Diferencias en la evolución del sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil en España en el periodo 2011-2019 por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico: resultados del estudio ALADINO / Differences in the temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain in the 2011-2019 period by sex, age and socioeconomic level: Results of the ALADINO study

Introducción: El exceso de peso infantil es un problema de salud pública creciente. El objetivo del trabajo es estudiar la evolución de la prevalencia de sobrepeso, de obesidad y de obesidad central en escolares de 6 a 9años en España entre 2011 y 2019 según características demográficas y socioeconómicas.MetodologíaSe incluyeron las rondas 2011, 2015 y 2019 del estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal ALADINO en escolares de ambos sexos de 6 a 9años. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la evolución de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y de obesidad según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), así como obesidad central, y las variables demográficas y socioeconómicas asociadas.ResultadosEntre 2011 y 2019 se redujo la prevalencia de sobrepeso (criterios OMS) en niños de 6, 7 y 8años (−5,4, −5,7 y −5,3 puntos porcentuales, respectivamente) y niños cuyos progenitores tenían estudios superiores (−5,3 puntos porcentuales). Por renta, el sobrepeso en niños se redujo en todos los niveles de ingresos. Sin embargo, entre 2011 y 2019 se mantuvieron estables tanto la prevalencia de sobrepeso en niñas como la prevalencia de obesidad según las referencias OMS e IOTF y la de obesidad central en ambos sexos.ConclusionesLas prevalencias de sobrepeso y de obesidad en escolares de 6 a 9años en España siguen siendo altas. Entre 2011 y 2019 disminuyó la prevalencia de sobrepeso en niños de 6 a 8años y aquellos cuyos progenitores tienen estudios universitarios, mientras que la obesidad en niños, el sobrepeso y la obesidad en niñas, y la obesidad central en ambos sexos han permanecido estables. (AU)

Introduction: Childhood excess weight is a growing public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9years in Spain between 2011 and 2019 based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.MethodologyThe analysis included data from the 2011, 2015 and 2019 rounds of the cross-sectional observational and descriptive ALADINO study in schoolchildren of both sexes aged 6 to 9years. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (defined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization [WHO] and the International Obesity Task Force [IOTF]) and of central obesity, in addition to associated demographic and socioeconomic variables.ResultsBetween 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight (WHO criteria) decreased in boys aged 6, 7 and 8years (by −5.4%, −5.7% and −5.3%, respectively) and boys whose parents had a higher educational attainment (by −5.3%). In relation to the socioeconomic level, overweight in boys declined at all income levels. However, between 2011 and 2019, both the prevalence of overweight in girls and the prevalence of obesity (applying the WHO and IOTF criteria) and the prevalence of central obesity in both sexes remained stable.ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight and the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9years in Spain remain high. Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight in children aged 6 to 8years and in children whose parents had university degrees decreased, whereas obesity in boys, overweight and obesity in girls and central obesity in both sexes remained stable. (AU)

Differences in the temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain in the 2011-2019 period by sex, age and socioeconomic level: results of the ALADINO study.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood excess weight is a growing public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain between 2011 and 2019 based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. METHODOLOGY: The analysis included data from the 2011, 2015 and 2019 rounds of the cross-sectional observational and descriptive ALADINO study in schoolchildren of both sexes aged 6-9 years. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (defined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization and the International Obesity Task Force) and of central obesity, in addition to associated demographic and socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight (WHO criteria) decreased in boys aged 6, 7 and 8 years (by -5.4%, -5.7% and -5.3%, respectively) and boys whose parents had a higher educational attainment (by -5.3%). In relation to the socioeconomic level, overweight in boys declined at all income levels. However, between 2011 and 2019, both the prevalence of overweight in girls and the prevalence of obesity (applying the WHO and IOTF criteria) and the prevalence of central obesity in both sexes remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight and the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain remain high. Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight in children aged 6-8 years and in children whose parents had university degrees decreased, whereas obesity in boys, overweight and obesity in girls and central obesity in both sexes remained stable.

Reduction of sugar, salt and fat content in foods over the period 2016-2021 in Spain: the National Food Reformulation Plan.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Population´s dietary intake of saturated fat, sodium, and sugars is higher than the current recommendations in Spain and most European countries. Nationwide food reformulation strategies have the potential to improve nutritional quality; however, evaluations are only available in a few countries and are difficult to compare. This study shows the degree of compliance with the nutrient reduction objectives included in a 4-year (2016-2020) Spanish food reformulation initiative. METHODS: In 2016, baseline median nutrient content was established for 57 food subcategories. Agreed reduction (%) expressed as the median content to be reached by 2020 was set as the objective. In 2021, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency (AESAN) collected mandatory nutritional information from 3118 products belonging to the food subcategories included in the PLAN. Median nutrient content was calculated and compared with baseline data established in 2016 and PLAN objectives. RESULTS: Median nutrient content reduction was observed in all food subcategories. Relative reductions (%) ranged from 0.6 to 60% for added sugars, 4.8 to 33.3% for salt, 4.5 to 78.3% for saturated fat, and 24.9 to 36% for total fat. PLAN objectives were achieved in all subcategories except for one. The number of products involved, belonging to the highly consumed food categories, shows the potential of national reformulation strategies to improve the nutritional quality of the diet. CONCLUSION: Compliance with nutrient reduction agreements was 99%; however, the variability of nutrient content within subcategories shows that there is room for further reduction in selected nutrients and food subcategories.

A nation-wide analysis of socioeconomic and geographical disparities in the prevalence of obesity and excess weight in children and adolescents in Spain: Results from the ENE-COVID study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate national and provincial prevalence of obesity and excess weight in the child and adolescent population in Spain by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, and to explore sources of inequalities in their distribution, and their geographical patterns. METHODS: ENE-COVID is a nationwide representative seroepidemiological survey (68 287 participants) stratified by province and municipality size (April-June 2020). Participants answered a questionnaire which collected self-reported weight and height, that allowed estimating crude and model-based standardized prevalences of obesity and excess weight in the 10 543 child and adolescent participants aged 2-17 years. RESULTS: Crude prevalences (WHO growth reference) were higher in boys than in girls (obesity: 13.4% vs. 7.9%; excess weight: 33.7% vs. 26.0%; severe obesity: 2.9% vs. 1.2%). These prevalences varied with age, increased with the presence of any adult with excess weight in the household, while they decreased with higher adult educational and census tract average income levels. Obesity by province ranged 1.8%-30.5% in boys and 0%-17.6% in girls; excess weight ranged 15.2%-49.9% in boys and 10.8%-40.8% in girls. The lowest prevalences of obesity and excess weight were found in provinces in the northern half of Spain. Sociodemographic characteristics only partially explained the observed geographical variability (33.6% obesity; 44.2% excess weight). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood and adolescent obesity and excess weight are highly prevalent in Spain, with relevant sex, sociodemographic and geographical differences. The geographic variability explained by sociodemographic variables indicates that there are other potentially modifiable factors on which to focus interventions at different geographic levels to fight this problem.

Desigualdades socioeconómicas y de género en la obesidad infantil en España / Socioeconomic and gender inequalities in childhood obesity in Spain

Introducción: La obesidad infantil se asocia inversamente con el nivel socioeconómico familiar en países desarrollados. El objetivo es evaluar la asociación entre la situación ponderal infantil y el nivel socioeconómico familiar, según características familiares, percepciones, hábitos de vida y entorno escolar. Metodología: Análisis descriptivo de la situación ponderal infantil según factores socioeconómicos familiares y variables mediadoras en el estudio ALADINO 2019, en una muestra de 16.665 escolares representativa de la población escolar de seis a nueve años en España. Resultados: La prevalencia de obesidad infantil en hogares de bajo nivel socioeconómico (26,8% niños; 20,4% niñas) era, en ambos sexos, el doble de la de los de mayor nivel (12,1% niños; 8,7% niñas). En escolares de familias de baja renta eran más frecuentes hábitos alimentarios poco saludables, el sedentarismo (principalmente en niñas) y la presencia de pantallas en la habitación (más en niños). Por el contrario, en hogares más desfavorecidos eran menos frecuentes el antecedente de lactancia materna y la práctica de actividad física (especialmente en niñas). La disponibilidad de cocina propia, actividades deportivas y gimnasio cubierto en los centros era también menos habitual para los escolares de familias de menor renta. Conclusiones: Un menor nivel socioeconómico del hogar se asocia con peores hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física y ciertas características del entorno familiar y el escolar, que a su vez median la asociación inversa que existe entre el nivel socioeconómico y la prevalencia de obesidad infantil. Las niñas realizan menos actividad física y presentan más sedentarismo, mientras que los niños tienen más acceso a pantallas. Las intervenciones para combatir la obesidad infantil deben contemplar las desigualdades identificadas. (AU)

Introduction: Childhood obesity is inversely associated with household socioeconomic status in high-income countries. Our aim was to explore the association between childhood weight status and household socioeconomic status in Spain in relation to family characteristics, perceptions and lifestyle habits and the school environment. Methods: We performed a descriptive analysis of child weight status according to family socioeconomic factors and mediating variables based on data from the ALADINO 2019 study in a sample of 16 665 schoolchildren representative of the population aged 6–9 years in Spain. Results: The prevalence of childhood obesity in households with low socioeconomic status (26.8% boys; 20.4% girls) was, in both sexes, twice as high as in those with higher socioeconomic status (12.1% boys; 8.7% girls). Unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyles (mainly in girls) and the presence of screens in the bedroom (more prevalent in boys) were more frequent in school-aged children from low-income households. On the other hand, in the most disadvantaged households, a history of breastfeeding and physical activity (especially in girls) were less frequent. Similarly, schools attended by children from low-income households were less likely to have their own kitchens and indoor gymnasiums or offer sports activities. Conclusions: A lower household socioeconomic status was associated with poorer dietary and physical activity habits and certain characteristics of the family and school environments that mediate the inverse association between household socioeconomic status and the prevalence of childhood obesity. Girls were less physically active and reported more sedentary lifestyles, while boys had greater access to screens. Interventions to combat childhood obesity should address the identified inequalities. (AU)

Socio-geographical disparities of obesity and excess weight in adults in Spain: insights from the ENE-COVID study.

Background: In Spain, differences in the prevalence of obesity and excess weight according to sex and sociodemographic factors have been described at the national level, although current data do not allow to delve into geographical differences for these conditions. The aim was to estimate national and regional prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight in Spain by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, and to explore difference sources of inequalities in its distribution, as well as its geographical pattern. Method: ENE-COVID study was a nationwide representative seroepidemiological survey with 57,131 participants. Residents in 35,893 households were selected from municipal rolls using a two-stage random sampling stratified by province and municipality size (April-June 2020). Participants (77.0% of contacted individuals) answered a questionnaire which collected self-reported weight and height, as well as different socioeconomic variables, that allowed estimating crude and standardized prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight. Results: Crude prevalences of obesity and excess weight were higher in men (obesity: 19.3% vs. 18.0%; excess weight: 63.7% vs. 48.4%), while severe obesity was more prevalent in women (4.5% vs. 5.3%). These prevalences increased with age and disability, and decreased with education, census tract income and municipality size. Differences by educational level, relative census income, nationality or disability were clearly higher among women. Obesity by province ranged 13.3-27.4% in men and 11.4-28.1% in women; excess weight ranged 57.2-76.0% in men and 38.9-59.5% in women. The highest prevalences were located in the southern half of the country and some north-western provinces. Sociodemographic characteristics only explained a small part of the observed geographical variability (25.2% obesity). Conclusion: Obesity and overweight have a high prevalence in Spain, with notable geographical and sex differences. Socioeconomic inequalities are stronger among women. The observed geographical variability suggests the need to implement regional and local interventions to effectively address this public health problem.

Socioeconomic and gender inequalities in childhood obesity in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood obesity is inversely associated with household socioeconomic status in high-income countries. Our aim was to explore the association between childhood weight status and household socioeconomic status in Spain in relation to family characteristics, perceptions and lifestyle habits and the school environment. METHODS: We performed a descriptive analysis of child weight status according to family socioeconomic factors and mediating variables based on data from the ALADINO 2019 study in a sample of 16,665 schoolchildren representative of the population aged 6-9 years in Spain. RESULTS: The prevalence of childhood obesity in households with low socioeconomic status (26.8% boys; 20.4% girls) was, in both sexes, twice as high as in those with higher socioeconomic status (12.1% boys; 8.7% girls). Unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyles (mainly in girls) and the presence of screens in the bedroom (more prevalent in boys) were more frequent in school-aged children from low-income households. On the other hand, in the most disadvantaged households, a history of breastfeeding and physical activity (especially in girls) were less frequent. Similarly, schools attended by children from low-income households were less likely to have their own kitchens and indoor gymnasiums or offer sports activities. CONCLUSION: A lower household socioeconomic status was associated with poorer dietary and physical activity habits and certain characteristics of the family and school environments that mediate the inverse association between household socioeconomic status and the prevalence of childhood obesity. Girls were less physically active and reported more sedentary lifestyles, while boys had greater access to screens. Interventions to combat childhood obesity should address the identified inequalities.

Estudio cualitativo sobre las percepciones en alimentación, prácticas alimentarias y hábitos de vida saludables en población adolescente / Qualitative study on food perceptions, dietary practices and healthy lifestyles in the adolescent population

Fundamentos: La obesidad infanto-juvenil supone un verdadero reto de Salud Pública. La adolescencia es una etapa crítica parael crecimiento y el desarrollo. El objetivo del estudio fue explorar y comprender las percepciones de la población adolescente sobrealimentación y hábitos de vida saludables, así como la identificación de barreras y elementos facilitadores.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo multicéntrico, en escolares de doce a catorce años, de cuatro Institutos de EducaciónSecundaria, distribuidos en cuatro municipios. Durante el primer trimestre del curso escolar 2021-2022 se realizaron diez grupos dediscusión, con siete-once participantes por grupo, y dos sesiones de trabajo de noventa minutos de duración, por grupo. Fueronseguidos de dos sesiones deliberativas. Para el análisis del contenido de los datos se utilizó el software Atlas.ti versión 8, siguiendolas recomendaciones metodológicas de Mayring y Cáceres, y se empleó la técnica de codificación abierta.Resultados: Se observó una relación entre los alimentos más consumidos en la vivienda familiar y los que más les gustaban,destacó la actividad extracurricular deportiva como la principal fuente de actividad física y la conexión entre la salud mental y lasprácticas saludables, así como el énfasis que pusieron en la variedad de alimentos, la importancia concedida a la sostenibilidad yla relación de una alimentación no saludable con el exceso de azúcar, chucherías, refrescos, comida rápida y grasas. La familia sepresentó como uno de los factores más influyentes, seguido de los profesionales, los medios de comunicación y el instituto. Entre lasbarreras percibidas destacaron: nivel socioeconómico, falta de tiempo, oferta de la cafetería del instituto y presión social.Conclusiones: Se identifican las principales barreras y elementos facilitadores vinculados al entorno alimentario...(AU)

Background: Child and adolescent obesity is a biggest public health challenge. Adolescence is a critical stage for growth anddevelopment. The objective of the research was to explore and understand the perceptions of the adolescent population about eatingand healthy lifestyle habits, and the identification of barriers and facilitators.Methods: A multicenter qualitative research was made, in schoolchildren from twelve to fourteen years old, from four SecondarySchools, distributed in four municipalities. During the first quarter of the 2021-2022 school year, ten Discussion Groups were conducted,with 7-11 participants per group, and two ninety-minute work sessions per group. The proceedings were followed by two deliberativesessions. The Atlas.ti version 8 software was used for data content analysis, following the methodological recommendations of Mayringand Cáceres, and the open coding technique was used.Results: A relationship was observed between the foods most consumed in the family home and the ones that teenagersliked most. Also the extracurricular sports activity was highlighted as the main source of physical activity as well as the connectionbetween mental health and healthy practices, and the emphasis about the variety of foods, the importance given to sustainabilityand the relationship of an unhealthy diet with excess intake of sugar, sweets, soft drinks, fast food and fats. The family was revealedas one of the most influential factors, followed by professionals, the media and high schools. Among the perceived barriers were thesocioeconomic level, lack of time, food supply in canteens and social pressure.Conclusions: The main barriers and motivations linked to the food environment, socioeconomic level, body image and emotio-nal well-being are identified. Adolescents express interest in participating in public policies.(AU)

[Qualitative study on food perceptions, dietary practices and healthy lifestyles in the adolescent population.] / Estudio cualitativo sobre las percepciones en alimentación, prácticas alimentarias y hábitos de vida saludables en población adolescente.

OBJECTIVE: Child and adolescent obesity is a biggest public health challenge. Adolescence is a critical stage for growth and development. The objective of the research was to explore and understand the perceptions of the adolescent population about eating and healthy lifestyle habits, and the identification of barriers and facilitators. METHODS: A multicenter qualitative research was made, in schoolchildren from twelve to fourteen years old, from four Secondary Schools, distributed in four municipalities. During the first quarter of the 2021-2022 school year, ten Discussion Groups were conducted, with 7-11 participants per group, and two ninety-minute work sessions per group. The proceedings were followed by two deliberative sessions. The Atlas.ti version 8 software was used for data content analysis, following the methodological recommendations of Mayring and Cáceres, and the open coding technique was used. RESULTS: A relationship was observed between the foods most consumed in the family home and the ones that teenagers liked most. Also the extracurricular sports activity was highlighted as the main source of physical activity as well as the connection between mental health and healthy practices, and the emphasis about the variety of foods, the importance given to sustainability and the relationship of an unhealthy diet with excess intake of sugar, sweets, soft drinks, fast food and fats. The family was revealed as one of the most influential factors, followed by professionals, the media and high schools. Among the perceived barriers were the socioeconomic level, lack of time, food supply in canteens and social pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The main barriers and motivations linked to the food environment, socioeconomic level, body image and emotional well-being are identified. Adolescents express interest in participating in public policies.

OBJETIVO: La obesidad infanto-juvenil supone un verdadero reto de Salud Pública. La adolescencia es una etapa crítica para el crecimiento y el desarrollo. El objetivo del estudio fue explorar y comprender las percepciones de la población adolescente sobre alimentación y hábitos de vida saludables, así como la identificación de barreras y elementos facilitadores. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo multicéntrico, en escolares de doce a catorce años, de cuatro Institutos de Educación Secundaria, distribuidos en cuatro municipios. Durante el primer trimestre del curso escolar 2021-2022 se realizaron diez grupos de discusión, con siete-once participantes por grupo, y dos sesiones de trabajo de noventa minutos de duración, por grupo. Fueron seguidos de dos sesiones deliberativas. Para el análisis del contenido de los datos se utilizó el software Atlas.ti versión 8, siguiendo las recomendaciones metodológicas de Mayring y Cáceres, y se empleó la técnica de codificación abierta. RESULTADOS: Se observó una relación entre los alimentos más consumidos en la vivienda familiar y los que más les gustaban, destacó la actividad extracurricular deportiva como la principal fuente de actividad física y la conexión entre la salud mental y las prácticas saludables, así como el énfasis que pusieron en la variedad de alimentos, la importancia concedida a la sostenibilidad y la relación de una alimentación no saludable con el exceso de azúcar, chucherías, refrescos, comida rápida y grasas. La familia se presentó como uno de los factores más influyentes, seguido de los profesionales, los medios de comunicación y el instituto. Entre las barreras percibidas destacaron: nivel socioeconómico, falta de tiempo, oferta de la cafetería del instituto y presión social. CONCLUSIONES: Se identifican las principales barreras y elementos facilitadores vinculados al entorno alimentario, nivel socioeconómico, imagen corporal y bienestar emocional. Los adolescentes expresan interés en participar en políticas públicas.