Brazilian guideline for the use of immunobiologicals in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps ‒ 2024 update.

INTRODUCTION: Biologics targeting type 2 inflammation have revolutionized the way we treat patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP). Particularly in severe and difficult-to-control cases, these drugs have provided a new reality for these patients, allowing for the effective and safe treatment of extensive diseases that were not completely managed with the typical strategy of surgery and topical medications. OBJECTIVES: The experience achieved with the approval of these medications by ANVISA for use in CRSwNP and the knowledge obtained regarding outcomes, adverse effects, and the ideal patient profile prompted the update of the previously published guideline, with a detailed review of the most recent scientific literature, the personal experiences of experts, and the adaptation to the reality of the Brazilian healthcare system, both public and private. RESULTS: We proposed a new eligibility criterion for biologics in patients with CRSwNP based on four pillars of indication: the impact of the disease on the patient's life, whether in the presence of specific symptoms or in overall quality of life; the extent of sinonasal disease; the presence of type 2 comorbidities, considering other associated diseases that may also benefit from anti-T2 biologics, and the presence of biomarkers to define type 2 inflammation, especially those associated with worse disease prognoses. CONCLUSIONS: This innovative and pioneering method has two major advantages. First, it ensures a comprehensive evaluation of patients; second, it is flexible, as advancements in our understanding of the disease and changes in cost-effectiveness can be addressed by simply adjusting the required score for indication, without the need to modify the entire evaluation scheme.

Guideline for the use of immunobiologicals in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) in Brazil / Diretriz para o uso dos imunobiológicos em rinossinusite crônica com pólipo nasal (RSCcPN) no Brasil

Abstract Introduction Severe uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps has a negative impact on an individual's quality of life. Therefore, new biologics have emerged for use in specific phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis, changing the paradigms of its treatment. Objective To review the current status of biologic treatment indications in chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods The Brazilian Academy of Rhinology brought together different specialists to suggest a course of action, considering its particularities and aspects related to the national reality. Results Of particular interest for decision making will be the identification of subgroups of patients refractory to pre-existing treatment options and the construction of a strategy that improves their quality of life, with the best cost-benefit ratio. Conclusion The use of biologics is a valid option for treatment in more severe cases. This strategy must be better understood and improved in the future, with more studies and greater clinical experience.

Resumo Introdução A rinossinusite crônica com pólipos nasais grave não controlada impacta negativamente na qualidade de vida do indivíduo. Para esses casos, novos imunobiológicos têm surgido, para uso em fenótipos específicos da rinossinusite crônica, e mudaram os paradigmas de seu tratamento. Objetivo Revisar o estado atual das indicações de imunobiológicos em rinossinusite crônica. Método A Academia Brasileira de Rinologia reuniu diferentes especialistas para sugerir uma conduta que considerasse suas particularidades e seus aspectos relacionados à realidade nacional. Resultados De particular interesse para a tomada de decisão serão a identificação dos subgrupos de pacientes refratários às opções de tratamento pré-existentes e a construção de uma estratégia que realmente melhore a qualidade de vida deles, dentro da melhor relação custo-benefício. Conclusão O uso de imunobiológicos é uma opção válida para tratamento em casos mais graves. Essa estratégia deve ser mais bem compreendida e aprimorada no futuro, com mais estudos e maior experiência clínica.

Guideline for the use of immunobiologicals in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Severe uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps has a negative impact on an individual's quality of life. Therefore, new biologics have emerged for use in specific phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis, changing the paradigms of its treatment. OBJECTIVE: To review the current status of biologic treatment indications in chronic rhinosinusitis. METHODS: The Brazilian Academy of Rhinology brought together different specialists to suggest a course of action, considering its particularities and aspects related to the national reality. RESULTS: Of particular interest for decision making will be the identification of subgroups of patients refractory to pre-existing treatment options and the construction of a strategy that improves their quality of life, with the best cost-benefit ratio. CONCLUSION: The use of biologics is a valid option for treatment in more severe cases. This strategy must be better understood and improved in the future, with more studies and greater clinical experience.

IV Brazilian Consensus on Rhinitis - an update on allergic rhinitis, / IV Consenso Brasileiro sobre Rinite - atualização em rinite alérgica,

Abstract Introduction The guidelines on allergic rhinitis aim to update knowledge about the disease and care for affected patients. The initiative called "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma", initially published in 2001 and updated in 2008 and 2010, has been very successful in disseminating information and evidence, as well as providing a classification of severity and proposing a systemized treatment protocol. In order to include the participation of other medical professionals in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, it is important to develop algorithms that accurately indicate what should and can be done regionally. Objective To update the III Brazilian Consensus on Rhinitis - 2012, with the creation of an algorithm for allergic rhinitis management. Methods We invited 24 experts nominated by the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology, Brazilian Association of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery and Brazilian Society of Pediatrics to update the 2012 document. Results The update of the last Brazilian Consensus on Rhinitis incorporated and adapted the relevant information published in all "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma" Initiative documents to the Brazilian scenario, bringing new concepts such as local allergic rhinitis, new drugs and treatment evaluation methods. Conclusion A flowchart for allergic rhinitis treatment has been proposed.

Resumo Introdução As diretrizes sobre rinite alergica visam atualizar os conhecimentos sobre a doença e os cuidados para com esses pacientes. A iniciativa designada "Rinite Alergica e seu Impacto na Asma", cujo relatorio inicial foi publicado em 2001 e atualizada em 2008 e 2010, tem sido muito bem sucedida na disseminaçao de informaçoes e evidencias, bem como na formulaçao da classificaçao de gravidade e proposta de sistematizaçao do tratamento. Entretanto, visando a participaçao de outros profissionais medicos no atendimento da rinite alergica, e importante o desenvolvimento de algoritmos que indiquem com precisao o que deve e pode ser feito regionalmente. Objetivo Atualizar o III Consenso Brasileiro sobre Rinites-2012, com elaboraçao de algoritmo para conduta da rinite alergica. Método Foram convidados 24 especialistas indicados pelas Associaçao Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia, Associaçao Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cervico-Facial e Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria para atualizaçao do documento de 2012. Resultados A atualizaçao do ultimo Consenso Brasileiro sobre Rinites, incorporou e adaptou para a realidade brasileira as informaçoes relevantes publicadas em todos os documentos da Iniciativa "Rinite Alergica e seu Impacto na Asma", trazendo novos conceitos como a rinite alergica local, novos medicamentos e metodos de avaliaçao de tratamento. Conclusão Proposto um fluxograma de tratamento para a rinite alergica.

IV Brazilian Consensus on Rhinitis - an update on allergic rhinitis.

INTRODUCTION: The guidelines on allergic rhinitis aim to update knowledge about the disease and care for affected patients. The initiative called "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma", initially published in 2001 and updated in 2008 and 2010, has been very successful in disseminating information and evidence, as well as providing a classification of severity and proposing a systemized treatment protocol. In order to include the participation of other medical professionals in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, it is important to develop algorithms that accurately indicate what should and can be done regionally. OBJECTIVE: To update the III Brazilian Consensus on Rhinitis - 2012, with the creation of an algorithm for allergic rhinitis management. METHODS: We invited 24 experts nominated by the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology, Brazilian Association of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery and Brazilian Society of Pediatrics to update the 2012 document. RESULTS: The update of the last Brazilian Consensus on Rhinitis incorporated and adapted the relevant information published in all "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma" Initiative documents to the Brazilian scenario, bringing new concepts such as local allergic rhinitis, new drugs and treatment evaluation methods. CONCLUSION: A flowchart for allergic rhinitis treatment has been proposed.

Superior turbinectomy: role for a two-surgeon technique in endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery--technical note.

We describe a practical technique of superior turbinectomy followed by posterior ethmoidectomy as a less invasive procedure for two-surgeon technique on endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. After identification of the superior turbinate and the sphenoid ostium, the inferior third portion of the superior turbinate was coagulated and resected. This partial superior turbinectomy procedure exposed the posterior ethmoidal sinus. Resection of the bony walls between the sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses provided more lateral and superior exposure of the sphenoid sinus. This technique was performed in 56 patients with midline skull base lesions, including 49 pituitary adenomas and 7 other lesions. Meticulous manipulation of instruments was performed in all cases without surgical complications such as permanent hyposmia/anosmia or nasal bleeding. Our findings suggested that the partial superior turbinectomy followed by retrograde posterior ethmoidectomy is a simple and safe technique providing a sufficient surgical corridor for two-surgeon technique to approaching midline skull base regions, mainly involving pituitary adenomas.

Evaluation of inverted papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma by nasal contact endoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Contact endoscopy (CE) was initially described as a method used in the analysis of uterine and vocal folds histology. The first nasal cavity CE studies achieved promising results regarding its use for the differentiation between benign and malignant lesions, considering that biopsy might cause some complications, especially bleeding. This study described and compared the findings of CE on inverted papilloma and nasosinusal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and tested the effectiveness of this exam as a noninvasive method for in vivo differentiation between these tumors. METHODS: The patients included in this study were divided into group A, patients diagnosed with inverted papilloma, and group B, patients diagnosed with SCC. CE results were compared among themselves. CE images were presented to examiners not experienced with the method. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were examined, 13 in group A and 9 in group B. The main relevant differences in CE findings between those two groups were corkscrew vessels, presence of mitoses, keratinization and nuclear pleomorphism in carcinoma, and vacuolated cells in papilloma. The examiners were capable of defining the diagnosis of these nasal tumors only based on CE images. CONCLUSION: CE may be a useful noninvasive exam to be used in the in vivo diagnosis of inverted papilloma and nasosinusal SCC, which may enable better preoperative planning.

The role of endoscopic surgery in the treatment of nasal inverted papilloma.

UNLABELLED: The inverted papilloma is a benign neoplasm, prone to malignancy, and bearing a high rate of post-op recurrence. There is much debate in the literature concerning the issue that an endoscopic approach may offer a benefit over an external approach. AIM: Demonstrate the efficacy of an endonasal endoscopic approach in the treatment of inverted papilloma. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients with inverted papilloma operated at the University Hospital--FMUSP from 1994 to 2004. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients records were studied. Nine patients (32.1%) had tumor recurrence, one being operated via the endoscopic method and eight by external approach. DISCUSSION: Krouses staging system for inverted papillomas can facilitate both treatment planning and comparison of surgical outcomes. The use of the endoscopic approach resulted in fewer relapses than when the external one was used in cases with the same tumor staging. CONCLUSION: The use of the endoscope in this type of surgical treatment is an important success factor in the treatment of inverted papilloma.

Papel da técnica endoscópica no tratamento cirúrgico do papiloma invertido nasossinusal / The role of endoscopic surgery in the treatment of nasal inverted papilloma

O papiloma invertido nasossinusal é uma neoplasia benigna com potencial de malignização e elevados índices de recidiva pós-operatória. Existe muito debate na literatura a respeito da melhor via de acesso cirúrgico: externa ou endoscópica endonasal. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a eficácia da via endoscópica endonasal no tratamento do papiloma invertido nasossinusal. FORMA DO ESTUDO: Clínico retrospectivo. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODO: Revisão de prontuário dos pacientes operados por papiloma invertido no HC/FMUSP entre janeiro de 1994 e abril de 2004. RESULTADOS: Vinte e oito pacientes traziam todas as informações estudadas, havendo nove casos de recidiva pós-operatória (32,1 por cento), sendo um caso operado via endoscópica e oito pela via externa. DISCUSSÃO: A classificação proposta por Krouse para estadiamento do papiloma invertido nasossinusal auxilia no planejamento cirúrgico e também permite padronização para comparação de resultados pós-operatórios. A via endoscópica endonasal apresentou menor índice de recidiva tumoral que a via externa ao se comparar casos com o mesmo estadiamento tumoral. CONCLUSÃO: O uso do endoscópio no intra-operatório é uma importante ferramenta para se obter sucesso no tratamento do papiloma invertido nasossinusal.

The inverted papilloma is a benign neoplasm, prone to malignancy, and bearing a high rate of post-op recurrence. There is much debate in the literature concerning the issue that an endoscopic approach may offer a benefit over an external approach. AIM: Demonstrate the efficacy of an endonasal endoscopic approach in the treatment of inverted papilloma. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients with inverted papilloma operated at the University Hospital - FMUSP from 1994 to 2004. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patientsÆ records were studied. Nine patients (32.1 percent) had tumor recurrence, one being operated via the endoscopic method and eight by external approach. DISCUSSION: KrouseÆs staging system for inverted papillomas can facilitate both treatment planning and comparison of surgical outcomes. The use of the endoscopic approach resulted in fewer relapses than when the external one was used in cases with the same tumor staging. CONCLUSION: The use of the endoscope in this type of surgical treatment is an important success factor in the treatment of inverted papilloma.

Agenesia do nariz: relato de caso / Agenesia of the nose: case report

Agenesia do nariz (arrinia, atresia nasal congênita) é uma malformaçäo rara, tendo sido relatados aproximadamente 20 casos na literatura de língua inglesa no último século. Acredita-se que a origem embriológica do defeito seja o subdesenvolvimento dos placódios nasais. As dificuldades respiratórias se evidenciam logo após o nascimento e requerem intubaçäo orotraqueal imediata seguida de ventilaçäo mecânica. Neste trabalho relatamos um caso de ausência congênita do nariz em uma criança do sexo masculino. Logo após o nascimento, apresentou desconforto respiratório, evoluindo rapidamente com cianose, sendo submetida a intubaçäo orotraqueal e posteriormente traqueostomia. Ao exame físico apresentava ausência completa da pirâmide nasal, substituída por uma superfície plana e lisa de consistência endurecida, palato duro em forma de ogiva e microftalmia bilateral. A criança foi avaliada também através de exames de tomografia computadorizada (TC) e ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM). A TC revelou ausência do nariz, estenose óssea anterior, ausência de cavidade nasal e seios paranasais, palato arqueado em ogiva, microftalmia bilateral e mucocele bilateral de saco lacrimal. A RNM demonstrou configuraçäo e densidade normal do tecido cerebral

Sphenochoanal polyp: diagnose and treatment.

Choanal polyps (CP) are benign mucous tumours that usually originate in the mucosa of the maxillary sinus, and hence are termed antrochoanal polyps. CP rarely originates in the mucosa of other nasal structures and paranasal sinuses. The purpose of this brief clinical communication is to present six cases of CP originating in the sphenoidal sinus and termed sphenochoanal polyps (SCP).

Efeito da cirurgia endoscópica nasal no controle da asma / Effects of endoscopic sinus surgery on asthma management

A relação entre doença nasal e asma vem sendo aventada há séculos. Desde Galeno, no século 2, diversos autores apontam relações entre estas entidades. Objetivos: O objetivo de nosso estudo foi o de avaliar os resultados da cirurgia endoscópica nasal no tratamento de indivíduos portadores de rinossinusite crônica e os efeitos em seu quadro pulmonar. Material e métodos: Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo com 40 pacientes portadores de asma e submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica nasal por quadros de rinossinusite crônica. A proporção de mulheres-homens foi de 3:1, e a idade variou de 15 a 66 anos, com média de 41. Foi obtida melhora dos sintomas pulmonares após a cirurgia em 67,5% dos pacientes. Entre os pacientes portadores de polipose, a melhora foi de 74,2%, e entre os portadores de intolerância ao ácido acetilsalicílico, todos melhoraram. Em nenhum caso houve piora do quadro asmáticio. Resultados: Nossos resultados foram compatíveis com os dados encontrados na literatura, o que nos permitiu concluir que a cirurgia endoscópica nasal proporcionou uma melhora do quadro asmático na maioria de nossos pacientes, sugerindo portanto a existência de uma correlação significativa destas doenças. Baseados nestes resultados, sugerimos que seja considerada a intervenção cirúrgica no tratamento de rinossinusites refratárias ao tratamento clínico em pacientes portadores de asma.

Since Galenus, in the 11 century, several authors have proposed the existence of a correlation between asthma and nasal diseases. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the results of endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinossinusitis and its effects on pulmonary symptons of these patients. Material and methods: We carried a retrospective study of 40 patients that had asthma and underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. We had three women for each men, and the age ranged between 15 and 66 years (media of 41 years). 67.5% of the patients experienced improvment of their asthmatic conditions after surgery. The patients with polyposis had na improvment rate of 74.2%, and the ones with Widal's triad got all better. In none of our cases there had been worsening of the pulmonary symptons. Results: Our results are compatible with most of the data from others authors. Therefore, we could conclude that endoscopic sinus surgery was effective in improving the asthma symptons of most of our patients, showing that there must be some strong relation between these two diseases. We also recommend that patients with severe asthma must be carefully searched for nasal disease.

Tratamento cirúrgico dos carcinomas glóticos invasivos iniciais (T1 e T2) / Early glottic carcinoma (T1 e T2): surgical approach

Introduçäo: O tratamento dos carcinomas glóticos iniciais invasivos e ainda muito discutido. A opçäo pela abordagem cirúrgica apresenta vantagens, mas muitos preferem a radioterapia, por oferecer melhor qualidade vocal. Material e métodos: Os autores apresentam a análise retrospectiva dos resultados cirúrgicos de 31 pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma glótico invasivo inicial submetidos a diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas, na Divisäo de Clínica Otorrinolaringológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, com pelo menos dois anos de seguimento. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes apresentava mais de 60 anos (52 por cento), e apenas dois eram do sexo feminino. O tabagismo foi relatado por 59 por cento dos casos, muitas vezes associado ao etilismo (26 por cento). Doze (39 por cento) pacientes foram classificados como Tla, sendo submetidos à cordectomia (oito por laringofissura e quatro por endoscopia com laser de CO2). Doze classificados como Tlb, submetidos à laringectomia frontolateral, e sete como T2, submetidos a hemilaringectomia. No seguimento pós-operatório todos referiram piora da qualidade vocal. No período pós-operatório, três apresentaram aspiraçäo transitória e três evoluíram com granuloma e dois com sinéquia de comissura anterior. Houve um caso (T2) de recidiva local tratado com radioterapia. Conclusäo: O tratamento cirúrgico empregado teve relaçäo direta com o estadiamento do tumor, näo sendo observadas complicaçöes maiores. Os autores acreditam que a classificaçäo TNM pode ser um guia para escolha do tipo de cirurgia a ser utilizada nos casos de tumores glóticos iniciais