ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens of medical importance in questing ticks collected from five recreationally used islands along the Norwegian coastline. Furthermore, since coinfection may affect the disease severity, this study aimed to determine the extent of coinfection in individual ticks or co-localization of tick-borne pathogens. In all, 4158 questing Ixodes ricinus ticks were analyzed. For detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), nymphs (3690) were analyzed in pools of ten. To detect Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, B. miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, 468 nymphs were analyzed individually. A total of five nymph pools was infected with TBEV, giving an overall prevalence of 0.14%. In the individually analyzed ticks, B. burgdorferi s. l. (15.6%), Candidatus N. mikurensis (11%), A. phagocytophilum (1.4%) and B. miyamotoi (0.9%) were detected. Coinfection was found in 3.3% of the ticks, and the only dual infection observed was with B. afzelii and Candidatus N. mikurensis. This association was significantly higher than what would occur by random chance.
Subject(s)
Anaplasma phagocytophilum/isolation & purification , Borrelia burgdorferi Group/isolation & purification , Borrelia/isolation & purification , Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification , Ixodes/microbiology , Ixodes/virology , Anaplasma phagocytophilum/genetics , Anaplasma phagocytophilum/pathogenicity , Animals , Borrelia/genetics , Borrelia/pathogenicity , Borrelia burgdorferi Group/genetics , Borrelia burgdorferi Group/pathogenicity , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/microbiology , Coinfection/virology , Ehrlichiosis/epidemiology , Ehrlichiosis/transmission , Ehrlichiosis/veterinary , Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics , Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity , Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology , Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/transmission , Humans , Islands , Lyme Disease/epidemiology , Lyme Disease/transmission , Norway/epidemiology , Nymph/microbiology , Nymph/virology , Prevalence , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Recreation , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/microbiologyABSTRACT
From April to October 2007, host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from four locations in southern Norway; Farsund, Mandal, Søgne and Tromøy, respectively. Larvae (n=210), nymphs (n=1130) and adults (n=449) were investigated for infection with Borrelia miyamotoi by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of part of the 16S rRNA gene. Results were verified by direct sequencing of the PCR amplicon generated from the rrs (16S)-rrl (23S) intergenetic spacer. B. miyamotoi was detected at all sites and throughout the period of questing activity, with infection prevalence (≤1.26%) similar to what has been seen in other European countries. Detection of the relapsing fever spirochete at all locations indicates a wide distribution in southern Norway. This is the first report of B. miyamotoi prevalence in ticks collected from Norway. As not much is known about the spatiotemporal dynamics of this relatively recently discovered pathogen, the conclusions of this study significantly add to the knowledge regarding B. miyamotoi in this region.
