unclear. AIM. To determine the incidence and time-profile of PAF in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke studied with Reveal XT ILR, who were selected based on a high suspicion of cerebral embolism. SELECTION CRITERIA: absence of stroke etiology after complete study including vascular imaging, transesophageal echocardiography and at least 24 hours of cardiac rhythm monitoring, and confirmation of acute embolic occlusion of intracranial artery by transcranial duplex or characteristics of acute ischemic lesion on neuroimaging suggesting embolic mechanism of ischemia. After implanting Reveal XT ILR, patients were trained to perform transmissions monthly or when symptoms occurred. We reviewed the information online each month and patients underwent clinical visits at 3rd and 6th month and then every six months. RESULTS: We included 101 patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke and at least one month of follow-up after ILR implant. Mean age was 67 years, 54 women (53.5%). Mean follow-up after implantation was 281 ± 212 days. Occult PAF was detected in 34 patients (33.7%). Frequency of false positives: 22.8%. Median time from implant to arrhythmia detection was 102 days (range: 26-240 days). 24 (70%) patients with PAF had several arrhythmic episodes detected with ILR. The majority of events (75%) were detected during the first six months of monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: In our patients with probably embolic cryptogenic ischemic stroke, PAF was detected by Reveal XT ILR in 33.7%. One in four events occurred after the first six months of monitoring.

TITLE: Alto rendimiento del holter implantable en la deteccion de fibrilacion auricular paroxistica oculta en pacientes con ictus criptogenico y sospecha de mecanismo embolico.Introduccion. El holter implantable permite detectar fibrilacion auricular paroxistica (FAP) oculta en pacientes con ictus criptogenico, pero se desconoce que algoritmo de seleccion tiene un mayor rendimiento y la duracion optima de monitorizacion. Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia y el tiempo hasta detectar la FAP mediante un holter implantable Reveal XT ® en pacientes con ictus criptogenico seleccionados por sospecha elevada de embolismo cerebral. Pacientes y metodos. Criterios de seleccion: ausencia de etiologia del ictus tras el estudio completo incluyendo un ecocardiograma transesofagico, monitorizacion ECG y holter de 24 horas, asi como confirmacion de oclusion aguda embolica de la arteria intracraneal por duplex transcraneal o bien alta sospecha de embolismo por caracteristicas de neuroimagen. Tras implantar el holter Reveal XT se formo a los pacientes para que emprendieran transmisiones todos los meses o ante sintomas. Se reviso la informacion online mensualmente y se realizaron visitas clinicas en las unidades de Neurologia y Cardiologia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 101 pacientes con ictus criptogenico y al menos un mes de seguimiento: edad media de 67 años, 54 mujeres (53,5%). Tiempo medio de seguimiento: 281 ± 212 dias. Se detecto FAP oculta en 34 pacientes (33,7%) y falsos positivos en 23 (22,8%). Mediana desde el implante hasta la deteccion de la arritmia: 102 dias (rango: 26-240 dias). En un 70% de los pacientes se registraron multiples episodios de FAP. El 75% de los eventos se detectaron durante los primeros seis meses de monitorizacion. Conclusiones. El algoritmo de seleccion de pacientes con ictus criptogenico segun sospecha de embolismo cerebral se asocio a una elevada frecuencia (33,7%) de FAP oculta con holter implantable. Uno de cada cuatro eventos sucedio tras los primeros seis meses de monitorizacion.

Alto rendimiento del holter implantable en la detección de fibrilación auricular paroxística oculta en pacientes con ictus criptogénico y sospecha de mecanismo embólico / High performance of an implantable Holter monitor in the detection of concealed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke and a suspected embolic mechanism

Introducción. El holter implantable permite detectar fibrilación auricular paroxística (FAP) oculta en pacientes con ictus criptogénico, pero se desconoce qué algoritmo de selección tiene un mayor rendimiento y la duración óptima de monitorización. Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia y el tiempo hasta detectar la FAP mediante un holter implantable Reveal XT ® en pacientes con ictus criptogénico seleccionados por sospecha elevada de embolismo cerebral. Pacientes y métodos. Criterios de selección: ausencia de etiología del ictus tras el estudio completo incluyendo un ecocardiograma transesofágico, monitorización ECG y holter de 24 horas, así como confirmación de oclusión aguda embólica de la arteria intracraneal por dúplex transcraneal o bien alta sospecha de embolismo por características de neuroimagen. Tras implantar el holter Reveal XT se formó a los pacientes para que emprendieran transmisiones todos los meses o ante síntomas. Se revisó la información online mensualmente y se realizaron visitas clínicas en las unidades de Neurología y Cardiología. Resultados. Se incluyeron 101 pacientes con ictus criptogénico y al menos un mes de seguimiento: edad media de 67 años, 54 mujeres (53,5%). Tiempo medio de seguimiento: 281 ± 212 días. Se detectó FAP oculta en 34 pacientes (33,7%) y falsos positivos en 23 (22,8%). Mediana desde el implante hasta la detección de la arritmia: 102 días (rango: 26-240 días). En un 70% de los pacientes se registraron múltiples episodios de FAP. El 75% de los eventos se detectaron durante los primeros seis meses de monitorización (AU)

Introduction. Implantable loop recorders (ILR) may allow detection of occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke. However, optimal selection algorithm and ideal duration of monitoring remain unclear. Aim. To determine the incidence and time-profile of PAF in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke studied with Reveal XT ® ILR, who were selected based on a high suspicion of cerebral embolism. Patients and methods. Selection criteria: absence of stroke etiology after complete study including vascular imaging, transesophageal echocardiography and at least 24 hours of cardiac rhythm monitoring, and confirmation of acute embolic occlusion of intracranial artery by transcranial duplex or characteristics of acute ischemic lesion on neuroimaging suggesting embolic mechanism of ischemia. After implanting Reveal XT ILR, patients were trained to perform transmissions monthly or when symptoms occurred. We reviewed the information online each month and patients underwent clinical visits at 3rd and 6th month and then every six months. Results. We included 101 patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke and at least one month of follow-up after ILR implant. Mean age was 67 years, 54 women (53.5%). Mean follow-up after implantation was 281 ± 212 days. Occult PAF was detected in 34 patients (33.7%). Frequency of false positives: 22.8%. Median time from implant to arrhythmia detection was 102 days (range: 26-240 days). 24 (70%) patients with PAF had several arrhythmic episodes detected with ILR. The majority of events (75%) were detected during the first six months of monitoring. Conclusions. In our patients with probably embolic cryptogenic ischemic stroke, PAF was detected by Reveal XT ILR in 33.7%. One in four events occurred after the first six months of monitoring (AU)

Hemicránea continua: características y experiencia terapéutica en una serie de 36 pacientes / Hemicrania continua: characteristics and therapeutic experience in a series of 36 patients

Introducción. La hemicránea continua se caracteriza por un dolor unilateral, continuo, con exacerbaciones frecuentementeasociadas a síntomas autonómicos. Es probablemente poco conocida e infradiagnosticada. Su diagnóstico requiere respuesta a la indometacina, no siempre bien tolerada. Objetivo. Se presenta una serie de 36 casos de hemicránea continua atendidos en la consulta de cefaleas de un hospitalterciario. Analizamos sus características demográficas y clínicas y las alternativas terapéuticas a la indometacina.Pacientes y métodos. Entre enero de 2008 y abril de 2012, 36 pacientes (28 mujeres, ocho varones) fueron diagnosticadosde hemicránea continua entre 1.800 (2%) atendidos en dicha consulta.Resultados. La edad al inicio fue de 46,3 ± 18,4 años. En cuatro pacientes (11,1%) existían remisiones del dolor superioresa tres meses. El dolor basal era principalmente opresivo o quemante, y su intensidad era de 5,2 ± 1,4 en la escala analógicaverbal. Las exacerbaciones tenían una duración de 32,3 ± 26,1 minutos, carácter predominantemente punzante,intensidad de 8,3 ± 1,4, y en el 69,4% de casos se acompañaban de síntomas autonómicos. El 16,7% de los pacientes no toleró la indometacina más allá de un indotest, y un 50% lo hizo con efectos adversos. En 13 casos se llevó a cabo al menos un bloqueo anestésico en el nervio supraorbitario o el occipital mayor, o una inyección de corticoides en la tróclea con respuesta completa en el 53,8% y parcial en el 38,5%.Conclusiones. La hemicránea continua no es un diagnóstico infrecuente en una consulta de cefaleas, y es necesario aumentarsu conocimiento al tratarse de una entidad tratable. Los bloqueos anestésicos del nervio supraorbotario o del occipital mayor o la inyección de corticoides en la tróclea son una opción terapéutica que se debe considerar cuando la indometacina no se tolera bien (AU)

Introduction. Hemicrania continua is characterised by a continuous unilateral pain, which frequently gets worse in association with autonomic symptoms. It is probably little known and underdiagnosed. Its diagnosis requires a responseto indomethacin, which is not always well tolerated. Aims. We report a series of 36 cases of hemicrania continua that were treated in the headache service of a tertiary hospital. We analyse their demographic and clinical features and the therapeutic alternatives to indomethacin. Patients and methods. Between January 2008 and April 2012, 36 patients (28 females, eight males) were diagnosed with hemicrania continua from among 1800 (2%) who were treated in that service Results. The age of onset was 46.3 ± 18.4 years. In four patients (11.1%) there were pain remissions that lasted overthree months. The baseline pain was chiefly oppressive or burning with an intensity of 5.2 ± 1.4 on the verbal analogue scale. Exacerbations lasted 32.3 ± 26.1 minutes, were of a predominantly stabbing nature with an intensity of 8.3 ± 1.4, and in 69.4% of cases were accompanied by autonomic symptoms. Altogether 16.7% of the patients did not tolerate indomethacin beyond an indotest and 50% did so with side effects. In 13 cases at least one anaesthetic blockade was performed in the supraorbital or the greater occipital nerve or a trochlear injection of corticoids was carried out with a fullresponse in 53.8% and a partial response in 38.5%. Conclusions. Hemicrania continua is not an infrequent diagnosis in a headache clinic and, because it is a treatablecondition, further knowledge on the subject is needed. Anaesthetic blockades of the supraorbital or greater occipital nerves or a trochlear injection of corticoids are the therapeutic options that must be taken into consideration whenindomethacin is not well tolerated (AU)

[Hemicrania continua: characteristics and therapeutic experience in a series of 36 patients]. / Hemicránea continua: características y experiencia terapéutica en una serie de 36 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Hemicrania continua is characterised by a continuous unilateral pain, which frequently gets worse in association with autonomic symptoms. It is probably little known and underdiagnosed. Its diagnosis requires a response to indomethacin, which is not always well tolerated. AIMS: We report a series of 36 cases of hemicrania continua that were treated in the headache service of a tertiary hospital. We analyse their demographic and clinical features and the therapeutic alternatives to indomethacin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2008 and April 2012, 36 patients (28 females, eight males) were diagnosed with hemicrania continua from among 1800 (2%) who were treated in that service. RESULTS: The age of onset was 46.3 ± 18.4 years. In four patients (11.1%) there were pain remissions that lasted over three months. The baseline pain was chiefly oppressive or burning with an intensity of 5.2 ± 1.4 on the verbal analogue scale. Exacerbations lasted 32.3 ± 26.1 minutes, were of a predominantly stabbing nature with an intensity of 8.3 ± 1.4, and in 69.4% of cases were accompanied by autonomic symptoms. Altogether 16.7% of the patients did not tolerate indomethacin beyond an indotest and 50% did so with side effects. In 13 cases at least one anaesthetic blockade was performed in the supraorbital or the greater occipital nerve or a trochlear injection of corticoids was carried out with a full response in 53.8% and a partial response in 38.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Hemicrania continua is not an infrequent diagnosis in a headache clinic and, because it is a treatable condition, further knowledge on the subject is needed. Anaesthetic blockades of the supraorbital or greater occipital nerves or a trochlear injection of corticoids are the therapeutic options that must be taken into consideration when indomethacin is not well tolerated.

Cefalea numular: aclarando conceptos. Réplica / Nummular headache: shedding light on some concepts. Reply

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[Epicrania fugax: the clinical characteristics of a series of 18 patients]. / Epicrania fugax: características clínicas de una serie de 18 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Epicrania fugax is a recently reported condition consisting in brief painful paroxysms that begin in the posterior regions of the brain and irradiate towards the ipsilateral eye, nose or temple. AIMS: To present 18 cases of epicrania fugax from a monographic headache centre in a tertiary hospital and to analyse their demographic and clinical features, as well as the indication and response to prophylactic treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between March 2008, when epicrania fugax was first reported, and March 2011, of a total of 1210 patients who were attended in that service (1.48%), 18 (12 females and 6 males) were diagnosed as suffering from this condition. Six of these cases had been published earlier. RESULTS: The mean age at onset was 42.5 ± 17.7 years (range: 23-82 years). They presented painful paroxysms that began in the occipital (n = 11; 61.1%), parietal (n = 6; 33.3%) or parieto-occipital (n = 1; 5.6%) regions and irradiated towards the ipsilateral eye (n = 12; 66.6%) or temple (n = 6; 33.3%); the whole process lasted less than 15 seconds. Most of them described the pain as lancinating or stabbing. In 10 cases (55.5%) a pain remained in the area where the paroxysms began, which in 6 cases (33.3%) was limited to a well-defined circular area and met the criteria for classification as nummular headache. In 12 cases (66.6%), prophylactic treatment was used, above all lamotrigine and gabapentin, with varying results. CONCLUSION: Our aim is to back the proposal of epicrania fugax as a new syndrome with a well-defined clinical spectrum. It does not appear to be an exceptional condition and further knowledge about it will probably give rise to the description of new series. Treatment is often necessary and, although further information and experience are needed, gabapentin and lamotrigine both play a promising role.

Insulin resistance is associated with a poor response to intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance (IR) may not only increase stroke risk, but could also contribute to aggravate stroke prognosis. Mainly through a derangement in endogenous fibrinolysis, IR could affect the response to intravenous thrombolysis, currently the only therapy proved to be efficacious for acute ischemic stroke. We hypothesized that high IR is associated with more persistent arterial occlusions and poorer long-term outcome after stroke thrombolysis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational, longitudinal study in consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients presenting with middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion who received intravenous thrombolysis. Patients with acute hyperglycemia (≥155 mg/dL) receiving insulin were excluded. IR was determined during admission by the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-IR). Poor long-term outcome, as defined by a day 90 modified Rankin scale score ≥ 3, was considered the primary outcome variable. Transcranial Duplex-assessed resistance to MCA recanalization and symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation were considered secondary end points. RESULTS: A total of 109 thrombolysed MCA ischemic stroke patients were included (43.1% women, mean age 71 years). The HOMA-IR was higher in the group of patients with poor outcome (P = 0.02). The probability of good outcome decreased gradually with increasing HOMA-IR tertiles (80.6%, 1st tertile; 71.4%, 2nd tertile; and 55.3%, upper tertile). A HOMA-IR in the upper tertile was independently associated with poor outcome when compared with the lower tertile (odds ratio [OR] 8.54 [95% CI 1.67-43.55]; P = 0.01) and was associated with more persistent MCA occlusions (OR 8.2 [1.23-54.44]; P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: High IR may be associated with more persistent arterial occlusions and worse long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke thrombolysis.

Cefalea numular y clavo histérico. Réplica / Numular headache and clavus hystericus. Reply

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Cefalea numular: características clínicas y experiencia terapéutica en una serie de 30 nuevos casos / Nummular headache: clinical features and therapeutic experience in a series of 30 new cases

Introducción. La cefalea numular (CN) es un dolor continuo de leve a moderada intensidad, presente en una zona bien delimitada, de pequeño tamaño y forma circular o elíptica. El patrón temporal es variable, y se han descrito remisiones espontáneas y exacerbaciones dolorosas. Objetivo. Analizar las características clínicas y la respuesta al tratamiento en una serie de pacientes con CN en una consulta monográfica de cefaleas. Pacientes y métodos. Se diagnosticó CN a 30 pacientes (18 mujeres y 12 varones). Consideramos las características demográficas y nosológicas, el patrón temporal, la presencia y las características de exacerbaciones y la respuesta al tratamiento sintomático y preventivo. Resultados. Edad de inicio: 49,2 ± 18,1 años (rango: 21-79 años). Dos pacientes presentaban dos focos de dolor, por lo que analizamos 32 áreas dolorosas, 28 circulares y 4 elípticas. Diámetro: 4,7 ± 1,1 cm. Localizaciones más frecuentes: occipital (10 áreas, 31,3%), parietal (9 áreas, 28,1%) y frontal (6 áreas, 18,8%). Intensidad del dolor: 5,2 ± 1,8 en la escala analógica visual. Respecto al patrón temporal, fue continuo en 18 áreas (56,3%), episódico con remisiones espontáneas en 5 (15,6%) e indefinido debido al escaso tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio en 9 áreas (28,1%). Hubo exacerbaciones dolorosas en 16 áreas (50%) con duración de entre 3 segundos y 15 minutos. Nueve pacientes (30%) no mejoraron con el tratamiento sintomático y 23 (76,6%) requirieron al menos un tratamiento preventivo sin respuesta consistente. Conclusiones. La CN no es un diagnóstico inusual en una consulta monográfica de cefaleas. En nuestra serie el dolor basal es de intensidad moderada y en ocasiones el tratamiento sintomático no es eficaz, de forma que con frecuencia es necesario un tratamiento preventivo (AU)

Introduction. Nummular headache (NH) is a mild or moderate pain, located in a small, well circumscribed, rounded or elliptical area. Temporal pattern is variable and pain exacerbations have been described. Aim. To analyze clinical characteristics and therapy requirement and response in a series of patients attended due to NH in a headache outpatient office. Patients and methods. 30 patients (18 females, 12 males) diagnosed as NH. We considered demographic and nosological characteristics, temporal pattern, presence and intensity of exacerbations, and requirement of symptomatic or preventive herapies. Results. Age at onset 49.2 ± 18.1 years (range: 21-79 years). Two of the patients presented a bifocal NH and we analyzed 32 areas, 28 rounded and 4 elliptical. Diameter: 4.7 ± 1.1 cm. Regarding locations occipital (10 areas, 31.3%), parietal (9 areas, 28.1%) and frontal (6 areas, 18.8%). Pain intensity of 5.2 ± 1.8 on a ten-point visual analogical scale. Regarding temporal profile, in 18 areas (56.3%) was chronic, in 5 (15.6%) episodic and undefined due to a scarce time from onsetin 9 (28.1%). In 16 areas (50%) pain exacerbations lasting from 3 seconds to 15 minutes occurred. Nine (30%) patients did not improve with symptomatic drugs, and at least one preventative was prescribed in 23 (76.6%) patients without consistent effectiveness. Conclusions. NH is not an uncommon diagnosis in an outpatient headache office. In our series, basal pain intensity is moderate and symptomatic drugs commonly provide no relief. So, patients frequently need a preventive therapy (AU)

[Encephalitis due to antibodies against the NMDA receptor. A case report of a female patient with no associated tumour and a literature review]. / Encefalitis por anticuerpos contra el receptor NMDA. Descripción de una paciente sin tumor asociado y revisión de la bibliografía.

INTRODUCTION: A severe form of acute encephalitis associated to antibodies against the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has recently been reported. This clinical picture occurs in young people, not always with an underlying tumour and, despite the initial severity, if identified and treated at an early stage, complete recovery without any kind of sequelae can be achieved. We report on a new case and review the body of knowledge currently available on this recently identified condition. CASE REPORT: A 22-year-old female who visited our centre due to a progressive conduct disorder. Over the days that followed, deterioration in the level of consciousness made it necessary to put her on assisted respiration. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed hyperintense lesions mainly in deep temporal regions. A study of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed pleocytosis with a predominance of lymphocytes and antibodies against the NMDA receptor. In the complementary study no underlying tumour was observed. Treatment with corticosteroids and immunoglobulins brought about a slow but steady improvement. After a one-year follow-up there have been no recurrences, no tumours have appeared and the patient has gone back to her usual day-to-day activities. Even a significant temporal atrophy that developed at the beginning of the clinical picture has gradually been seen to resolve itself in neuroimaging studies performed as a control measure. CONCLUSION: Encephalitis due to anti-NMDA antibodies is a disease that has only recently been characterised, but which, according to currently available data, is relatively frequent. Clinically well defined, suspicion of this condition will make it possible to reach a definitive diagnosis and to establish early treatment.

Otros trastornos no motores en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Other non-motor disorders in Parkinson’s disease

Introducción. Además de la clásica tríada (temblor, rigidez y acinesia), la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) se acompaña de diversas alteraciones no motoras. Objetivo. Hacer una revisión actualizada de algunos de estos síntomas no motores en cuanto a la fisiopatología, epidemiología, clínica y terapéutica. Desarrollo. Trastornos autonómicos como la dermatitis seborreica y los trastornos de la sudoración, la fatiga, la pérdida de peso o las alteraciones respiratorias (disnea, estridor inspiratorio) son síntomas muy prevalentes e incapacitantes, pueden ser el problema principal en alguna fase de la EP (fatiga, estridor) y condicionan la calidad de vida de los pacientes parkinsonianos. Es habitual no pensar en ellos y que no sean detectados por el médico. Aunque pueden responder a fármacos dopaminérgicos, suelen precisar un enfoque terapéutico diferente. Son necesarios estudios que valoren nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas que actúen contra los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de estas alteraciones. Conclusiones. La EP afecta a otros sistemas distintos al dopaminérgico nigroestriatal. Su mejor conocimiento permitirá abordar y optimizar el tratamiento de los síntomas que condicionan, reforzando el bienestar de los pacientes con EP (AU)

Introduction. In addition to the classic triad (tremor, rigidity and akinesia), Parkinson’s disease (PD) is also accompanied by several non-motor disorders. Aim. To carry out an updated review of these non-motor symptoms in terms of their pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical features and treatment. Development. Autonomic disorders such as seborrhoeic dermatitis and disorders involving sweating, fatigue, weight loss or respiratory problems (dyspnea, inspiratory stridor) are highly prevalent and very disabling symptoms. In addition, they may be the main problem in a particular phase of PD (fatigue, stridor) and condition the quality of life of patients with Parkinson. They are often neglected and remain undetected. Although they may respond to dopaminergic agents, they usually require a different therapeutic approach. Studies are needed to evaluate new therapeutic perspectives that act against the pathophysiological mechanisms of these disorders. Conclusions. PD affects systems other than the dopaminergic nigrostriatal. A better understanding of this pathology will make it possible to approach and optimise the treatment of the conditioning symptoms, thereby enhancing the welfare of patients with PD (AU)