Comprehensive management of obstructive sleep apnea by telemedicine: Clinical improvement and cost-effectiveness of a Virtual Sleep Unit. A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disease associated with significant morbidity and high healthcare costs. Information and communication technology could offer cost-effective management options. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate an out-of-hospital Virtual Sleep Unit (VSU) based on telemedicine to manage all patients with suspected OSA, including those with and without continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. METHODS: This was an open randomized controlled trial. Patients with suspected OSA were randomized to hospital routine (HR) or VSU groups to compare the clinical improvement and cost-effectiveness in a non-inferiority analysis. Improvement was assessed by changes in the Quebec Sleep Questionnaire (QSQ), EuroQol (EQ-5D and EQ-VAS), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The follow-up was 3 months. Cost-effectiveness was assessed by a Bayesian analysis based on quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). RESULTS: The HR group (n: 92; 78% OSA, 57% CPAP) compared with the VSU group (n: 94; 83% OSA, 43% CPAP) showed: CPAP compliance was similar in both groups, the QSQ social interactions domain improved significantly more in the HR group whereas the EQ-VAS improved more in the VSU group. Total and OSA-related costs were lower in the VSU group than the HR. The Bayesian cost-effectiveness analysis showed that VSU was cost-effective for a wide range of willingness to pay for QALYs. CONCLUSIONS: The VSU offered a cost-effective means of improving QALYs than HR. However, the assessment of its clinical improvement was influenced by the choice of the questionnaire; hence, additional measurements of clinical improvement are needed. Our findings indicate that VSU could help with the management of many patients, irrespective of CPAP use.

Tetanus vaccination in adult population: coverage, registration and compliance.

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain correct tetanus vaccination coverage (CTVC), defined as any user who received the complete primary series of three adult doses of T or Td and/or up-to-date 10-yearly booster doses, with an official record thereof, among adults and assess percentage compliance with tetanus vaccination recommendation among the population lacking CTVC. RESULTS: A total of 776 subjects took part, all of whom gave their consent. Mean age was 47.2 (SD: 20.2) years, and of the total 453 (58.4%) were women (p < 0.001). Overall CTVC was 71.6% (95% CI: 68.3-74.8), with the rate being lowest in the 35- to 45-year age group (59.8%) and 100% among the 14-year-olds. Of the 197 unvaccinated subjects, only 27 finally accepted vaccine recommendation. METHODS: The study was undertaken in two phases. Phase I: the prevalence of tetanus immunization was ascertained, using clinical interviews and examination of health records, in a representative sample of patients (> or = age 14 years) who sought emergency care at a 24-hour Medical Emergency Service in the Principality of Asturias (Spain) from April to May 2007. Phase II: a longitudinal prospective study was conducted in June 2007 on a subgroup of patients eligible for vaccination. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, adult immunization against tetanus is inadequate. A single dedicated register including all the different levels in the Health System and increase Health promotion education programmes would be necessary in order to reach the correct tetanus vaccination coverage.

Epidemiologic intervention framework of a prehospital emergency medical service.

OBJECTIVES: To describe and analyze the characteristics of prehospital medical assistance provided by the Madrid Municipal Emergency and Civil Rescue & Protection Service (SAMUR); and, based on the epidemiologic knowledge so gained, to prioritize public health intervention strategies. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of all medical services performed by the SAMUR-Protección Civil in 2001 and 2002. Study variables included causes, response times, hour, day of the week, month, mobile resource, Municipal District, and pathology. For analysis purposes, the relevant data were linked to Access 97 via Open Database Connectivity. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS computer software package, with Spearman's correlation coefficient and analysis of variance. Values were deemed statistically significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The study population comprised the 97,937 and 101,438 interventions undertaken in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Mean daily activity in 2002 involved 278 alerts (standard deviation: 46), 95% confidence interval: 273-282. Distributions of the interventions were similar for 2001 and 2002, with peak activity from 1 to 2 pm and 8 to 9 pm, and minimum activity from 6 to 7 am. Activity was at its most intense on Saturdays. The magnitude of the association between the two years by day of the week was 96% (p < 0.001). The Central Municipal District (Centro) triggered 17,875 emergency actions. The prevalent pathology was traumatologic, followed by cardiovascular. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic description enabled the characteristics of the prehospital assistance procedure to be comprehensively ascertained and quantified. False alarms assume special relevance due to their implications. Emergency medical alerts with a psychosocial component are on the increase, something that must be controlled.

Producción de interferón-gamma e interleuquina 4 por células mononucleadas de sangre periférica infectadas con virus respiratorio sincicial y adenovirus / Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 production by respiratory synctytial virus and adenovirus infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Las infecciones respiratorias por virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS) y adenovirus (Ad) son la principal causa de morbimortalidad entre las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas (RAB) de la infancia. Ambos virus pueden dejas secuelas, al VRS se le ha atribuido desencadenar obstrucción bronquial persistente y al Ad, especialmente el Ad7h, bronquectasias, fibrosis y daño pulmonar crónico. Los mecanismos por los que estos virus pueden producir estas secuelas no se conocen, pero hay evidencias que sugieren que ésta sea causada por un mecanismo inmunológico, dependiente del tipo de virus y de la respuesta del huésped. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el tipo de respuesta inmune frente a la infección por VRS y Ad mediante la cuantificación de interferón-gamma (IFN-gamma) e interleuquina-4 (IL-4), citoquinas marcadas de respuesta inmune celular y humoral respectivamente. Las ILs fueron cuantificadas en el sobrenadante de cultivo de células mononucleadas de sangre periférica infectadas o no infectadas in vitro con VRS, Ad3, Ad7h y control con mitógeno (PHA) y de células mononucleadas de lactantes con infección natural por VRS y grupo control estimuladas o no con mitógenos (PHA y PWN). Los lactantes con IRAB por VRS presentaron una disminución significativa en la producción de IFN-gamma e IL-4 por células mononucleadas no estimuladas y estimuladas con PHA. Esta disminución fue mayor para el IFN-gamma que para la IL-4, por lo que la relación IFN eta/IL-4 fue menor en estos lactantes. La producción de IL-4 pero no la de IFN-eta de los lactantes infectados con VRS que tenían antecedentes de atopia (p< 0,02). Las células mononucleadas de niños sanos infectadas in vitro con Ad estimulan la producción de IFN-gamma pero no la de IL-4 y con Ad7h, responden con una producción de IFN-gamma en este modelo in vitro. Estos resultados sugieren que la respuesta del sistema inmune frente a la infección viral dependerá del tipo de virus infectante y de la variabilidad genética del individuo. Esto demuestra la importancia de estudiar la respuesta inmune de cada virus en los diferentes individuos ya que el resultado de protección o daño dependerá de la interrelación huésped-virus