[Surgical treatment of a patient with stage v multinodular toxic goiter, severe thyrotoxicosis, strangulation syndrome and severe comorbidities]. / Khirurgicheskoe lechenie patsientki s mnogouzlovym toksicheskim zobom V stepeni, tireotoksikozom tyazheloi stepeni, kompressionnym sindromom i tyazhelymi soputstvuyushchimi zabolevaniyami.

The authors describe thyroidectomy in a patient with multinodular toxic goiter stage V, severe thyrotoxicosis complicated by thyro-cardiac disease, strangulation syndrome and severe comorbidities. Nodular euthyroid goiter was first diagnosed in 1992, and resection of the right thyroid lobe was performed. Progressive enlargement of thyroid gland and thyrotoxicosis occurred after coronavirus infection in February, 2020. Along with progression of thyrotoxicosis and strangulation of cervical organs, the patient suffered from portal vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism. Myeloproliferative disease with essential thrombocythemia was also diagnosed. Volume of the right and left thyroid lobes was 69 and 101.3 cm3, respectively. X-ray examination of the esophagus revealed narrowing at C6 level up to 5-8 mm. Surgery time was 2 hours, dimension of removed right thyroid lobe - 10.0×7.5×6.5 cm, left thyroid lobe - 11.0×6.5×5.5 cm, total weight - 348 g. The patient was discharged in 6 days after surgery.

[SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS. HISTORY].

The article describes the main achievements in the study of ulcerative colitis (UC) - a disease known since ancient times. «Bloody¼ non-epidemic diarrhea was described by Hippocrates. The first detailed description was made by K. Rokitansky in 1842. In 1875, S. Wilks and W. Mason first studied the pathomorphology of the colon in UC. The term «non-specific ulcerative colitis¼ was proposed by the Russian surgeon A. S. Kazachenko in 1913 at the 13th Congress of Russian surgeons. The historical excursion presents the main stages and achievements of surgical treatment of UC.

[ECONOMIC BURDEN AND CURRENT STATUS OF THE DRUG SUPPLY MANAGEMENT FOR IMMUNE INFLAMMATORY DISEASES (BY EXAMPLE OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE)].

AIM: to estimate the quality and availability of medical care for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), to assess the impact of the economic burden of these diseases on the healthcare budget of Russia and to systematize the main problems in the organization of medical care and drug supply for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Regional IBD databases (2016-2018), official statistical databases, costs of treatment and results of expert interviews with specialists in IBD were used in the study. The analyzed databases showed 104,668 patients with UC in Russia in 2018 (prevalence rate 71 per 100,000 people) and 66,647 patients with CD (prevalence rate of 45 per 100,000 people). The economic burden including agents for biologic therapy (ABT) for the UC was 39.54 billion rubles a year (495 rubles per capita), and CD - 32.98 billion rubles a year (378 rubles per capita). It requires an additional 9.87 billion rubles annually for UC and 9.20 billion rubles annually for CD patients to provide the complete supply with ABT. The annual burden of IBD is 72.52 billion rubles, which is comparable to the costs of other socially significant diseases, including malignant tumors. It shows the high social and economic value of IBD for the country. The main problems of medical care and drug supply for IBD patients are the mismatch of official statistical data and real IBD prevalence in Russia due to absence of comprehensive register and the insufficient supply with ABT due to limited funding. A federal center for IBD should be founded for better quality of registration, for the precise monitoring and for the active management of personal drug supply.

Effect of Structure Variations in the Inter-subunit Contact Zone on the Activity and Allosteric Regulation of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Hexameric inorganic pyrophosphatase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt-PPase) has a number of structural and functional features that distinguish it from homologous enzymes widely occurring in living organisms. In particular, it has unusual zones of inter-subunit contacts and lacks the N-terminal region common for other PPases. In this work, we constructed two mutant forms of the enzyme, Ec-Mt-PPase and R14Q-Mt-PPase. In Ec-Mt-PPase, the missing part of the polypeptide chain was compensated with a fragment of PPase from Escherichia coli (Ec-PPase). In R14Q-Mt-PPase, a point mutation was introduced to the contact interface between the two trimers of the hexamer. Both modifications significantly improved the catalytic activity of the enzyme and abolished its inhibition by the cofactor (Mg2+ ion) excess. Activation of Mt-PPase by low (~10 µM) concentrations of ATP, fructose-1-phosphate, L-malate, and non-hydrolyzable substrate analogue methylene bisphosphonate (PCP) was observed. At concentrations of 100 µM and higher, the first three compounds acted as inhibitors. The activating effect of PCP was absent in both mutant forms, and the inhibitory effect of fructose-1-phosphate was absent in Ec-Mt-PPase. The effects of other modulators varied only quantitatively among the mutants. The obtained data indicate the presence of allosteric sites in Mt-PPase, which are located in the zones of inter-subunit contact or associated with them.

Reactive Pulsed Laser Deposition of Clustered-Type MoSx (x ~ 2, 3, and 4) Films and Their Solid Lubricant Properties at Low Temperature.

We studied the tribological properties of amorphous molybdenum sulfide (MoSx) thin-film coatings during sliding friction in an oxidizing environment at a low temperature (-100 °C). To obtain films with different sulfur contents (x ~ 2, 3, and 4), we used reactive pulsed laser deposition, where laser ablation of the Mo target was performed in H2S at various pressures. The lowest coefficient of friction (0.08) was observed during tribo-testing of the MoS3 coating. This coating had good ductility and low wear; the wear of a steel counterbody was minimal. The MoS2 coating had the best wear resistance, due to the tribo-film adhering well to the coating in the wear track. Tribo-modification of the MoS2 coating, however, caused a higher coefficient of friction (0.16) and the most intensive wear of the counterbody. The MoS4 coating had inferior tribological properties. This study explored the mechanisms of possible tribo-chemical changes and structural rearrangements in MoSx coatings upon contact with a counterbody when exposed to oxygen and water. The properties of the tribo-film and the efficiency of its transfer onto the coating and/or the counterbody largely depended on local atomic packing of the nanoclusters that formed the structure of the amorphous MoSx films.

Comparative Study of the Structure, Composition, and Electrocatalytic Performance of Hydrogen Evolution in MoSx~2+δ/Mo and MoSx~3+δ Films Obtained by Pulsed Laser Deposition.

Systematic and in-depth studies of the structure, composition, and efficiency of hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) on MoSx films, obtained by means of on- and off-axis pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from a MoS2 target, have been performed. The use of on-axis PLD (a standard configuration of PLD) in a buffer of Ar gas, with an optimal pressure, has allowed for the formation of porous hybrid films that consist of Mo particles which support a thin MoSx~2+δ (δ of ~0.7) film. The HER performance of MoSx~2+δ/Mo films increases with increased loading and reaches the highest value at a loading of ~240 µg/cm2. For off-axis PLD, the substrate was located along the axis of expansion of the laser plume and the film was formed via the deposition of the atomic component of the plume, which was scattered on Ar molecules. This made it possible to obtain homogeneous MoSx~3+δ (δ~0.8-1.1) films. The HER performances of these films reached saturation at a loading value of ~163 µg/cm2. The MoSx~3+δ films possessed higher catalytic activities in terms of the turnover frequency of their HERs. However, to achieve the current density of 10 mA/cm2, the lowest over voltages were -162 mV and -150 mV for the films obtained by off- and on-axis PLD, respectively. Measurements of electrochemical characteristics indicated that the differences in the achievable HER performances of these films could be caused by their unique morphological properties.

The effects of specific exercise program on anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of preschool children / Efectos del programa de ejercicios específicos sobre las características antropométricas y las habilidades motrices de los niños de edad preescolar

In order to determine the effects of specific exercise program on anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of preschool children, a battery of eight anthropometric measures and 7 motor tests were applied. The current study was conducted on a sample of 60 preschoolers (31 in the experimental and 29 in the control group), aged 4 to 5. They were the respondents in the project implemented by the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Novi Sad. The obtained data was analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). It can be concluded that the application of experimental and control models of exercise resulted in substantial improvement of certain motor skills in the experimental group compared to the control group. In regard to the anthropometry there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. In fact, the practical value of this work is to analyze the model of kinetic activities, which as such can be applied to all clubs and schools that work with children of preschool and early school age.

Con el fin de determinar los efectos de un programa de ejercicios específicos sobre las características antropométricas y las habilidades motrices de los niños en edad preescolar, se aplicó una batería de 8 medidas antropométricas y 7 pruebas motrices. El presente estudio se realizó en una muestra de 60 niños en edad preescolar (31 en el grupo experimental y 29 en el grupo de control), de 4 a 5 años. Los niños en este estudio forman parte del proyecto implementado por la Facultad de Deporte y Educación Física de Novi Sad. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante análisis multivariante de covarianza (MANCOVA). Se puede concluir que la aplicación de modelos experimentales y de control de ejercicios resultó en una mejora sustancial de ciertas habilidades motoras en el grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo control. En cuanto a la antropometría, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos. De hecho, el valor práctico de este trabajo es analizar el modelo de actividades cinéticas, que como tal puede aplicarse a todos los clubes y escuelas que trabajan con niños en edad preescolar y escolar.

Endogenous GABAA receptor activity suppresses glioma growth.

Although genome alterations driving glioma by fueling cell malignancy have largely been resolved, less is known of the impact of tumor environment on disease progression. Here, we demonstrate functional GABAA receptor-activated currents in human glioblastoma cells and show the existence of a continuous GABA signaling within the tumor cell mass that significantly affects tumor growth and survival expectancy in mouse models. Endogenous GABA released by tumor cells, attenuates proliferation of the glioma cells with enriched expression of stem/progenitor markers and with competence to seed growth of new tumors. Our results suggest that GABA levels rapidly increase in tumors impeding further growth. Thus, shunting chloride ions by a maintained local GABAA receptor activity within glioma cells has a significant impact on tumor development by attenuating proliferation, reducing tumor growth and prolonging survival, a mechanism that may have important impact on therapy resistance and recurrence following tumor resection.

Three-dimensional Imaging Reveals New Compartments and Structural Adaptations in Odontoblasts.

In organized tissues, the precise geometry and the overall shape are critical for the specialized functions that the cells carry out. Odontoblasts are major matrix-producing cells of the tooth and have also been suggested to participate in sensory transmission. However, refined morphologic data on these important cells are limited, which hampers the analysis and understanding of their cellular functions. We took advantage of fluorescent color-coding genetic tracing to visualize and reconstruct in 3 dimensions single odontoblasts, pulp cells, and their assemblages. Our results show distinct structural features and compartments of odontoblasts at different stages of maturation, with regard to overall cellular shape, formation of the main process, orientation, and matrix deposition. We demonstrate previously unanticipated contacts between the processes of pulp cells and odontoblasts. All reported data are related to mouse incisor tooth. We also show that odontoblasts express TRPM5 and Piezo2 ion channels. Piezo2 is expressed ubiquitously, while TRPM5 is asymmetrically distributed with distinct localization to regions proximal to and within odontoblast processes.

[Functional properties of taste bud cells. Mechanisms of afferent neurotransmission in Type II taste receptor cells].

Taste Bud cells are heterogeneous in their morphology and functionality. These cells are responsible for sensing a wide variety of substances and for associating detected compounds with a different taste: bitter, sweet, salty, sour and umami. Today we know that each of the five basic tastes corresponds to distinct cell populations organized into three basic morpho-functional cell types. In addition, some receptor cells of the taste bud demonstrate glia-related functions. In this article we expand on some properties of these three morphological receptor cell types. Main focus is devoted to the Type II cells and unusual mechanism for afferent neurotransmission in these cells. Taste cells of the Type II consist of three populations detecting bitter, sweet and umami tastes, and, thus, evoke a serious scientific interest.

[Permeability of pannexin 1 channels to large anions].

It is widely accepted that ATP secretion in diverse cells involves pannexin 1 (Panx1) that functions as an ATP-permeable channel. We analyzed the permeability of Panx1 channels heterologically expressed in HEK-293 cells to a variety of anions, including ATP. As was demonstrated in electrophysiological experiments, relative permeabilities of studied species follow the sequence: C1- > MeSO4 > gluconate >> HEPES. This sequence suggests that ATP, which is more than twice as large as HEPES by mass, is most likely to be negligibly permeable to Panx1 channels. This inference was verified in experiments, where ATP secretion from Panx1-positive HEK-293 cells was assayed with the ATP-biosensor approach. It was shown that the heterologous expression of Panx1 in HEK-293, which normally are not ATP-secretive, did not endow transfected cells with the ability to liberate ATP in response to stimulation. Our data indicate that Panx1 alone forms anion channels with too low ATP permeability to mediate the secretory function. Nevertheless, the possibility still remains that certain ATP-permeable channels are heteromers of Panx1 and some other channel subunit(s).

[Tension-free plasty in the surgery of abdominal wall hernias].

The article presents an experience with application of tension-free plasty of the anterior abdominal wall using reticular endoprostheses. New endoprostheses of Reperen are developed and applied, a method of sutureless fixation of polypropylene net in the abdominal wall tissues is proposed when performing plasty for great ventral hernias. Advantages of new methods are shown compared with analogs both in selective and in emergency surgery, in different age groups of patients. The direct and long-term postoperative results and parameters of quality of life are investigated.

[Experimental-clinical reasons for application of endoprostheses of reperen for plasty of the abdominal wall].

The work presents results of a morphological investigation of tissues in the zone of implantation of synthetic material in creation of experimental model of ventral hernia. A comparative characteristic of a reaction of tissues on reperen and polypropylene is given. A number of principal advantages of reperen as compared with polypropylene were detected in plasty of hernial hilus. An analysis of the first experience of operative treatment of hernias by nonstrain methods using reperen in clinic is made.

The fate of Cu, Zn, and Cd in the initial stage of water system contamination: the effect of phytoplankton activity.

The fate of Cu, Zn and Cd after their entry into an unpolluted fresh water body was studied as a function of a condition of a natural phytoplankton community. In a field experiment, additives of metals entered into light and dark mesocosms twice to simulate effects of primary and repeated contamination. Over 31 days, the reproduction of new generation of a phytoplankton as renewable source of the suspended particles capable to metal biosorption was higher in a light mesocosm. As a result the residual concentration of metals in water decreased faster and their content in the settled deposits was higher in a light mesocosm, than in a dark mesocosm. Efficiency of planktonic channel in deducing of metals from water with settling deposits (in the order of Cu>Zn>Cd) depends on intensity of a phytoplankton reproduction in the initial stage of water ecosystem contamination.

[Radiation diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) of lung]. / Luchevaia diagnostika porazhenii legkikh pri langergansokletochnom gistiotsitoze.

The authors studied the pattern of X-ray changes detectable in the lungs of 41 patients with LCH. The results of classical X-ray study were supplemented by the data of computed tomography, ultrasonography, and 99mTc and 67Ga citrate radioisotopic studies. The diagnostic values of these techniques were compared. X-ray syndromes of changes in the lung in LCH were found to be interstitial, interstitial and granulomatous, tumorous (focal). The authors emphasize the multisystematic character of a lesion, the phasic nature and progression of the disease into fibrosis.

[Current complex noninvasive diagnosis of parathyroid tumors]. / Sovremennaia kompleksnaia neinvazivnaia diagnostika opukholei parashchitovidnykh zhelez.

The diagnosis of bulky formations of the parathyroid glands (PTG) has become possible since current high-resolution techniques of visualization, such as ultrasound study (USS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were introduced into practice. The presence of clinical and/or laboratory signs of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a signal to initiate a goal-oriented search for abnormal PTG formations. The complex diagnosis of HPT involves the methods of detecting osteoporosis ranging from routine X-ray study of the hand and foot to more in-depth techniques: dichromatic X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative CT (QCT). USS is an excellent method for screening if abnormal PTC changes are suspected; however, negative USS results in the presence of clinical and/or laboratory signs of HPT should not stop a diagnostic search. CT with intravenous contrast bolus specifies the site and structure of an formation, has some advantage in detecting retrosternal tumors. Due to its high tissue contrast, three-dimensional images, none ionizing radiation and osseous structural artefacts, MRI becomes a preferable tool for studying PTG when they are typically or atypically located. Needle biopsy is required when noninvasive methods cannot characterize the pattern of an abnormal PTG formation properly or their results are contradictory.